264. Representation of behavior of the chromatin during the maturation of the ovum (Rückert) 265. Scheme of the development and maturation of an ascaris ovum (Boveri) 266. Section of fully developed Graafian follicle from pig. 267. Section of oviduct of young woman. PAGE 312 314 315 317 319 273. Longitudinal section through human testis and epididymis 274, 275. Sustentacular cells. 270. Section of human labia minora (Huber) 271. Diagram showing characteristics of spermatozoa of vertebrates 272. Human spermatozoa 320 321 323 324 325 276. Section of human testis (Huber) 277. Section through human vasa efferentia 278. Cross-section of vas epididymidis of human testis (Huber) 279. Section of dog's testis with injected blood-vessels 326 327 328 328 282. Section of prostate gland of man (Huber) 281.. Cross-section of wall of seminal vesicle (human) (Huber) 280. Cross-section of vas deferens near epididymis (human) (Huber) 329 330 331 283. Schematic diagram of spermatogenesis as it occurs in ascaris (Boveri) 331 mammal (Hermann) 284. Schematic diagram of section through convoluted seminiferous tubule of 335 286. Under surface of the epidermis. 285. Section of convoluted tubule from rat's testicle 287. Cross-section of skin of child with injected blood-vessels 342 343 344 290. Cross-section of negro's skin 345 291. Nerves of epidermis and papillæ from ball of cat's foot 346 292, 293. Meissner's corpuscle from man 348 294. Grandry's corpuscles from duck's bill 349 295. Longitudinal section of human hair and follicle. 350 296. Cross-section of human hair with follicle 352 298. Longitudinal section through human nail and its groove 297. Longitudinal section of cat's hair and follicle, showing nerve-termination 353 354 299. Transverse section through human nail and its sulcus 355 300. Cross-section of coiled tubule of sweat-glands from human axilla 356 303. Section of mammary gland of nullipara (Nagel) 302. Section of alveoli from sebaceous gland of human scalp (Huber) 301. Tangential section through coiled tubule of sweat-glands from human axilla 357 357 359 304. Transverse section through human skin 360 305. Cross-sections of human spinal cord. 363 306. Schematic diagram of spinal cord in cross-section (von Lenhossék) 307. Schematic cross-section of spinal cord (Ziehen) 366 368 310. Cell of Purkinje from human cerebellar cortex 308. Section through human cerebellar cortex vertical to the surface of the convolution 372 309. Schematic diagram of cerebellar cortex 369 373 312. Schematic diagram of cerebral cortex 311. Granular cell from the granular layer of the human cerebellar cortex 374 374 313. Large pyramidal cell from human cerebral cortex 377 314. Schematic diagram of cerebral cortex 377 315. Olfactory bulb. 378 316. Longitudinal section of spinal ganglion of cat (Huber) 380 317. Ganglion cell from the Gasserian ganglion of a rabbit (Huber) 382 321. From section of stellate ganglion of dog (Huber) 318. Diagram showing the relations of the neurones of a spinal ganglion (Dogiel) 384 319. Neurone from inferior cervical sympathetic ganglion of a rabbit (Huber) 320. From section of semilunar ganglion of cat (Huber) 323. From section of sympathetic ganglion of frog (Huber) 322. From section of sympathetic ganglion of turtle (Huber) 387 388 324. Schematic diagram of a sensorimotor reflex arc according to the modern neurone theory 388 325. Schematic diagram of a sensorimotor reflex cycle 389 brain cortex 326. Schematic diagram of the reflex tracts between a peripheral organ and the 390 391 210 211 212 213 214 215 wwenen d spper eyelid of man sna terug pokon dé entrance of human optic nerve eset valvessels of human macula lutea PAGE 392 395 403 410 411 413 415 417 419 421 421 424 426 426 342 343 y tev abyrinth Quain, after Sömmering) YAKMER Tentation of the complete auditory apparatus (Schwalbe) 431 436 210 217 218 220 221 222 347. Terus. tion through the anterior ampulla 345 Trasmere section through an osseous and membranous semicircular canal of wilt human being youreira labyrinth from five-month human embryo (Schwalbe, after 438 439 440 441 yon furough a turn of the osseous and membranous cochlear duct of the blea of guinea-pig 443 445 224 225 226 39% face of organ of Corti, with surrounding structures (Retzius) 448 451 453 INTRODUCTION TO MICROSCOPIC TECHNIC. I. THE MICROSCOPE AND ITS ACCESSORIES. A detailed description of the microscope and its accessory apparatus hardly lies within the scope of this book. If, notwithstanding, a few points be touched upon, it is done only that the beginner may have a working knowledge of the different parts of the instrument which he must use. A more intimate knowledge of the theory of the microscope may be acquired by studying such works as those of Dippel, A. Zimmermann, and Carpenter. 1. Histologic specimens are examined with the aid of the microscope, an instrument which magnifies the objects by means of its optic apparatus. For this purpose simple microscopes, consisting usually of a single lens, are not sufficient; the aid of the compound microscope, which contains a combination of two systems of lenses, is necessary. These systems may be changed according to the needs of the case, and thus a variation in the magnification of the object obtained. The rest of the instrument consists of a framework called the stand, the lower portion of which consists of a footplate or base, which should rest firmly on the table. From the base rises the column or pillar, to which the other parts of the microscope are attached. From below upward come the movable mirror, the stage and substage with diaphragm and condenser, and the tube with pinion and fine adjustment. One side of the mirror is concave, and serves to concentrate the rays of light in the direction of a central opening in the stage. The other side is plane, and is seldom used. If the objects are to be examined by direct illumination, and not by transmitted light, the mirror is so placed that the rays are reflected away from the opening in the stage. 2. The specimen to be examined is placed on the stage, over the central opening. If the light be too strong, the opening may be diminished in size by means of a diaphragm. In some instruments these diaphragms are placed in the opening of the stage, and consist of plates with different sized apertures. A better form is composed of one large disc containing several apertures of different sizes. This is fastened to the under surface of the stage in such a way that by revolving the disc the apertures may be brought one 340. Injected blood-vessels of human macula lutea FIG. 327. Neurogliar cells (Huber) 328. Section through injected cerebral cortex of rabbit 332. Section through the human choroid 333. Meridional section of the human ciliary body. 336. Section through point of entrance of human optic nerve 337. Section through human macula lutea and fovea centralis 338. Schematic diagram of the retina (Ramón y Cajal) . 339. Injected blood vessels of the human retina PAGE 392 395 408 410 411 413 415 417 419 421 421 424 426 341. Cross-section of upper eyelid of man 426 344. Right bony labyrinth (Quain, after Sömmering) 342. Schematic representation of the complete auditory apparatus (Schwalbe) 343. Cross-section of the Eustachian tube. 347. Vertical section through the anterior ampulla 346. Transverse section through an osseous and membranous semicircular canal of an adult human being 345. Membranous labyrinth from five-month human embryo (Schwalbe, after Retzius). 439 440 441 349. Organ of Corti (Retzius) 348. Section through a turn of the osseous and membranous cochlear duct of the cochlea of guinea-pig 443 445 351. Scheme of distribution of blood-vessels in labyrinth (Eichler) .' 350. Surface of organ of Corti, with surrounding structures (Retzius) INTRODUCTION TO MICROSCOPIC TECHNIC. I. THE MICROSCOPE AND ITS ACCESSORIES. A detailed description of the microscope and its accessory apparatus hardly lies within the scope of this book. If, notwithstanding, a few points be touched upon, it is done only that the beginner may have a working knowledge of the different parts of the instrument which he must use. A more intimate knowledge of the theory of the microscope may be acquired by studying such works as those of Dippel, A. Zimmermann, and Carpenter. 1. Histologic specimens are examined with the aid of the microscope, an instrument which magnifies the objects by means of its optic apparatus. For this purpose simple microscopes, consisting usually of a single lens, are not sufficient; the aid of the compound microscope, which contains a combination of two systems of lenses, is necessary. These systems may be changed according to the needs of the case, and thus a variation in the magnification of the object obtained. The rest of the instrument consists of a framework called the stand, the lower portion of which consists of a footplate or base, which should rest firmly on the table. From the base rises the column or pillar, to which the other parts of the microscope are attached. From below upward come the movable mirror, the stage and substage with diaphragm and condenser, and the tube with pinion and fine adjustment. One side of the mirror is concave, and serves to concentrate the rays of light in the direction of a central opening in the stage. The other side is plane, and is seldom used. If the objects are to be examined by direct illumination, and not by transmitted light, the mirror is so placed that the rays are reflected away from the opening in the stage. 2. The specimen to be examined is placed on the stage, over the central opening. If the light be too strong, the opening may be diminished in size by means of a diaphragm. In some instruments these diaphragms are placed in the opening of the stage, and consist of plates with different sized apertures. A better form is composed of one large disc containing several apertures of different sizes. This is fastened to the under surface of the stage in such a way that by revolving the disc the apertures may be brought one |