WHITEWASHING JUDGE JEFFREYS. RANCIS WATT contributes a rather brilliant

Review. It is about time "Bloody Jeffreys " had his turn with a whitewasher. Mr. Francis Watt addresses himself to the task with zeal, although he wisely refrains from endeavoring to convert Jeffreys into a first-class saint. His summing up is as follows:

"In fact, he was, like most of us, a mixed character. He had faults, but, let us recall it, these were balanced by some virtues, and much may be pleaded in mitigation of the judgment history has passed upon him."

Mr. Watt thinks his industry and his success in an arduous profession prove that he could not have been the drunkard he has been described. He had bitter enemies who had able pens at their disposal, and they took great care to hand him down to posterity much blacker than he really appeared in life. As a lawyer, Mr. Watt says:

"He despised, and perhaps neglected, the meaningless technicalities of old English jurisprudence. He had the true judicial instinct. He grasped the main features of his case. With counsel laboring their openings, he was devilishly impatient of irrelevancy and waste of time, things rampant in the courts of his day."

Few of us realize how very young he was when he achieved the renown which has "damned him to everlasting fame :”

"Scarce ever was rise so rapid as his. He was Coinmon Sergeant of the City of London at twentythree, and he was Lord High Chancellor at thirtyseven-an age at which the successful lawyer of today begins but to think of taking silk. He died ere he was forty-one."

All this points to the possession of remarkable ability:

"His talent from the first was so evident that attorneys competed for his services. As a crossexaminer he was unsurpassed (so Mr. Leslie Stephen told us long ago); and his style of oratory, however wanting in elegance, was admirably suited to the taste of his day. As Chancellor he introduced various much-needed reforms to his court. His decrees as Chancellor were never overruled. Before all, he had a real touch with life, a profound knowledge of human nature, especially in its baser aspects. He was one of those judges who take strong views, and express them strongly.”

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Mr. Watt does not even shrink from saying a word in defense of the famous Bloody Assize" in the autumn of 1685. His defense chiefly amounts to the fact that there were others in it who must share his infamy, and from the political point of view that the terrorism which he exercised was not without its reward. He says:

"The chief counsel for the crown was Henry Pollexfen, the most famous Whig lawyer of his day, Chief Justice of the Common Pleas after the Revo

lution, and the judges who rode the eyre' with Jeffreys concurred in all his measures. Yet the blame has been reserved for him alone. The government had determined to act with unsparing rigor, and its policy had some success."

SOME GERMAN MOTTOES.

HERE are two articles on German Proverbs in

THERE are two views for July. In the Preus

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sische Jahrbücher, "Xanthippus" endeavors to trace the origin of some Good Old German Mottoes," but most of them being in rhyme, they are not good to translate.

According to Zincgref, the old saying:

When Adam delved and Eve span,

Who was then the gentleman ?

was once inscribed on a wall to cause annoyance to the good Emperor Maximilian, but the Emperor wrote below it:

I am a man like every other man, but God has given me more honor.

There are several other sayings dealing with no bility and virtue :

Without virtue no nobility.

Character makes nobility, not blood.

As old age comes from youth, Nobility comes from virtue.

Piety, honesty, purity, generosity, are the characteristics of the noble.

Luther says:

To be alone is to keep the heart pure.

As early as the fifteenth century there was a saying to the same effect, which Luther may have had in mind. Yet Luther would not have had Christians prefer solitude, but the people thought otherwise, for another proverb says:

Keep thyself pure, and think not highly of thyself; prefer to be alone with God and thyself, and so live in peace and quiet.

The following is given as the motto of the Landgrave of Burgau :

To be always gay is dangerous,

To be always sad is hard,

To be always happy is deceptive,
It takes all to satisfy.

Other proverbs refer to old age: Consider while young the life of the old man, so that when you grow old, you need not have to beg.

Lessing sums up worldly happiness in old friends, old wine and money. According to another proverb, the old man should be honored, the young man instructed, the wise man asked, and the fool toler ated.

M.

THE FRENCH JOURNALIST ON HIS TRIAL. CRUPPI'S series of articles on the Seine Assize Court is continued in the second July number of the Revue des Deux Mondes with a paper on Press or Journalistic Trials.

For more than a hundred years it has been in France the subject of keen controversy whether offending press men should be tried before a jury, and many a scathing satire has been written on the assured ludicrous incompetence of the twelve good men and true to sit in judgment upon such delicate and important creatures as journalists. The first Constituent Assembly had no such misgivings. After the long silence of the Empire the Liberal party in France forced Napoleon on his return from Elba to accept the liberty of the press, and the right of a journalist to be tried before a jury. Since then the Paris press has been alternately petted and sat upon. The French journalist now writes with nothing but the fear of the law of 1881, which re-established jury trials in press cases, before his eyes, and this law was not substantially affected by the bill passed in consequence of the crimes of the Anarchists Vaillant and Caserio. At the same time that bill was the outward'sign of a growing feeling in favor of curbing in some degree the license of the press. M. Cruppi is not himself in favor of severe measures, and he asks whether it is true that the jury system by its leniency is the chief cause of journalistic license in France.

To answer this question we must see the machine at work. Let us take a case. The complainant is a well known deputy or a high official. The newspaper which is prosecuted is directed by an illustrious pamphleteer, and the libels complained of are really atrocious. The case is one in which the Assize Court is competent, and the publisher of the libel can relieve himself of all responsibility if he can convince the jury of the truth of his allegations. But the person libeled does not by any means always prosecute. It is the man with a shady reputation who stands to win most by prosecuting. The political circumstances of the moment, a blunder on the part of his opponent's advisers, the difficulty of legally proving the statements made in the libel-all these circumstances give him a fair commercial chance of a verdict which would whitewash him most usefully, while if he loses the case he is not much, if at all, worse off than before. On the other hand, the honorable and innocent man will be distressed by the contradictory advice of his friends. If he does not prosecute he is regarded by many as guilty. If he decides to prosecute, it is but the beginning of his troubles. The delays, necessary and unnecessary, of the Assize Court give to the defendant's newspaper a valuable opportunity of influencing the public from which the jurors are drawn, and the jurors themselves as soon as their names are known. M. Cruppi gives really an alarming picture of the extent to which Paris jurymen are "got at" in various ways. The trial

comes on. In place of the polished and wicked Parisian whom the jury expected to see brought before them as the author of the libels they find a harmless-looking creature, rural in appearance, and so like themselves that they sympathize instinctively with him. This is the Gerant, the manager or publisher of the paper, a man of straw generally, whose profession it is to be prosecuted. M. Cruppi adds some interesting statistics which go to show that of recent years the proportion of acquittals to prosecu tions in press cases has diminished, juries appearing to be more hard upon press offenses than upon other kinds of crimes.

BY

THE AIM OF MODERN EDUCATION.

Y a process of eliminating what he terms the minor ends of education, Dr. C. H. Henderson, writing in Appleton's Popular Science Monthly, brings into view an educational ideal which deserves, perhaps, more attention than it commonly receives.

"Perhaps we shall the sooner see our mark by first clearing the ground a little, and disclaiming some of the ends proposed for education. My own list of unadmitted ends is somewhat long. I do not, for example, set as the object for education a good citizen, a successful breadwinner, a wise father, an expert mechanic, an adroit versifier, a keen lawyer, an eloquent preacher, a skillful physician, a learned professor, a prosperous tradesman. Some of these ends may be good enough in themselves. I do not discuss the question. But they are not the proper end of education. And they are not, because they are secondary, minor, special ends. They are not the major ends in life, though they are often mistaken for such. We are pretty far from the mark when we mistake for education any training which has a partial and special end in view. To erect any one of these ends into the end, and declare it to be the goal of education, is to fall by the wayside, and deliberately to turn one's face away from the New Jerusalem of the Intellect.

THE SUPREME END.

"The end in education should be the major end. It should be the very biggest thing in life, the most general and far-reaching good the mind can forinulate. We cheat ourselves, we cheat the children, if we express the end in terms any less catholic than this. It may include good citizenship, wise parenthood, successful breadwinning, literary or technical skill, but it is not any one of these things. The greatest thing in life is life-life in its fullness and totality. It is this that education should set its face toward. Its end should be wholeness, integrity, and nothing less than this. It is false to its mission if it turn aside into any of the bypaths of convenience, of industry, or even of accomplishment and erudition."

T

HARPER'S.

HE September Harper's assumes that the bicycle has not absolutely driven away its equine rival, and prints a very pleasant article by H. C. Merwin on "The Art of Driving." Mr. Merwin tells us that the proper way to drive a horse, according to English lights, is to hold the reins in the left hand only, the whip being kept in the right hand. The guiding is done by a turn of the wrist, and when the driver wishes to slacken speed or to pull up, the right hand, still holding the whip, should grasp the reins back of the left hand; the left hand can then be shifted forward so as to shorten the reins. But in America, where curb bits are not so much the rule, Mr. Merwin recommends that as a rule the driver should employ both hands, holding the reins as follows: "Coming from the bit, they pass between the little finger and the third finger, across the palm of the hand, and over the thumb, and then, if a particularly firm hold is wanted, the rein, after passing over the thumb, may be grasped again by the fingers. When you want either to shorten or to lengthen the reins, it is done by seizing the rein back of the left hand between the thumb and forefinger of the right hand, so that the left hand is then free to move up or down the rein, as may be desired." Mr. Merwin's article is really a very excellent one on a subject which it is difficult to get in telligent instruction in. It is almost inevitable that people who really know how to ride and drive have not the habits which enable them to tell others. Everybody who has a horse or who drives one occasionally ought to read this essay.

AMONG THE CLIFF DWELLERS.

T. M. Prudden tells about "A Summer Among Cliff Dwellings," and the magazine gives pictures of the prehistoric homes and their implements which are still to be found in the northwestern corner of Arizona and the northwestern corner of New Mexico. Mr. Prudden thinks that "it is one of our numerous national disgraces that the United States government does not realize the importance of the immediate occupancy of this wonderful field of archæological research, and see to it that the portable relics are not irretrievably dispersed. That portion of the reservation occupied by the Mesa Verde is of little use to the Indians or to any one else, and should be converted into a national park, with strict surveillance by competent persons of these priceless ruins, and careful preservation of those portions of the masonry which are still intact." Mr. Prudden tells us that the cliff dweller was a dark skinned man with long, coarse hair; that he was of medium stature and the back of his skull was flattened by being tied against a board in infancy. He was first a farmer, considerable of a hunter, and was skilled in masonry. Charles Dudley Warner's "Editor's Study" is taken up entirely with amateur astronomical thoughts inspired by Percival Lowell's book on the planet Mars. Mr. Warner is able to draw some profitable conclusions concerning the management of our own little world from the achievements of the not impossible inhabitants of Mars.

The Harpers announce in the next number of the

"An ordinary dwelling house might be utilized for the school. The basement, which should be well lighted, could be fitted up as a laundry, capable of accommodating a large number of women, to be classified as they advance in skill in the department. There must be a head laundress to look after those under her, and inspectors to decide when a woman is capable of promotion. In a city of 5,000 inhabitants, such a laundry might easily be made self supporting.

"The first floor of the training school could be devoted to the cooking department. It should have several kitchens where the women in different stages of advancement could work under an expert leader. The different departments in cookery could be made selfsupporting by having lunch counters where men could go in with their dinner pails and have served to them from the kitchens of the less skilled pupils hot soup, tea, coffee, and other plain food, while a restaurant of a better class might be sustained from the work of those who were more thoroughly trained. Another source of income might be secured by filling orders for special dishes or for whole meals. Setting a table, waiting, washing fine china and glass, and polishing silver, could be taught in connection with the restaurant.

"The upper floor should consist of a parlor and various apartments, where servants could be trained in cleaning, dusting, window washing, care of lamps, and all kinds of second work. From this department servants could be sent out by the hour or day to sweep, dust, or act as housemaids."

The school should give certificates of integrity and skill; small wages might be allowed after the first month or so with even raw hands. The writer does not consider the scheme at all more visionary than the ideas of training nurses, which have been carried out so successfully.

LIVINGSTONE'S TREE.

The diary of E. J. Glave, the young explorer who died after bravely seeking out the "Livingstone tree," in the Dark Continent, describes the last resting place of the first great African discoverer:

"Livingstone's grave is in a quiet nook, such as he himself desired, in the outskirts of a forest bordering on a grass plain where the roan buck and eland wander in safety. When I visited the place turtle doves were cooing in the tree tops, and a litter of yoting hyenas had been playing near by; in the low ground outside the hole leading to the cave were their recent tracks ; they had scampered into safety at our approach."

A

SCRIBNER'S.

WRITER in "The Field of Art" in the September Scribner's tests the evolution of artistic judgment in our race by a glance at the furniture and buildings around us, and is able to present gratifying conclusions. He rejoices in the salutary decrease in bric-a-brac. He finds office and club house furniture less ornate and stiff and more inviting and soothing. "The ferries ånd street cars are now built more sensibly of light woods, managed with great simplicity, yet with eminently satisfactory effect. Indeed there are many pretentious works of art-or, at art-that have less grace and taste than the Broadway cable-cars with their plain light woods, their undecorated interiors, their simple lettering and their severe outlines conformed primarily to directness and utility." Our sleeping cars, unfortunately, have hardly yet emerged from the stratum of knick-knackery and gloom, nor can this philosopher find much comfort in the large hotels of the great cities, with their gaudy frippery and oppressive elegance.

Frank French, the artist and engraver, writes on "Country Roads," not with views of inculcating theories on macadam, Belgian blocks and various compositions, but from the point of view of the artist and average citizen. He believes in the European laws against the destruction of trees along the roads, though bushes and shrubs he says should be so thinned out that the entire roadway from fence to fence would be discernible between groups, preserving its breadth and airiness. He laments the removal of dooryard fences, which has proved a detriment to the beauty of New England roads and homes. Mr. French beautifies his essay with charming wood engravings of country road scenes.

Frederic Irland gives an appreciative account of a sporting trip into a New Brunswick wilderness, one of the few "primeval "regions left to ambitious hunters and fishermen. He assures us that the resources of the remote waters of old Acadia are unimpaired from the point of view of him who seeks trout and salmon. But even here the salmon fishing is threatened by the salt water nets, for the salmon must perform their annual migration to tide water, and the supply may be annihilated without recourse to these beautiful waters.

IN

THE ATLANTIC MONTHLY.

N the September Atlantic Professor W. P. Trent writes on "Teaching the Spirit of Literature," and pleads for the imaginations and emotions of children in the bookish curriculum. He says:

"If I may judge from my experience with college work, covering several years, and from my briefer experience with school work, I am forced to the conclusion that sympathetic reading on the part of the teacher should be the main method of presenting literature, especially poetry, to young minds. I have never got good results from the history of literature or from criticism except in the case of matured students, and I never expect to. I have examined hundreds of papers in the endeavor to find out what facts or ideas connected with literature appeal most to the young, and I have found that in eight out of ten cases it is the trivial or the bizarre."

Professor J. B. McMaster writes on "The Election of the President," and traces briefly the history of the caucus and convention methods of nominating presidential candidates. He explains that the November "election is not the election of the President, but only the election of the electoral college which is to choose the President.

The members of this body are, however, so closely pledged a particular candidate that millions of citi zens who read the newspapers on the morrow really believe that a President has been elected, though nothing has been done which could be taken notice of by the House and Senate when they meet in joint session to witness the counting of the electoral votes. Not till the electoral colleges have voted, and the House and Senate acted, is a President elected; yet the proceedings of none of these bodies ever receive ten lines of notice in any newspaper in the country. Their usefulness is gone. There is now no reason for their existence, and that they will be suffered to exist much longer does not seem likely. The time has come when the election as well as the nomination of a President may safely be entrusted to the people."

TE

MCCLURE'S MAGAZINE.

HE September McClure's contains an article on the discoverer of anesthesia, Dr. W. G. T. Morton, by his wife, Elizabeth W. Morton. The great benefactor to suffering humanity was possessed with the idea of relieving pain by the application of sulphuric ether from his earliest manhood; he persisted in his experiments in the face of all denunications and cries of humbuggery, and was, indeed, only twenty-seven when the first successful operation on a human being under the influence of ether made the inventor of the method world famous. But even after the plain and final demonstration, Dr. Morton still had to suffer the most extraordinary attacks. "Abuse and ridicule," says his wife," were showered upon him by the public press, from the pulpit, and also by prominent medical journals, for presuming or daring to claim that he could prevent the pain of surgical operations. In those days I feared to look into a newspaper, for what wife does not feel more keenly unjust aspersions on her husband than he for himself?"

Elizabeth Stuart Phelps describes life "Among the Gloucester Fishermen." The novelist has lived for many years in a little cottage on the very edge of the rock bound Gloucester harbor, and her most everyday and intimate associations have been with the folk who form the charaters in "Jack the Fisherman" and other of her works. Will H. Low, in his series of essays under the head "A Century of Painting," tells this month of Bastien Lepage, Meissonier, and the three great portraitists, Cabanel, Bonnat, and Carolus Duran, the last of whom was Mr. Low's own master.

IN

LIPPINCOTT'S.

N the September Lippincott's Mr. Theodore Stanton writes on the "Advantages of International Exhibitions" and attempts to show the gain accruing from these efforts by comparing the state of our commerce in the countries where expositions are held, before and after. He says: "Official statistics prove that our business grows, after an international exhibition, not only with the country where it is held, but also almost invariably with all the visiting nations." In consequence of this law, which Mr. Stanton's figures seem to authenticate, he concludes:

"1. Political reasons and trade advantages invite our participation in these international exhibitions. 2. The political considerations are especially imperative when the exhibition is held in Republican France. 3. Prompt action and a generous appropriation should be expected

of Congress, in order that we may have the time and money to prepare a worthy American section. In this instance France has sent out her invitation far earlier than ever before in the history of international fairs. The time requisite is, therefore, attainable. Congress has simply to act without further delay. The size of the appropriation is the only uncertain point, and it is to be hoped that public opinion will demand of Congress an adequate sum. If these two desiderata are obtained, the United States will, for the first time, take her proper rank in these gatherings of the nations of the world."

Col. John A. Cockerill gives some rather naïve directions telling "How to Conduct a Local Newspaper." He thinks that the local editor must find out at an early stage of his career that his journal cannot be a substitute for the great city papers in giving the world's news. "A farmer may or may not care to know that the Driebund in Europe is overslaughed by the French and Russian alliance, but he is sure to want to know whether the break in the dam on the other side of the township is going to be repaired during the present season or not. This demand for home news is constant, and the supply is constant. Something is always happening, in the country as well as in the city, in small towns as well as in large ones, and the diligent editor who gathers up all such news and reports it fairly and as truthfully as possible, will always find readers and subscribers."

THE COSMOPOLITAN.

N the September Cosmopolitan there is a note by the editor, Mr. John Brisben Walker, on the application of compressed air to street railways, which is coming very much to the fore these days. He "witnessed the test on the Harlem lines and was impressed by the ease with which a heavily laden car was handled. Starting without jerk and stopping in the shortest possible space were advantages which specially commended themselves to the passenger. The outfit is simple, consisting of steel tubes under the seats. These tubes are charged with air under two thousand pounds pressure. The air pressure operates a small cylinder engine under either side of the car. A single charge from the tanks at the end of the line will carry a loaded car for sixteen miles. The mechanism seems, to the casual eye, quite perfect. The cost of operating is claimed as lower than for either cable or electric service, and there is no such expensive construction of roadway as in the case of existing methods. The factor of safety is said to be large, notwithstanding the high pressure, and it seems possible that the same power may eventually be applied to horseless carriages under an even greater pressure than that in use for street cars."

The French astronomer, Camille Flammarion, is as usual rather spectacular in his essay on "The Wonderful New Eye of Science." "Never before," he says, "in the history of humanity have we been able to penetrate so deeply into the abysses of immensity. With the new improvements photography takes distinctly the image of each star, whatever its distance from us, and fixes it on a document which may be studied at leisure. Who can tell but that one day in the photographic views of Venus or Mars, a new method of analysis may enable us to discover their inhabitants. And this power extends to infinite space. Here, for example, is a star of the fifteenth, the sixteenth, the seventeenth magnitude, a sun like ours, so distant from us that its light takes

thousands, perhaps millions, of years to reach us, notwithstanding that it travels with the inconceivable rapidity of three hundred thousand kilometers a second; and this sun is so far off in space that its light never reaches us; still more, the natural eye of man would never have seen it, the human mind would never have divined its existence without the instruments of modern optics. And yet this faint light, coming from so far, suffices to impress a chemical plate, which retains its image unalterably."

TH

LADIES' HOME JOURNAL.

HE editor of the Ladies' Home Journal, Mr. Edward W. Bok, has a word in the September number of that periodical in answer to protests against the advertising features. He says:

"Every once in a while there comes to me from one of my readers a letter in which the writer decries the advertisements published in this magazine. It is either that my correspondents think we have too many advertisements, or that they are not properly placed. Then, almost invariably, comes the suggestion that this magazine shall stand alone among its contemporaries, and publish a periodical which shall exclude all advertisements, printing only the literary portions and the illustrations. Such a suggestion sounds well, and, in a sense, is attractive. But suppose this or any other magazine were to publish a number without advertisements, does any one fancy for a moment that the issue would be more attractive because of the omission? I am quite sure that it would not. The art of advertising has grown to such a point of excellence during the past few years that it has become almost a science. I am certain the magazines of to-day would lose a third of their attractiveness if they were issued barren of advertisements. The attractiveness of the modern advertisement on its highest plane has an unconscious charm to the reader, and the advertisements of our magazines are to-day classed among their most interesting qualities."

THE

MUNSEY'S MAGAZINE.

HE September Munsey's opens with a short article "In the White House," by Alice Ewing Lewis. She says that Mrs. Cleveland's social resources and courteous manner are absolutely unfailing. "The President has been seen to look bored, and the cabinet ladies grow weary, but Mrs. Cleveland has reduced her social methods to such an art-for art it must be, since it would be palpably absurd to ask of flesh and blood that such superhuman endurance should be nature-that she is apparently as fresh at the close of the evening's or deal as at its beginning, and as glad to see the last guest as the first."

Jean Pardee-Clark writes enthusiastically about girls' gymnasiums. She thinks the importance of physical education merely from the point of view of cultivating beauty in the feminine figure cannot be overestimated. She describes the evolutions of a typical class of gymnasium girls and announces the downfall of the "helpless sentimental heroine of a former day. The typical society belle is no longer languid, lily-like, and quickly passée. She is a robust, strong-limbed girl, who has no idea of fading even when she finds herself surrounded by girls of her own, who will learn to jump bars, swing clubs, and climb ladders, as their mother did before them."