clapped into prison; and the colonial government was reestablished provisionally, under the old charter of 1629. In Plymouth, Rhode Island, and Connecticut the former governments were again put in force. A similar rising in New York a few days later had an unfortunate outcome. Jacob Leisler, a wellto-do merchant, took the responsibility of heading a provisional government under the self-assumed title of lieutenant governor. After a few months of this irregular administration, a royal governor was sent over; and Leisler, who hesitated to give up his authority, was found guilty of high treason and executed, though it is difficult to see that he had been guilty of a crime.

mary

After the Restoration of Charles II. in 1660, Plymouth, Virginia, and Maryland went back to about their old relations to the home government. Connecticut and Rhode Island 63. Sumreceived charters; but Massachusetts, though she kept her charter twenty-four years, was obliged to stop persecution of Quakers and discriminations against the Church of England. In 1663 began a second era of colonization. Carolina was established; then the Dutch were dispossessed in New Netherland, and five more colonies were set up- New York, East and West Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware; in New England, New Hampshire was separated from Massachusetts.

Then Sir Edmund Andros was sent over to consolidate the northern colonies and to take away the liberties of Rhode Island, Connecticut, and Massachusetts by breaking down their charter governments. The Revolution of 1688 in England. interrupted these plans, and prepared the way for a return to the milder type of colonial government.

TOPICS

(1) How does the navigation act of 1660 differ from that of 1651? Suggestive topics (2) Who devised the rectangular plan of Philadelphia? (3) Why did the settlers quarrel with Penn? (4) Was Nathaniel Bacon a traitor? (5) How did the Carolina proprietary patents differ from

Search topics

Geography Secondary authorities

Sources

Illustrative works

Pictures

that of Maryland? (6) Quakers in New Jersey and Pennsylvania.
(7) Make a list of the Duke of York's land holdings in Amer-
ica and tell what became of each. (8) In what condition did King
Philip's War leave New England? (9) Was Governor Andros a
tyrant? (10) What was Leisler's offense? (11) Why was the
Massachusetts charter annulled? (12) Early life of William Penn.
(13) Whalley and Goffe in New England. (14) Royal commis-
sion in Boston, 1663-1664. (15) The Duke's Laws. (16) Life in
New Netherland, 1650-1660. (17) History of the "pine-tree
shillings." (18) First charter of New York city.
descriptions of New York under English dominion.
accounts of New Jersey; of Pennsylvania; of Carolina.
among the New England Indians. (22) What were enumerated
goods? (23) Arguments for the colonial union desired by Andros.
(24) Boundary controversies under the Connecticut charter.

REFERENCES

Andrews, Colonial Self-Government.

(19) Early

(20) Early

(21) Life

Thwaites, Colonies, §§ 32, 35-38, 69-72, 85-89; Fisher, Colonial Era, 49-56, 71-81, 146-164, 187-206; Lodge, English Colonies, chs. i. iii. v. vii. xi. xii. xiv. xvi. xviii.-xxi. passim ; Andrews, Colonial Self-Government; Fiske, Old Virginia, II. 45-116, 131– 162, 270-290, Beginnings of New England, 199–278, — Dutch and Quaker Colonies, I. 243–294, II. 1–61, 99–208; Doyle, English in America, I. 230-266, 314–363, III. 114-272; Gay, Bryant's History, II. 247-395, 401-449, 472-498, III. 1-24; Wendell, Cotton Mather, 21-87; Hodges, William Penn.

Hart, Source Book, §§ 22-26, - Contemporaries, I. §§ 54, 70, 71, 76-81, 116, 121-125, 132-136, 155-157, 160-167, - Source Readers, I. §§ 40, 49; MacDonald, Select Charters, nos. 24, 26, 27, 29–33, 35-41; American History Leaflets, no. 16; Old South Leaflets, nos. 21, 22, 51, 88, 95. See N. Eng. Hist. Teachers' Ass'n, Syllabus, 301, 310, 313, Historical Sources, §§ 70-72.

Whittier, Pennsylvania Pilgrim; M. W. Goodwin, White Aprons (Bacon); Mary Johnston, Prisoners of Hope (Bacon); M. E. Wilkins, Heart's Highway (Va.); J. P. Kennedy, Rob of the Bowl (Md.); Simms, Cassique of Kiawah (S.C.); Hezekiah Butterworth, Wampum Belt (Penn.); Cooper, Wept of Wish-ton-Wish (Philip), Water Witch (N.Y.); Hawthorne, Gray Champion (Andros), Grandfather's Chair, pt. i. chs. viii. ix.; W. Seton, Charter Oak; E. L. Bynner, Begum's Daughter (Leisler). Winsor, America, III.; Wilson, American People, I.

CHAPTER VI.

COLONIAL LIFE (1700-1750)

lonial pop

ulation

WHILE the colonies grew, the colonists had much the same experiences as people nowadays, going to church or going to prison, working, traveling, trading, fighting, marrying, 64. The coand dying, although conditions and opportunities were very different. In population the colonies increased slowly: New England received little direct immigration after 1640, and in 1700 numbered but 105,000 inhabitants; the southern colonies (Maryland, Virginia, and the Carolinas) together had about 110,000; the middle colonies 55,000; making a total of about 270,000 people. The largest towns were Boston, with about 7000 people, and Philadelphia, with 4000.

The ruling element in every colony was of English descent; but there were Dutchmen in New York and a few on the Delaware; Swedes, a few Finns, and a large German element (later called Pennsylvania Dutch) in Pennsylvania; French Huguenots in several colonies, especially South Carolina; Highland and Lowland Scotch, and Scotch-Irish from the Protestant counties in the north of Ireland, principally on the western frontier. The negroes in 1700 were about 46,000 in number. The Indians were nowhere fused into the white communities.

65. Colonial home

Most of the colonists lived in the easily constructed log house, or in a frame structure, clapboarded or shingled. In Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Charleston, and some other places there were statelier houses constructed of brick made near the spot. Among the poorer families the HART'S AMER. HIST.-6

91

life

BUILT ABOUT 1760.

rude furniture was hardly more than floor, seats, and tables, all made of "puncheons," - that is, of split halves of small tree trunks, with a few pewter dishes, a fireplace, and its utensils. The better houses had substantial oaken chests, chairs, and tables, and handsome clocks.

In dress our well-to-do

forefathers followed as closely as they could the English fashions of elaborate suits of cloth or velvet or silk, and fullbottomed wigs. The most common materials were homespun linen and woolen, though on the frontier deerskin was used.

Food abounded: game wandered in and out of all the settlements, shellfish were abundant, and the New England coast fisheries furnished fish; Indian corn was everywhere grown, and there was plenty of wheat flour.

The colonies were swept by diseases, chiefly due to ignorance and uncleanliness: "ship-fever," "small pocks," "yellow fever"; "break-bone fever," fever and ague, and other varieties of malaria; and medical practice was lamentably unskillful. Though England was a land abounding in schools and possessed of world-famous universities, her southern colonies in

66. Colo

tion

America, broken up into separate and widely distributed nial educa- plantations, could not maintain schools. Governor Berkeley reported (1671) for Virginia: "I thank God there are no free schools nor printing, and I hope we shall not have these hundred years; for learning has brought disobedience, and heresy, and sects in the world, and printing has divulged them, and libels against the best government. God

keep us from both." The New England towns established the first schools in northeastern America, though closely followed by the Collegiate School of the Dutch Reformed Church in New Amsterdam (1633). The colony of Massachusetts Bay showed its interest in education by requiring that every town of fifty families should maintain a school, and every town of a hundred families a grammar school (that is, a Latin school); but the towns too frequently avoided the responsibility if they could, and no public education was provided for the girls. In 1689 the Penn Charter school was founded in Philadelphia.

Three small colleges provided higher education for the colonies. Harvard College, named from the Rev. John Harvard, its earliest private benefactor, was founded (1636) "to advance learning and perpetuate it to posterity." From the beginning it trained the ministers, and also had as students future men of affairs and statesmen. William and Mary College was established in Virginia (1693); King William III., the colony, and private subscribers united to give the college a home in Williamsburg. Yale College was "first concerted by the ministers" (1700), and its earliest property was forty volumes given by the founders for a library. The college was soon removed from Saybrook to New Haven, and (1718) received its name from Elihu Yale, a public-spirited Englishman who interested himself in the new institution.

The most notable colonial writers in the seventeenth century were the discoverers, explorers, and colonists who wrote enter