"But," he added, recovering himself, "General St. Clair shall have justice!"

Anthony Wayne, who was now put in command, built frontier posts, and thoroughly thrashed the Indians at the Falls of the Maumee, and made possible the treaty of Greenville (1795), by which the Indians gave up the territory now composing southern and eastern Ohio. In Georgia Indian wars broke out in 1793; but the United States stood by its right to control and negotiate with the tribes, and make treaties for land cessions.

ment of the West

Meanwhile settlers began to pour into the Northwest. Virginia opened up her reserve of Military Bounty Lands 199. Settle- north of the Ohio. Then followed new communities near Chillicothe on the Scioto, and at Losantiville, now (1789-1800) called Cincinnati. Along Lake Erie settlement began about 1795, when Connecticut sold the greater part of the Western Reserve to the Connecticut Land Company. General Moses Cleaveland, agent

of the company, in 1796 founded at the mouth of the Cuyahoga, on Lake Erie, the city now called for the founder, Cleveland. Next year the "Girdled Road" was made from the Pennsylvania line along the lake to Cleveland. In 1800 the state of Connecticut ceded to the United States all jurisdiction.

Showing territory ceded by treaty of
Greenville.

over the Reserve, so that

the lake and river settlements might be united into a new state. Indiana Territory was immediately set off, and in 1802 the

people of Ohio were authorized to form a state government, and were duly admitted to the Union the next year.

Congress provided for the southern region by an act (1790) organizing the "Territory South of the Ohio River," which six years later was admitted into the Union as the state of Tennessee; it was preceded by the admission of Kentucky in 1792. Still farther south the boundary controversy with Georgia continued (pp. 190, 192); but Congress created the Mississippi Territory out of a part of the disputed land (1798), and four years later Georgia ceded everything west of her present boundary, and the long controversy as to western lands was ended.

Till about 1793 there were no national political parties, for the Anti-Federalists disappeared soon after the Constitution was adopted, and hardly a man in the country any 200. Germs of political longer criticised the Constitution. The first division parties

on living issues came about in Washington's Cabinet, (1792) where Jefferson says that he and Hamilton from day to day

attacked each other "like cocks in a pit." The two men and their followers absolutely disagreed on the cardinal questions of the nature of government. Hamilton and his friends believed that the opinion of the educated and property-holding classes must always be the best for the ignorant and the poor. He is said to have remarked once at a dinner: "Your people, your people, sir, is a great beast." The other side was represented by Jefferson, who counted himself among "those who identify themselves with the people, have confidence in them, cherish and consider them as the most honest and safe, although not the most wise depository of the public interest."

Hamilton and his friends believed further that it was the duty of government to encourage private enterprise, and to that end laid down the principle of "loose construction," or "implied powers." Jefferson's theory of "strict construction" of the Constitution was that government ought to do as little as possible, that it ought to lay taxes only for absolutely necessary expenses, and that the development of the country ought to be left to individuals. On almost the same day (in May, 1792) Hamilton wrote that Madison and Jeffer son were at the head of a "faction decidedly hostile to me, ... and dangerous to the Union, peace and prosperity of the country"; and Jefferson described Hamilton and his friends as "Monarchical federalists." In the election of 1792, though there was not a vote against Washington, there was a strong and almost successful attempt to displace Adams as Vice President; and thenceforth one body of men throughout the country took on the party name of Federalist, and the Jeffersonians called themselves Democrats.

201. Sum

mary

For about three years, from 1789 to 1792, the friends of the Constitution had the opportunity of showing how it would work; they got a large majority in Congress, elected Washington to be President, and framed organizing

legislation which was in harmony with the work of the Convention. The reorganization of finance and commerce was the next great national task. The genius of Alexander Hamilton rendered an inestimable service to the country, for he could look forward into the future and see the probable outcome of his plans; and such was the confidence of the business interests of the country in him that he carried all his measures through.

Against the doctrine that it was the duty of the national government to make the country prosperous, Jefferson and his friends fought vigorously; and before the end of Washington's first administration appeared the elements of two political parties, which were bound to oppose each other on all grave questions, and which intended to fight each other in the national elections. The reëlection of Washington in 1792 postponed, but could not prevent, the coming of strict party government.

TOPICS

(1) Why did the first Congress meet in New York? (2) Are Suggestive topics secret sessions of the Senate desirable? (3) Who have been the great Speakers of the House? (4) Why are there standing committees in Congress? (5) Who have been the great Secretaries of State? (6) Who have been the great Secretaries of the Treasury? (7) Who have been the great judges of the Supreme Court? (8) Why should the President remove officers without the consent of the Senate? (9) Why were the first ten amendments to the Constitution necessary? (10) Jefferson's political principles from 1781 to 1791. (11) Was Hamilton a monarchist?

(12) John Adams as Vice President. (13) Life in the first Search Congress. (14) History of the Eleventh Amendment. (15) Ham- topics ilton's share in fixing the place of the national capital. (16) Opposition to Hamilton in Congress. (17) Debate on the first national tariff. (18) Objections to the first United States Bank. (19) Later discussions of "implied powers." (20) Jefferson's opinions of Hamilton. (21) Hamilton's opinions of Jefferson. (22) Foundation of Cincinnati. (23) Foundation of Cleveland. (24) Foundation of Buffalo. (25) The Yazoo land dispute.

REFERENCES

Geography

Secondary authorities

Sources

Illustrative works

Pictures

See maps, pp. 11, 198; Semple, Geographic Conditions, 75–92; Bassett, Federalist System.

Hart, Formation of the Union, §§ 73-82; Walker, Making of the Nation, 73-114; Channing, United States, 133-147; Johnston, Politics, 19-29; Stanwood, Presidency, 20-41; Bassett, Federalist System; Wilson, American People, III. 98-128; Gordy, Political Parties, I. 103–158; Schouler, United States, I. 70-220; McMaster, United States, I. 525-604, II. 24-57, 67-89, 144-154, III. 116–123; Dewey, Financial History, §§ 34-52; McDougall, Fugitive Slaves, §§ 16-19; Hinsdale, Old Northwest, 296-313, 368-388; Roosevelt, Winning of the West, IV. 1-100; Winsor, Westward Movement, 375-574; Foster, Century of Diplomacy, 103–135; Lodge, George Washington, II. 41-123, 218-237, 304–395, - Alexander Hamilton, 83-150; Ford, True George Washington; Morse, Thomas Jefferson, 87-129; Schouler, Thomas Jefferson, 153-169; Hunt, James Madison, 167-212.

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Contemporaries, III. §§ 76-89,

- Source Readers, III. §§ 57-61; MacDonald, Select Documents, nos. 6-12; Old South Leaflets, nos. 10, 74; Ames, State Documents on Federal Relations, no. 1, pp. 1-15; Maclay, Journal. See N. Eng. Hist. Teachers' Ass'n, Syllabus, 334–336,— Historical Sources, § 80.

Cooper, Pioneers; J. L. Allen, Choir Invisible (Ky.); E. E. Hale, East and West (Northwest Territory); J. K. Paulding. Westward Ho! (Ky.).

Wilson, American People, III.