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264. Representation of behavior of the chromatin during the maturation of the

ovum (Rückert)

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265. Scheme of the development and maturation of an ascaris ovum (Boveri) 266. Section of fully developed Graafian follicle from pig.

267. Section of oviduct of young woman.

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273. Longitudinal section through human testis and epididymis 274, 275. Sustentacular cells.

270. Section of human labia minora (Huber)

271. Diagram showing characteristics of spermatozoa of vertebrates 272. Human spermatozoa

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276. Section of human testis (Huber)

277. Section through human vasa efferentia

278. Cross-section of vas epididymidis of human testis (Huber)

279. Section of dog's testis with injected blood-vessels

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282. Section of prostate gland of man (Huber)

281.. Cross-section of wall of seminal vesicle (human) (Huber)

280. Cross-section of vas deferens near epididymis (human) (Huber)

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283. Schematic diagram of spermatogenesis as it occurs in ascaris (Boveri)

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mammal (Hermann)

284. Schematic diagram of section through convoluted seminiferous tubule of

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286. Under surface of the epidermis.

285. Section of convoluted tubule from rat's testicle

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287. Cross-section of skin of child with injected blood-vessels

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290. Cross-section of negro's skin

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291. Nerves of epidermis and papillæ from ball of cat's foot

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292, 293. Meissner's corpuscle from man

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294. Grandry's corpuscles from duck's bill

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295. Longitudinal section of human hair and follicle.

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296. Cross-section of human hair with follicle

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298. Longitudinal section through human nail and its groove

297. Longitudinal section of cat's hair and follicle, showing nerve-termination

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299. Transverse section through human nail and its sulcus

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300. Cross-section of coiled tubule of sweat-glands from human axilla

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303. Section of mammary gland of nullipara (Nagel)

302. Section of alveoli from sebaceous gland of human scalp (Huber)

301. Tangential section through coiled tubule of sweat-glands from human axilla

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304. Transverse section through human skin

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305. Cross-sections of human spinal cord.

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306. Schematic diagram of spinal cord in cross-section (von Lenhossék) 307. Schematic cross-section of spinal cord (Ziehen)

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310. Cell of Purkinje from human cerebellar cortex

308. Section through human cerebellar cortex vertical to the surface of the convolution 372 309. Schematic diagram of cerebellar cortex

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312. Schematic diagram of cerebral cortex

311. Granular cell from the granular layer of the human cerebellar cortex

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313. Large pyramidal cell from human cerebral cortex

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314. Schematic diagram of cerebral cortex

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315. Olfactory bulb.

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316. Longitudinal section of spinal ganglion of cat (Huber)

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317. Ganglion cell from the Gasserian ganglion of a rabbit (Huber)

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321. From section of stellate ganglion of dog (Huber)

318. Diagram showing the relations of the neurones of a spinal ganglion (Dogiel) 384 319. Neurone from inferior cervical sympathetic ganglion of a rabbit (Huber) 320. From section of semilunar ganglion of cat (Huber)

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323. From section of sympathetic ganglion of frog (Huber)

322. From section of sympathetic ganglion of turtle (Huber)

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324. Schematic diagram of a sensorimotor reflex arc according to the modern neurone theory

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325. Schematic diagram of a sensorimotor reflex cycle

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brain cortex

326. Schematic diagram of the reflex tracts between a peripheral organ and the

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sna terug pokon dé entrance of human optic nerve
waan tung buman macula lutea and fovea centralis
boueuate diagrams of the retina (Kamón y Cajal)
setes sind vesels of the human retina

eset valvessels of human macula lutea

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y tev abyrinth Quain, after Sömmering)

YAKMER Tentation of the complete auditory apparatus (Schwalbe)
Can the Eustachian tube.

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347. Terus. tion through the anterior ampulla

345 Trasmere section through an osseous and membranous semicircular canal of wilt human being

youreira labyrinth from five-month human embryo (Schwalbe, after

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yon furough a turn of the osseous and membranous cochlear duct of the blea of guinea-pig

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39% face of organ of Corti, with surrounding structures (Retzius)
351. Scheme of distribution of blood-vessels in labyrinth (Eichler)

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INTRODUCTION TO MICROSCOPIC

TECHNIC.

I. THE MICROSCOPE AND ITS ACCESSORIES.

A detailed description of the microscope and its accessory apparatus hardly lies within the scope of this book. If, notwithstanding, a few points be touched upon, it is done only that the beginner may have a working knowledge of the different parts of the instrument which he must use. A more intimate knowledge of the theory of the microscope may be acquired by studying such works as those of Dippel, A. Zimmermann, and Carpenter.

1. Histologic specimens are examined with the aid of the microscope, an instrument which magnifies the objects by means of its optic apparatus. For this purpose simple microscopes, consisting usually of a single lens, are not sufficient; the aid of the compound microscope, which contains a combination of two systems of lenses, is necessary. These systems may be changed according to the needs of the case, and thus a variation in the magnification of the object obtained. The rest of the instrument consists of a framework called the stand, the lower portion of which consists of a footplate or base, which should rest firmly on the table. From the base rises the column or pillar, to which the other parts of the microscope are attached. From below upward come the movable mirror, the stage and substage with diaphragm and condenser, and the tube with pinion and fine adjustment.

One side of the mirror is concave, and serves to concentrate the rays of light in the direction of a central opening in the stage. The other side is plane, and is seldom used. If the objects are to be examined by direct illumination, and not by transmitted light, the mirror is so placed that the rays are reflected away from the opening in the stage.

2. The specimen to be examined is placed on the stage, over the central opening. If the light be too strong, the opening may be diminished in size by means of a diaphragm. In some instruments these diaphragms are placed in the opening of the stage, and consist of plates with different sized apertures. A better form is composed of one large disc containing several apertures of different sizes. This is fastened to the under surface of the stage in such a way that by revolving the disc the apertures may be brought one

340. Injected blood-vessels of human macula lutea

FIG.

327. Neurogliar cells (Huber)

328. Section through injected cerebral cortex of rabbit
329. Schematic diagram of the eye (Leber and Flemming)
330. Section through the anterior portion of human cornea
331. Corneal spaces of dog

332. Section through the human choroid

333. Meridional section of the human ciliary body.
334. Injected blood vessels of the human choroid and iris
335. Section of the human retina

336. Section through point of entrance of human optic nerve

337. Section through human macula lutea and fovea centralis

338. Schematic diagram of the retina (Ramón y Cajal) . 339. Injected blood vessels of the human retina

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341. Cross-section of upper eyelid of man

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344. Right bony labyrinth (Quain, after Sömmering)

342. Schematic representation of the complete auditory apparatus (Schwalbe) 343. Cross-section of the Eustachian tube.

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347. Vertical section through the anterior ampulla

346. Transverse section through an osseous and membranous semicircular canal of an adult human being

345. Membranous labyrinth from five-month human embryo (Schwalbe, after Retzius).

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349. Organ of Corti (Retzius)

348. Section through a turn of the osseous and membranous cochlear duct of the cochlea of guinea-pig

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351. Scheme of distribution of blood-vessels in labyrinth (Eichler) .'

350. Surface of organ of Corti, with surrounding structures (Retzius)

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INTRODUCTION TO MICROSCOPIC

TECHNIC.

I. THE MICROSCOPE AND ITS ACCESSORIES.

A detailed description of the microscope and its accessory apparatus hardly lies within the scope of this book. If, notwithstanding, a few points be touched upon, it is done only that the beginner may have a working knowledge of the different parts of the instrument which he must use. A more intimate knowledge of the theory of the microscope may be acquired by studying such works as those of Dippel, A. Zimmermann, and Carpenter.

1. Histologic specimens are examined with the aid of the microscope, an instrument which magnifies the objects by means of its optic apparatus. For this purpose simple microscopes, consisting usually of a single lens, are not sufficient; the aid of the compound microscope, which contains a combination of two systems of lenses, is necessary. These systems may be changed according to the needs of the case, and thus a variation in the magnification of the object obtained. The rest of the instrument consists of a framework called the stand, the lower portion of which consists of a footplate or base, which should rest firmly on the table. From the base rises the column or pillar, to which the other parts of the microscope are attached. From below upward come the movable mirror, the stage and substage with diaphragm and condenser, and the tube with pinion and fine adjustment.

One side of the mirror is concave, and serves to concentrate the rays of light in the direction of a central opening in the stage. The other side is plane, and is seldom used. If the objects are to be examined by direct illumination, and not by transmitted light, the mirror is so placed that the rays are reflected away from the opening in the stage.

2. The specimen to be examined is placed on the stage, over the central opening. If the light be too strong, the opening may be diminished in size by means of a diaphragm. In some instruments these diaphragms are placed in the opening of the stage, and consist of plates with different sized apertures. A better form is composed of one large disc containing several apertures of different sizes. This is fastened to the under surface of the stage in such a way that by revolving the disc the apertures may be brought one

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