word "Ruhe," the signification of which in English is "rest," or "peace," as a signal word to be adopted by the meeting. His proposition was agreed to. By the terms of it, whenever the word "Ruhe" should appear in the letter-box column of the Arbeiter Zeitung it was to be understood that the "social revolution" had begun; the publication of that word in the paper named was to be a signal to the members of the "armed sections" of the various groups that they were to arm themselves and repair to certain specified meeting-places, and when they should there be informed by report from a committee hereinafter named that a collision or conflict had taken place between the police and the workingmen, they were then to proceed to attack the stations and the policemen therein with bombs and rifles, as already stated.

3. As to the Haymarket meeting: The third feature of the meeting of the armed sections on Monday night was the arrangement made for a mass meeting on Tuesday evening at the Haymarket Square. The chairman who presided on Monday night suggested the holding of the mass meeting on the next morning, that is to say, Tuesday morning, at ten o'clock, in the Market Square in the South division of the city. The defendant Fischer, however, objected to both the time and place designated by the chairman. He advocated the holding of the mass meeting on Tuesday evening rather than Tuesday morning, and at the Haymarket Square instead of the Market Square. His proposition was adopted by the members of the armed sections, and it was then and there agreed that the Tuesday evening meeting should be announced through a handbill. The defendant Fischer was commissioned to have this handbill printed, and for that purpose left the Monday night meeting while it was in session. He returned in about half an hour, and reported that the printing-office was closed. He, however, had the handbill printed the next day, as will be seen hereafter.

Leaving for the present the discussion of the provisions made on Monday night for the gathering at the Haymarket, it will be necessary to notice,

4. The appointment by the armed sections of a committee. As a part of the plan adopted on Monday night, a committee, consisting of one or two from each group, was appointed, the business of which was to be present at the Haymarket and "to observe the movement, not only on the Haymarket Square, but in the different parts of the city, and if a conflict should happen," to report to the members of the armed sections at

their various meeting-places, as above indicated. This committee was also intrusted with the task of publishing the word "Ruhe" in the Arbeiter Zeitung, when, in their judgment, the occasion for doing so should arise. As we understand the evidence, this same committee was to have the general control of the Haymarket meeting.

5. A resolution was passed that the details of the plan adopted by those present on Monday night should be communicated to absent members who could be relied upon.

Rudolph Schnaubelt, whom a part of the evidence tends to identify as the thrower of the bomb on Tuesday night, suggested that the plan adopted should also be communicated to comrades living in other cities, so that the revolution should commence in other places as well as in Chicago. This suggestion, however, does not seem to have been acted upon by the Monday night meeting.

Returning now to a consideration of the appointment of the Haymarket meeting, considered as a part of the Monday night plan, we think the jury were warranted in believing, from the evidence, that that meeting was not intended by those who made the arrangements for holding it to be a peaceable assemblage.

1. The resolution which provided for calling it was adopted by a secret gathering of the armed sections of the International groups. The record reveals many circumstances tending to show that a conflict was to be precipitated between the police and the twenty-five thousand workingmen who were expected to be present at the Haymarket. As one of the witnesses expresses it, it was to be held "to cheer up the workingmen so that they would be prepared if a conflict should happen."

2. The defendant Fischer, in the discussion on Monday night, assigned as a reason why the proposed mass meeting should not be held at Market Square, that the latter place was a "mouse-trap." This remark, under all the circumstances of the case, could have had no other meaning than that the conflict which was expected to occur might be too easily quelled by the authorities if it took place at Market Square. If the assemblage was to be entirely peaceable and lawful in its character, it could make no difference whether the place of its meeting was a "mouse-trap" or not. That the spot selected was not a mouse-trap will appear from an examination of the locality and its surroundings, as they are shown upon the following plat or diagram:

The Haymarket is a widening of Randolph Street, which runs east and west. It begins on the east at Desplaines Street and terminates on the west at Halsted Street, the latter streets running north and south and crossing Randolph Street at right angles.

The speakers were not on the Haymarket itself, but on Desplaines Street, at a point a little more than a hundred feet north of the eastern end of the Haymarket. They made their speeches from a truck wagon, which stood on the east side of Desplaines Street, next to the sidewalk, and at a point about five or six feet north of the western end of Crane's Alley, the pole end of the wagon looking to the north and the rear end to the south. Crane's Alley begins on Desplaines Street at a point ninety feet north of Randolph Street, and runs east a short distance and then turns south into Randolph Street. Lake Street is the next street north of and parallel with Randolph Street; and between it and Crane's Alley is still another alley, running east from Desplaines Street to Jefferson Street, and tapped at a point half-way between the latter streets by an opening extending north to Lake Street. Between the Haymarket on the south and Lake Street on the north, a small street, called Eagle Street, runs westward from Desplaines Street to Halsted Street, crossing Union Street, which runs north and south between the two streets last named.

Between Crane's Alley and the alley north of and parallel with it is the manufacturing establishment of Crane Brothers, a large building, closed and unlighted at night, and in the shadow of which stood the wagon of the speakers. Some boxes had been placed on the edge of the east sidewalk of Desplaines Street a few feet south of the alley, furnishing a protection from the observation of those in the middle of the street.

On Lake Street, just north of the wagon, were many gathering-places of the workingmen, such as Greif's Hall, Zepf's Hall, and Florus Hall. There were also several such places to the south, on Randolph Street. On Tuesday night the halls and saloons in the neighborhood were crowded with workmen who were out of employment by reason of the strikes and other disturbances incident to the eight-hour movement, and whose feelings at this time were hostile to the police by reason of the efforts made by the latter to stop the attacks of strikers upon non-union laborers.

It will thus be seen that all the surroundings of the wagon,

in the way of streets, alleys, halls, buildings, sympathetic crowds, etc., furnished easy means of approach, escape, and concealment. As a mere strategical point, no better position could have been selected for the occurrences which actually took place on Tuesday night than the spot where the speakers' wagon was located.

3. The language of the handbill, calling the Haymarket meeting, which was issued in pursuance of instructions from the armed sections assembled in Greif's building on Monday night, shows that the meeting was not intended to be altogether peaceable. On Tuesday morning, at a quarter-pas seven o'clock, Fischer went to a printing-office at the corner of Randolph and Market streets, and procured the handbill in question to be printed. It is as follows:

ATTENTION, WORKING MEN!

GREAT

MASS MEETING

TO-NIGHT, AT 7:30 O'CLOCK.

AT THE

HAYMARKET, RANDOLPH ST., BET. DESPLAINES AND HALSTED,

Good speakers will be present to denounce the latest atrocious act of the police, the shooting of our fellow-workmen yesterday afternoon. Workingmen, Arm Yourselves, and Appear in Full Force!

THE EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE.

The testimony is abundant that many copies of this handbill, containing the words: "Workingmen, arm yourselves, and appear in full force," were printed in German and English, and distributed among the workingmen throughout the city on Tuesday, May 4, 1886. Why urge men to come armed to an assemblage, if the assemblage is to be peaceful, especially when such arming is in violation of the law of the state?

It is true that at a later hour in the day, on Tuesday, a number of handbills were distributed, which were exactly the same as the above, with the exception that the words "Arm yourselves, and appear in full force," were omitted. But the evidence shows that the objectionable words were only left out of the second set of handbills through fear that they might deter some of the workmen from attending the meeting.

All the handbills, however, both those with and those without the objectionable words, declared the object of the meeting to be, not to discuss the eight-hour movement, but to "denounce the latest atrocious act of the police, --the shooting of our fellow-workmen yesterday afternoon." What was the