of respiratory power, dyspnoea, and liability to bronchitis and broncho-pneumonia. Edema of the eyelids usually appears by the seventh day, and is the most characteristic of the early symptoms. Fever of an irregular type is usually present, and profuse sweating is commonly observed. Albuminuria occurs in the majority of cases. The kneereflexes are usually lost.

The diagnosis is aided by the fact that a number of individuals are usually affected at the same time. In doubtful cases a small piece of muscle may be excised under cocaineanæsthesia and examined.

The duration of the acute symptoms is from two to eight weeks. Recovery is slow and tedious.

The prognosis is grave, 30 per cent. of the cases terminating fatally, chiefly by pulmonary complications.

Treatment.-Prophylactic treatment consists in the governmental inspection of ham and pork and the thorough cooking of the meat.

During the gastro-intestinal stage brisk purgatives should be administered. The use of glycerin in 3ss doses every hour has been recommended. Thymol in 3j doses in capsule is also of service. When migration into the muscle has occurred the treatment can only be palliative.

FILARIA SANGUINIS HOMINIS.

The adult worm is from 4 to 5 inches long, and in the human subject probably lodges in some large lymphatic vessel. The female produces an enormous number of embryos from to of an inch long and of the width of a red blood-cell. The embryos enter the blood-current, and are present in the blood during the night, but disappear during the day-time. Should the patient sleep during the day and work at night, the migrations of the parasites become diurnal. It is supposed that infection occurs.

through the agency of mosquitoes. The parasite is most common in tropical and sub-tropical countries.

Symptoms are caused by the blocking of the lymph

channels by the adult worm or the ova. Hæmatochyluria (or chyluria) is the most common symptom. The passage of chylous urine with or without the admixture of blood is intermittent and is not inconsistent with good general health. Among the other symptoms may be mentioned lymph-scrotum, chylous hydrocele, chylous ascites, and elephantiasis.

FIG. 74.-Filaria sanguinis hominis (Von Jaksch).

The diagnosis of parasitic chyluria from the non-parasitic form is made by the finding of the embryos in the blood drawn about midnight.

The prognosis is generally favorable.

Treatment.-Gallic acid (3j-ij doses daily) and large doses of potassium iodide have been of service. The treatment by methyl-blue has apparently been followed by good results.

CESTODES (TANIÆ; TAPE-WORMS).

When the eggs of the tænia enter the stomach of animals the embryos become liberated; they then migrate to other organs, where they form encysted larvæ or scolices, known as "cysticerci." A cysticercus is therefore an undeveloped tape-worm. Meat containing cysticerci is said to be

measly," and if eaten raw or imperfectly cooked the cysticerci develop into mature form within the alimentary canal of their host. Three chief varieties of tape-worm are encountered in the human subject.

1. Tænia solium is from 6 to 8 feet long. The head, which

is the size of the head of a pin, is marked by four suckers

FIG. 75.-Small portions from different parts in the length of a tape-worm; natural size (Griffith).

and a double row of hooklets. The neck is about an inch long. The joints or proglottides, which contain male and female organs of generation, become larger and more mature the further they are from the head. Tænia solium is usually single, and develops in man from eating measly pork or ham.

2. Tania saginata or mediocanellata, which is the most common form in the United States, develops from eating measly beef. The worm is longer than the tænia solium, and the sexual apparatus of the mature segments is somewhat different. The head possesses four suckers, but no hooklets.

3. Bothriocephalus latus, which is common in the German Baltic provinces and rare in the United States, develops from eating infected fish. The head is club-shaped, with two slitlike suckers on the side. The segments are short but broad, and the parasite frequently grows to a length of from 25 to 30 feet.

Symptoms are indefinite.

There may be digestive disturbances, abdominal pain, diar

rhoea, and inordinate appetite. The patient may lose flesh and strength. There may be reflex phenomena―itching of the nose, salivation, nervous vomiting, and great mental depression. The diagnosis can be made with certainty only by finding the links in the dejecta.

The growth of the bothriocephalus latus is frequently accompanied by progressive anæmia.

Treatment is successful only when the head of the worm is passed. In all cases the patient should be ordered a very light diet for two days; a saline purgative should be given on the second night, and the next morning the tæniafuge should be given on a fasting stomach and followed in two hours by a brisk purge.

Among the efficient anthelminthics recommended are fluid extract of male fern (3ij dose), infusion of pomegranate (2 to 3 ounces of the bark in Oj of water), infusion of pumpkin-seeds, and koosso (3ss of the dried flowers in water). Tanret's tannate of pelletierine may be given in a 5to 10-grain dose, but the remedy is very expensive. Good results have followed 3ss doses of oil of pine-needles given in emulsion or in capsule.

ECHINOCOCCUS DISEASE.

(See Hydatids of the Liver.)

For the rarer forms of animal parasites the reader is referred to larger works.