Bauhin, Gaspard. French. Anatomist. 1560. 1624. Valve of Bauhin (the ileo-cecal valve). Glands of Bauhin (of tongue). Von Bechterew, W. Russian. Neurologist. Living. Nucleus of Bechterew (adjacent to Deiter's in medulla).

Bell, Sir Charles. Scotch. Surgeon and physiologist. 1774. 1842. Professor in Edinburgh. External respiratory nerve of Bell (posterior or long thoracic). Muscle of Bell (trigone of bladder). Bellini, Lorenzo. Italian. Anatomist. 1643.

1704. Ligament of Bellini (hip joint). Ducts of Bellini (in kidneys). Berard, Frederic. French. Physician. 1789. 1828. Berard's ligament (the suspensory ligament of the pericardium. Berard's valve (a valve supposed to exist at the bottom of the lachrymal sac, over the entrance of the nasal duct).

Bernard, Claude. French. Physiologist. 1813. 1878. Professor in Paris. Canal of Bernard (ductus accessorius pancreaticus). Synonymous with Santorini's.

Bertin, E. J. French. Anatomist.

1712

1781. Ligament of Bertin (ilio-femoral. Synonymous with Bigelow's and Gunn's). Bones of Bertin (the sphenoidal turbinated, partly closing the sphenoidal sinuses. Septa or columns

of Bertin (the parts separating the medullary pyramids). Bichat, M.F.Xavier. French. Anatomist and physiologist. 1771. 1802. Professor in Paris. Fissure of Bichat (the transverse fissure of the brain between the fornix and the upper surface of the cerebellum). Foramen of Bichat (supposed to connect the subarachnoid space and third ventricle). Tunic of Bichat (the intima of the blood vessels). Canal of Bichat (the arachnoid canal, a space formed beneath the arachnoid membrane transmitting the venue magnae Galeni. Bidder, Heinrich F. German. Anatomist.

1810. 1892. Ganglion of Bidder (in auriculo-ventricular septum). (Papers published 1866 to 1868). Professor in Dorpat. Bigelow, Henry J. American. Surgeon. 1846. 1890. Professor in Harvard. Ligament of Bigelow (ilio-femoral or Yshaped). (Synonymous with the ligament of Moses Gunn).

Blandin, Philippe Frederic. French. Surgeon. 1798. 1849. Glands of Blandin (in tongue). Professor in Paris. Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich. German. Anatomist and physiologist. 1752. 1840. Clivus or plane of Blumenbach (in sphenoid).

and

ament of Botalli (obliterated ductus arBowman, Sir William. English. Anatomist, teriosus). physiologist ophthalmologist. 1816. 1892. Professor in London. Glands of Bowman (in olfactory mucous membrane). Capsule of Bowman (in kidney, the expanded portion, forming the beginning of the uriniferous tubule. Discs of Bowman (the products of breaking up of muscle fibres in the directions of the transverse striations). Membrane of Bowman (a thin homogenous membrane representing the uppermost layer of the stroma of the cornea). Muscle of Bowman (fibres in ciliary muscle). Breschet, Gilbert. French. Anatomist. 1784. 1845. Canals of Breschet (in diploe for Breschet's veins). Breschet's veins (the veins of the diploe).

Broca, P. French. Surgeon and anthropologist. 1824. 1880. Professor in Paris. Convolution of Broca (the third left frontal convolution). Auricular point of Broca (the center of the external auditory meatus). Broca's area (the speech center Broca's in the fronal convolution). fissure (a fissure surrounding Broca's convolution).

Brodie, Sir Benjamin C. English. Surgeon. 1783. 1862. Professor in London. Bursa of Brodie (in the knee). Broedel, Max. Living. Physician, BaltiIuore. Line of Broedel, synonymous with Hyrtl's exsanguinated renal zone. Bruch, Max. Julius Frederick. German. Anatomist. Glands of Bruch (in conjunctiva); (synonymous with trachoma glands of Henle) muscle of Bruch (ciliary); membrane of Bruch (the external layer of the choroid of the eye). Thesis published in Berlin in 1835.

von Brucke, Ernst Wm. R. German. Physiologist. 1819. 1892. Muscle of Brucke (longitudinal portion of ciliary).

Bryant, Thomas. English. Surgeon. Liv. ing. Triangle of Bryant (ilio-femoral at hip) (consisting of a perpendicular line drawn from the anterior superior iliac spine, a second line drawn from the crest of the trochanter major at right angles. to it and a third line connecting the anterior superior iliac spine to the crest of the trochanter major. Surgeon in Lon-. don. Licensed in 1849.

Brunner, Johann Konrad. Swiss. Anatomist.

1653. 1727. Glands of Brunner (the racemose glands formed in the wall of the duodenum).

Burdach, K. F. German. Anatomist. 1776. 1847. Columns of Burdach (the posteroexternal column of the spinal cord). Burow (father) August. German. Surgeon.

1809. 1874.

Burow (son), Ernst. German. Surgeon. 1838? 1885. Veins of Burow (connecting portal and general circulation). Burns, Allan. Scotch. Anatomist. 1781. 1813. Ligament of Burns (the falciform portion of the fascia lata). Space of Burns (in the neck).

Burkholder. Jacob F. American. Ophthalmologist and anatomist. 1861. Living. Professor in Chicago. (Book published in 1904.) Fasiculus lateralis minor of Burkholder (a small tract passing from the lateral part of the pons in the sheep, over the ventral and lateral area of the medulla oblongata, extending to the central portion of the lateral column. of the cord). Fasiculus fusiformis of Burkholder (this is located on the dorsal surface of the medulla oblongata either side immediately caudad to the obex, it, is continued caudad for some distance along the wall of the septum dorsale and extends for some distance into the spinal cord, only a small fusiform part of this faciculus is exposed to view; the greater portion extending dorsalward is concealed in the septum. Muscle of Burkholder, a small fasiculus oi muscle tissue, extending from the superior border of the thyroid cartilage where the two alae converge to form the Pomum Adami to the dorsal aspect of the os hyoideus. This muscle fills the notch, is about 7 mm. in width and 1 mm. in thickness. Its superior termination has not been worked out.

Camper, Peter. Dutch. Anatomist and naturalist. 1722. 1722. 1789. Facial angle of Camper. Ligament of Camper (in urethra). Fascia of Camper (intercolumnar bands. Professor in Amsterdam. Carcassonne, Bernard Gauderic. French. Sur

geon. 1728. Ligament of Carcassonne. (deep perineal fascia).

Casserio, Giulio Italian. Anatomist. 1545.

1616. Professor in Padua. Perforated muscle of Casserio (coraco-brachialis). Artery of Casserio (internal carotid and middle meningeal). Nervus perfor-ans of Casseiro (musculo-cutaneous, (arm).

Chassaignac, C. M. E. French. Surgeon and anatomist. 1805. 1879. Tubercle of Chas

saignac (anterior tubercle of transverse process of sixth cervical vertebra). Professor in Paris.

Chaussier, Francois. French. Surgeon and Anatomist. 1746. 1828. Line of Chaus

sier (rhaphe of corpus callosum). Professor in Paris.

Chopart, Francois. French. Surgeon. 1743. 1795. Line of Chopart (being a disarticulation through the tarsal bones, amputating all but the oscalcis and astragalus). Professor in Paris. Clado, French.

Physician. Living. Ligament of Clado (appendicular ovarian). (Snonymous with Durand's) Clarke, Joseph Lockhart. English. Microscopist. 1817. 1880. Professor in London. Columns of Clarke (gray substance occupying the region to the outer and posterior side of the central canal of the spinal cord and at the inner part of the base of the posterior cornus.

Claudius, Freidrich Matthias. Austrian. Anatomist. 1822. 1869. Cells of Clau

dius (cochlea). Professor in Marburg. Clevenger, Friedrich. American. Neurologist. 1843. Living. Professor in Chicago. Inferior occipital fissure of Clevenger (in brain).

Cloquet, Hippolyte. French. Surgeon. 1787. 1840. Professor in Paris. Ganglion of Cloquet (naso-palatine). Angle of Cloquet (facial). Septum of Cloquet. Septum crurale internum). Canal of Cloquet (same as hyaloid canal, running, antero-posteriorly through the vitreous body, transmits the hyaloid artery in the fetus).

Colles, Abraham. Irish. Surgeon. 1773. 1843. Professor in Dublin. Ligament of Colles (ligamentum triangular femoris). Fascia of Colles (deep layer of superficial perineal).

(To be continued.)

JOIN the St. Louis delegation to A. M. A. at Portland, and enjoy a delightful trip in good company. The Yellowstone party leaves on June 29th. Send your name to Dr. T. A. Hopkins, Century Building, for full particulars.

Anatomic Eponyms.

EDITORIAL

It is our privilege to present with this issue the first installment of a serial contribution from Dr Robt. S. Gregg, of Chicago, which he has placed under the descriptive title "Anatomic Eponyms. "Those who desire to speak the medical language understandingly will have pleasure in following Dr. Gregg; we believe his subject justifies the expectation of a large and appreciative audience. To those who have had no experience in this line of investigation it will be difficult to give an idea of the amount of labor represented by the resultant articles; when once the information has been collected it is comparatively simple to present it in new dress, but the first gathering of data and tabulation of information represents inexpressible labor. Dr. Gregg has collected largely from original sources, his researches and presentation of results are of the scholarly character, which are satisfying. We are pleased that the Fortnightly has been chosen as the organ through which "Anatomic Eponyms" is presented to the profession.

An exploratory laparotomy was made. The appendix was found densely bound down to the cecum and undergoing a process of obliteration. All the mucosa had disappeared excepting for an inch and a half at the distal extremity,. About one-half of the cecum was bound to the lateral wall of the abdomen by dense adhesions. The appendix was removed and the adhesions broken up.

His progress since the operation has been uninterrupted, and now he is able to take up his work almost as usual, much to the gratification of his many friends, who highly appreciate his valuable services as a physician and as editor of the MEDICAL FORTNIGHTLY.

C.E.B.

DR. G. G. SPEER discusses the various aspects of this disease in detail in the Medical

Cerebrospinal MeningitisEpidemic and Sporadic.

Record, and mentions. an early pressure symp. tom which, together with Kernig's sign, he bas found regularly present. It consists in a turning in of one or both feet until, if not disturbed, one lies across the other. The legs later become flexed and also tend to cross each other. The plan of treatment, which is described at length, comprises in general the use of sedatives, ice to the head and sinapisms to the body, and potassium iodide to promote absorption of the morbid products. The author's conclusions are summarized as follows: Cerebrospinal meninigtis when first recognized was purely epidemic in character, and is now endemic in large cities. Its method of transmission from place to place and person to person is unknown. According to the latest and best investigators, the exciting cause of the epidemic form is the diplococcus intracellularis menig. itidis, and no evidence has been produced to prove that the cause of epidemic and sporadic cases is not the same. The probable entrance of the pathogenic germ into the system is through the respiratory tract, especially that portion covered by the Schneiderian membrane. Its action is that of a septic invasion, and its symptoms are a combination of toxin poisoning, nerve irritation and pressure. The rate of mortality in late epidemics has been about 50 per cent, which may be lowered by a better agreement among the profession regarding methods of care and treatment. Spinal puncture is a requisite of exact diag. nosis, but as a method of treatment it is still in the experimental stage and leaves much to be desired. Old methods of treatment may

be made effective and reliable if used with decision and pushed to the limit of therapeutic effect. Cerebrospinal meningitis, in its worst form is amenable to treatment.

Abdominal Tuberculosis.

DR. W. J. MAYO, Rochester, Minn., from his extensive experience with abdominal operations, of which about 3 per cent were due to some form of tuberculosis, finds that tuberculous peritonitis is much more frequent in females than in males, and that the explanation of this fact may be found in the frequency of tubal infection (J.A.M. A., April 15). He has verified Murphy's observation of the patency and thickening of the tubes on one or both sides in these cases. In nearly all the peritoneal involvement was greatest near the infected tube, and this he attributes to proximity and not to gravity, as has generally been done. He explains the curative effect of laparotomy in these cases as acting in two ways: First, by the mechanical separation of the fimbriated extremity of the true from the surrounding tissue; and second, after removal of the fluid, contact and adhesions with neighboring structures may wall off the infection from the general pertioneal cavity and enable nature to exert itself on a limited focus and to produce a cure. In some cases he has found appendiceal and not tubal infection as the cause. In the majority of cases, however, the localized focus of lupus of the tubal mucosa was the cause. He holds that the failure of laparotomy and evacuation of fluid in tuberculous peritonitis is due to reinfection from local lesions not removed, and in the mucosa of the fallopian tube, appendix or intestinal tract. In nearly every case the peritonitis has its origin in a local focus, primary or secondary, and, if the former, radical operation will largely increase the chances of its cure.

ment of bunions which is distinctly worth bringing to the attention of physicians generally was lately contributed to the New York Medical Journal by Dr. G. R. Plummer; his plan of treatment is as follows: For simple bunion caused by ill-fitted shoes he orders what are known as right and left socks or stockings, which have a straight inner edge to the foot and are normally curved around the toes so as to prevent dragging on the great toe. It would be better to use a sock or stocking which has a separate apartment for the great toe, but it cannot be found on the market, whereas the "rights and lefts"

are.

The inner edge of the sole of the shoe is made perfectly straight, and although the sole is as wide as the foot, the curve of the toe resembles so closely the curve of the normal toes that it is not clumsy in fact or appearance. It is better to have the toe boxed.

The bunion should be bathed night and morning with a four per cent solution of carbolic acid for a few minutes, followed by a bath of plain water. The carbolic solution is not only antiseptic, but a decided analgesic. If, after several weeks' trial of proper footgear, the bursa is still distened with fluid, it is necessary to aspirate it, the operation is simple, practically painless, and, if antiseptic_precautions are practiced, safe.

In the more serious cases due to breaking down of the arch of the foot and the gouty and rheumatic conditions and to physical peculiarities, this treatment lacks considerable of being sufficient, these cases demanding not a little skill and a considerable degree of intelligence on the part of the physician.

Many cases of bunion are due to flatfoot, which causes the great foe to turn out, and brings the prominent metatarsophalangeal joint against the side of the shoe. In this case, unless the arch of the foot is restored by a plate, the treatment for simple bunion would fail. In the case of enlarged joints from gouty or rheumatic inflammation, these constitutional diseases would have to be overcome by internal treatment and hygienic liv. ing, otherwise the local treatment would not succeed. Four of the five tendons attached to the great toe tend to drag the toe outward, and the question of their abnormal contraction must be taken into account.

Whenever possible, no operation should be performed on the metatarsophalangeal joint without an X-ray picture being taken as a guide, and in that the sesamoids must not be mistaken for exostoses. As the deformity is often the result of a simple dislocation, the tripod of the foot should be respected and restoration secured by removing wedges from the metatarsus or phlanx, or both, and tenotomy.

REPORTS ON PROGRESS

Comprising the Regular Contributions of the Fortnightly Department Staff.

PATHOLOGY AND BACTERIOLOGY.

R. B. H. GRADWOHL, M. D.

The Protozoon of Scarlet Fever.-(C. W. Duval, Virchow Archiv, Band 179, Heft 2, March, 1903).-Mallory in 1903 described protozoon-like bodies which he found in snippings of the skin of scarlet fever patients. He found them in the lymph vessels of the corium, under the epidermis and between the epithelial cells. Duval in this research for these protozoa in blister fluid produced on the skin of true scarlet fever patients. He studied 18 cases and found protozoon-like bodies in 5 of them. The failure to find them in larger percentage of the cases was probably due to methods of technique first employed. The pictures found corresponded in form and structure to those described by Mallory in the Journal of Medical Research, Vol. X. In one case in which Duval found the bodies in the blister fluid, death later occurred and the same bodies were found in the skin sections. The technique finally employed successfully in getting blister fluid deserves description; a piece of sterile cotton about 2 cm. in diameter was saturated with aqua ammonii fortior and held fast upon the area of skin selected. From two to five minutes was the time for allowing the cotton to remain on the skin-until a sensation of "sticking" was noticed by the patient. It was removed and the skin looked pale. This gave clear blister fluid. If the cotton remained longer, until actual smarting occurred, red blood corpuscles and connective tissue cells would be found in the blister fluid, an objectionable factor. If it was allowed to remain until the skin became hyperemic, no blisters would be formed. Upon removal of the cotton, the skin was smeared with vaseline and this was allowed to remain until the blister was fully developed-in five or six minutes. From five to ten drops of xylol were then allowed to drop on this vaseline, completely clearing it away. The skin over the blister was quickly dried and always found to contain clear, straw-colored serum with no red blood cells or leucocytes. The blister fluid was then removed with a sterile glass pipette, one end of which was drawn out to a fine point, the other end closed with cotton. Capillary attraction quickly caused the bulb of the pipette to fill. Thus, no wound of the skin resulted with this technique. The pointed end of the pipette was then broken off to remove that part which had been in contact with the skin of the pa

tient. A drop of the blister fluid was then allowed to drop on a clean cover glass and spread with a blunt glass rod. As soon as it was dry, it was stained with the JennerLeishmann stained (as modified by Wright). Thus fixation as accomplished with methylalcohol. A few drops of the stain sufficed. It was then poured off and allowed to dry, and the same number of drops of distilled water added for ten or fifteen minutes. Distilled water once more was used for washing, the specimen dried in the air and imbedded in xylol-balsam. This method stained the albuminous part of the serum dark rose, the nuclei of the epithelial cells dark purple and the protoplasma red. The protozoonlike bodies were stained dark blue. These bodies are described by Duval as being in size from 2 to 8 microns, some being as long as 14 microns. Some are oval, some elliptical. Some show vaccuoles. Some show rosette formations. Some are "kidney" shaped. Twenty-four different forms or stages in the cycle of the organism are given in illustration by Duval. He states that as many as fifty of these bodies were found in a single drop of blister fluid. No such bodies were found in normal, healthy skin or in the skin of patients with other kinds of exanthematous diseases. Mallory has given the name of "cyclaster scarlatinalis" to these bodies which Duval believes are the etiological factors in producing scarlet fever.

Contribution to the Study of Natural Hemolysins. (C. Mioni, Annales de l'Institut Pasteur, Vol. XIX, No. 2., Feb. 25, 1905.)— Hemolysins belong to a category of cellular lysins which have been the subjects of much study in the past few years. We can distinguish two kinds of hemolysins: natural hemolysins which exist in the blood of animals that have not been treated by injections of foreign blood, and artificial hemolysins which are formed in the organisms of treated animals. The natural hemolysins have been recognized since the work on the transfusion of blood by Ponfik in 1874, and Landois in 1875. They are found in the blood of nearly all animals. Their destructive action is not specific and they vary in intensity with the globular species with which they are brought in contact. in contact. For instance, the sera of beef, mutton and hogs contain all the hemolysins against the cells of the guinea-pig, rabbit or rat, but their hemolytic power depends upon the cells which are employed. Bordet in 1898 studied the effects of the toxicity of the sera of animals which had been injected with the blood of other species, with the production of artificial hemolysins. Bordet applying the knowledge obtained from the study of