human adaptability, which is one of said sections, is working in close contact with the World Health Organization, which is cooperating in the implementation of certain parts of the section's program and especially in work connected with the genetics of isolated populations, a subject of tremendous importance in that it provides valuable terms of reference for human medicine. The International Biological Program is not, therefore, an experiment in cooperation between the world's biologists designed to obtain data for storage in archives. On the contrary, its philosophy is the survival of mankind and its aim is to instill into political leaders-excuse me, but that's the way it says it-a sense of biology which primitive man still possesses, which has been completely eliminated by industrialized man whose intellectual background makes him seek productivity solely in terms of the figures of which he is a master.

This is a quotation from A. A. Socolov, and is part of a publication on the International Biological Program issued last year.

Cochairman JACKSON. They have politicians in the Soviet Union,

too!

Dr. CAIN. It is, however, pertinent to the remarks Dr. Cantlon was making, and the remarks made about the International Biological Program.

Mr. FULTON. I was going to ask about the words, "primitive man." Does that apply to political leaders?

Cochairman MILLER. Well, time is growing short.

Have any of you gentlemen anything?

I'm going to close shortly-anything you would like to say about this morning's session?

Dr. Malone?

Dr. MALONE. Mr. Chairman, I would like to strongly support this international point of view. I don't think we need to wait. Should it seem desirable to implement Mr. Rockefeller's suggestion of a commission, I would urge that serious consideration be given to making this an American commission, and start right now; if we really believe this is international, then let's include Mexico and Canada and as far south as seems appropriate.

Thank you.

Cochairman MILLER. Thank you, Doctor.
Anyone else?

We would hope to receive additional comments from any of you. Unfortunately we couldn't go down through the full list. You can address them to either Senator Jackson or to me. The results of this meeting will depend much on the additional thinking of all of the sectors of society. Perhaps we have taken a significant next step toward a national policy for environment. In any event, your presence is a good omen for the future and I want to thank you for all coming here. Mr. Daddario-I want to say first that if anyone deserves credit for putting this together, it's Mr. Daddario. You will agree with me? Cochairman JACKSON. I agree wholeheartedly and I complimented him this morning, and I state that what I said this morning, he was really the moving force, George, behind the meeting today.

Cochairman MILLER. There's no question of it, and I want to say, of course, that Mr. Daddario is the chairman of the subcommittee of the Committee on Science and Astronautics and I work on the theory,

the old western theory, when I was a boy in the Sacramento Valley, and we weren't worrying about a strip city and we didn't keep a watchdog, and did the barking ourselves. So, I appointed a watchdog and he has done a lot of good for me.

Mr. DADDARIO. Well, it goes without saying, Mr. Chairman, that this meeting could not have taken place unless Senator Jackson and you had agreed to put your formidable presence behind the idea that we should have this meeting or thank the staff, which has done a magnificent job in getting you all here, or each of you as a participant, and I personally want to thank all of you, but I do think it is important to take into consideration what Mr. Miller has just said in urging all of you to send your thoughts to us.

One of the most important developments from this point will be the digesting of the activities already taken place here, add to it additional information which we will hope will come from you and then do the necessary staff work so that we can at some time in the near future provide each of you with not only the proceedings from these hearings, but a projected report upon which we would like some comment, hoping that we could get some kind of a consensus from which we could then move, we would hope logically, on to determinations which ought to lead to progress in these areas which cause all of us concern and about which we are not particularly in contention excepting as to what we ought to do.

As Dr. Abelson said, the doable does change, but it offers us opportunities to do things now and to make the changes so that there will be more things to do in time ahead.

I appreciate the opportunity to make those comments, Mr. Chair

man.

Cochairman MILLER. Well, before I just talked to Senator Jackson, and we have decided that perhaps early next year after we have had a chance to digest some of this, we will try and have another meeting of this kind to resolve those things that we feel are best for the people of this country and all of us.

I again want to thank you for being here.

(Whereupon, at 3:57 p.m., the meeting was concluded.)

APPENDIX I

90th Congress 2d Session

COMMITTEE PRINT

A NATIONAL POLICY FOR THE

ENVIRONMENT

A REPORT ON THE NEED FOR A NATIONAL POLICY FOR THE ENVIRONMENT: AN EXPLANATION OF ITS PURPOSE AND CONTENT; AN EXPLORATION OF MEANS TO MAKE IT EFFECTIVE; AND A LISTING OF QUESTIONS IMPLICIT IN ITS ESTABLISHMENT

A SPECIAL REPORT

TO THE

COMMITTEE ON INTERIOR AND
INSULAR AFFAIRS

UNITED STATES SENATE

TOGETHER WITH A STATEMENT

BY

Senator HENRY M. JACKSON

JULY 11, 1968.-Printed for the use of the Committee on Interior and Insular Affairs

98-999

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

WASHINGTON: 1968

STATEMENT BY SENATOR HENRY M. JACKSON

Over the years, in small but steady and growing increments, we in America have been making very important decisions concerning the management of our environment. Unfortunately, these haven't always been very wise decisions. Throughout much of our history, the goal of managing the environment for the benefit of all citizens has often been overshadowed and obscured by the pursuit of narrower and more immediate economic goals.

It is only in the past few years that the dangers of this form of muddling through events and establishing policy by inaction and default have been very widely perceived. Today, with the benefit of hindsight, it is easy to see that in America we have too often reacted only to crisis situations. We always seem to be calculating the shortterm consequences of environmental mismanagement, but seldom the long-term consequences or the alternatives open to future action.

This report proposes that the American people, the Congress, and the Administration break the shackles of incremental policymaking in the management of the environment. It discusses the need for a national environmental policy and states what some of the major elements of such a policy might be. It also raises a number of questions implicit in the establishment of such a broad-based and far-reaching policy.

The report does not purport to deal exhaustively with these subjects. Rather, it attempts to place some of the fundamental questions concerning the need for and the elements of a national environmental policy in the arena of public debate. If the report is successful in encouraging discussion and in refining some of the issues involved, it will have performed a worthwhile purpose. In the last few years, it has become increasingly clear that, soon, some President and some Congress must face the inevitable task of deciding whether or not the objective of a quality environment for all Americans is a top-priority national goal which takes precedence over a number of other, often competing, objectives in natural resource management and the use of the environment. In my judgment, that inevitable time of decision is close upon us.

If we are to make intelligent decisions which are not based on the emotion of conservation's cause célèbre of the moment or on the error of simply perpetuating past practices, there is a very real need to develop a national capacity for constructive criticism of present policies and the development of new institutions and alternatives in the management of the environmental resources of land, air, water, and living space. Developing this capacity will require that representatives from all elements of our national life-industry, the university, Federal, State, and local government-participate in forming this policy. It will require the creative utilization of technology to improve environmental conditions and to prevent unanticipated future instances of costly abuse. It will also require that government,