men, who must have died before these armaments were acquired naturally!

Surgeon Major Charles Woodruff, U.S.A., now stationed in the Philippines, in a treatise just published in England on the effects of the tropical light on the white man, incidentally solves the interesting question, "Why is the negro black?" His answer is that the negro's blackness is a defence against the dangerous rays of the sun, and he thus reasons: "Sun rays are divided into two classes -long and short. The latter are dangerous to all defence against the persons who are not defended from them; the former make for heat. To avoid these dangers the pure negro has evolved a black skin and nocturnal habit

"The defensive skin is an armor of pigment just under the outer skin. It varies in intensity of color from the coal black negro of the tropics to the white man of northern latitudes.

"The pigment is always there-just sufficient in strength to resist the danger in different climates. This accounts for the varying colors of different races-black, red, yellow, copper and white. It is only absent in

albinos.

"The negro is really a nocturnal animal, like the other black animals of the tropics. Left to himself he behaves like the cat-inclined to sleep all day, hiding away somewhere, and becomes lively, energetic and active at night.

"The negro's natural armor is only efficacious to artificial heat. In a dark atmosphere the black skin ceases to throw off heat and the negro suffers. In a stoke hole, for instance he is usually the first man to collapse where white men are unaffected "

Man is ever threatened by natural extinction, and only survives by evolving into something against which he does not strive, and for which he does not work. All organic life is in the same dangerous condition from nature. For instance, plants protect themselves much the same as insects. One of the uses of the movements of the sensitive plant is to frighten animals. A venturesome, browsing creature coming near it is afraid to touch a plant which so evidently is occupied by spirits. The squirting cucumber of the Mediterranean alarms goats and cattle by discharging its ripe fruits explosively in their faces the moment the stem is touched. The cucumbers contain a pungent juice, which discharges itself into the eye of its opponent, and the smarting sensation which results is bard to bear. The dainty grass of Parnassus is beautiful but dishonest. It is a bog herb, has glossy green leaves and pure white blossoms and is supposed to be the poet's flower.

Its milk white flowers are lovely, yet they are deceivers. The drops of honey which bees and insects fancy they see inside the petals are solid, glassy imitations of honey, which fool the bees, which are lured in this way that they may carry off the pollen to other blossoms and are held fast until they die. What is food for one organized being preys on another.

Last November I came across a copy of Humboldt's Ansichten der Natur (Views of Nature), printed in Stuttgart, and Augsburg in 1859, the year before Humboldt's death.

He pro

I translate as follows: "In all Mexico and Peru one finds traces of a great human culture only upon the high mountain plains. We have seen upon the back (ridges) of the Andes chain ruins of places and baths, at an elevation of 9600 to 10,800 feet. Only Northern men, in a migration from the north towards the equator could enjoy themselves in such a climate" (p. 211, Vol. I). ceeds to give reasons for supposing that man came to Western America, via the northern course, overlooking entirely the fact that inhabitants of those altitudes, by their heelless feet, lengthened thighs, and expansive chests show conclusively, that evolution had accomplished for them, through centuries of existence there, an anatomical and physiological acclimatization or adaptation to their Arctic environment of earth and air, an ability to support life comfortably.

Thousands of ancestors must have died before those changes had become "racial" to Aymaran Indians. Originally man had gone there to escape the floods of the post-glacial epoch of Nature. It needed no northern man, during the glacial experience of the earth, to survive at that 9600 to 10,800 feet elevation. All the inhabitants of those 'tropics" (latitudes) there were glacial survivors, from that epoch of the world's geological history."

"At

Moreover, Ignatius Ignatius Donnelly's lantis" confirms my views of migration from Europe by easy water transit at the place that I put Atlantis, and by way of high ridges beween Brazil North of Cape San Roque and the African coast, at the Gulf of Guinea, Atlantis is charted in accordance with the international surveying ships reports-Dolphin, Gazelle and Challenger. Flora and fauna also confirm Atlantis. Possible or probable migration from Asia did not cross the mountain and destroy Atlantean people in North America, and the flora and fauna of Europe and Atlantis, did not get west of the Rocky Mountains.

Mr. Donnelly's work is very minute. Not only is every tradition given, beginning with that received from the Egyptian priests, so far as Plato was strong enough in his old age

to record it; but every scientific authority bearing upon the subject to the present day. The traditions of the Mediterranean point to the West, and the traditions of North American and Central American peoples point to the East, as having been the place of a great continent, which was destroyed in a day and a night (variances naturally as to duration of time of destruction) by volcanic agency. Atlantis as a continent, approached to 150 miles from Europe, and almost touched the West Indies. South of N. latitude 25 it lost its continental form, and became a high ridge of land, connecting with South America and Africa. The book (Atlantis the antidiluvian Word by Ignatius Donnelly) is valuable as a mine, and interesting in the highest degree. It is valuable for its multitude of authority, for matter not connected closely with the immediate purpose of the book. One can almost see the people of those days. At. lantis has been restored, if not to matter, at least to mind. Seemingly, here and there in minor matters there is a forced construction. But it is probably due to my incompetency rather than to inherent weakness of the proposition, that it so appears to me.

I was in hopes that he would speak of the former physical relation of Africa to South America. I am satisfied, that the violent separation of the two continents occurred, and that it preceded the time of Atlantis. The book "Atlantis" seems to have established through the story of Plato, a memorable period in the history of man and his relation with Nature, when in the longer distant past, there was land communication with Africa from Central America.

As I interpret it, my idea as to origin of quaternary man in the Western hemisphere is amply sustained. As I read it, the migrants, animate and inanimate, did not reach up into the present United States (that was a later period in man's history), but remained in and impressed themselves upon Central America. In his enthusiasm the author has employed material unnecessary and unimportant, so that one feels that the farther he reads beyond a certain portion, the more shadowy is the Atlantis that at once had been presented to his dazzled vision. However, it is a remarkable book and well worthy of a place in the library.

The tempest of war now raging in East Asia between Russians and Japanese, white and black man, Christian and pagan, is but another instance of the cataclysmic relation of man to Nature, the Baltic cold fighting the volcano. But Ephraim is joined to his idols, and if the bear has to withdraw his paw, the yellow dragon and the rising sun will soon begin to peer over the moun

tains, and another leveling will be threatened. Of the making of books, and the making of war there is no end.

[To be continued.]

ANATOMIC EPONYMS.*

ROBERT S. GREGG, M. D.

CHICAGO, ILL.

(Continued from page 223.)

Kolliker, Rudolph Albert. Swiss. Anatomist. 1817. Living. Professor in Wurzburg.

Nucleus of Kolliker (gray matter surrounding canal of spinal cord). Krause, Wilhelm. German. Anatomist. 1833. Living. Professor in Goettingen and Berlin. Glands of Krause (conjunctiva). Membrane of Krause microscopic mus cular structure in striped muscle fibres). Labbe, Charles. French. Posterior anastomosing vein of Labbe (a cortical cerebral vein). Thesis published in Paris in 1882.

Lancisius, Giovanni Maria Italian. Anatomist. 1654. 1720. Body physician to three Popes in Rome. Nerves of Lancisi (longitudinal striations on the upper surface of the corpus callosum).

Langerhans, Robert. German. Pathologist. 1859. 1904. Living. Professor in Berlin. Islands of Langerhans (certain isolated collections of cells in the pancreas).

Laumonier, Jean Baptiste. French. Surgeon. 1749. 1818. Ganglion of Laumonier (carotid superior).

Laura, Secondo. Italian. Physician. 1833. Nucleus of Laura (external auditory. Lauth, Thomas. German. Anatomist.

1758. 1826. Professor in Strassburg. Transverse ligament of Lauth (the atloaxoid ligament).

Leber, Theodore. German. Ophthalmologist. 1840. Professor in Gottingen. Venous plexus of Leber (in eyeball). Lee, Robert. English. Anatomist and obstetrician. 1793. 1877. Ganglion of Lee (cervico-uterine ganglion). Synonym. ous with that of Frankenhauser. (Book on Views of the Uterus published in 1842) Professor in London.

Lesser,

Adolph. German. Physician. 1851. Living. Professor in Berlin. Triangle of Lesser (in neck).

The plan of the thesis is as follows: Complete Name. Nationality. Profession. Nascens. Mors. Vivens. Professor in- Eponym. Explanation. Corrections and additions of names, data to this thesis of anatomic eponyms are solicited for future revision.

The first chapter of this thesis appeared in the MEDICAL FORTNIGHTLY, April 25, 1905

Liberkuhn, Johann Nathaniel. German. Physician and naturalist. 1711. 1756. Professor in Berlin. Lieberkuhn's ampulla (the cecal terminus of one of the lacteals in the villi of the intestines). Crypst or Glands of Liberkubn (minute tubular depressions of the mucous membrane of the small intestine). Lieutand, Joseph. French. Anatomist. 1703. 1780. Professor in Paris. Triangle of Lieutand (vesical trigone). Uvula of

Lieutand (a prominence at the internal orifice of the urethra. Synonymous with uvula vesicle).

Lisfranc, Jacques. French. 'Surgeon. 1790. 1847. Lisfranc's tubercle (rough spot on the anterior surface of the first rib near the superior border). Professor in Paris. Littre, Aelxis. French. Surgeon. 1658. 1726. Professor in Paris. Glands of Littre (the small racemose muciparous glands in the mucous membrane of the urethra). Synonymous with the glands of Morgagni.

Lizars, John. Scotch.

Surgeon. 1783. 1860. Professor in Edinburgh. Lines of Lizars (gluteal region). Lockwood, C. B. English. Surgeon. Living. Surgeon in London. Ligament of Lockwood (tendo-orbitalis superior) M. R.C. S. in 1878. Loewenberg, Benjamin B. German. Aural Surgeon. 1836. Living. Professor in Paris. Canal of Loewenberg (that portion of the cochlear canal that is stated above the membrane of Corti). Loewit, M. Bohemian. Physiologist and Pathologist. Professor in Prague. Ganglion of Loewit (bulbus arteriosus). Papers published in 1880-1.

Louis, Pierre C. A. L. French. Physician. 1787. 1872. Professor in Paris. Angulus Ludovici or Louis's angle (that between the manubrium and gladiolus of the sternum). Synonymous with Ludwig's. Lower, Richard L. English. Physician.

1631. 1691. Professor in London. Tu. bercle of Lower (in the right auricle). Ludwig, Karl Friedrich Wilhelm. German. Physiologist. 1816. 1895. Professor in Leipsic. Ganglion of Ludwig (a small eminence on the wall of the right auricle, between the orifices of the venae cavae). Ludwig's angle (that between the manubrium and the gladiolus of the sternum). Synonymous with Louis's angle.

von Luschka, Hubert. German. Anatomist. 1820. 1875. Professor in Tuebingen. Gland of Luschka (a small vascular body at the tip of the coccyx, synonymous with the coccygeal gland). Cartil

age of Luschka (larynx). Tonsil of Luschka (the adenoid tissue normally existing between the orifices of the Eustachian tubes). Muscle of Luschka (in utero-sacral ligament).

Luys, Jules- Bernard. French. Physician. 1828. 1895. Professor in Paris. Body of Luys (between crusta and tegmentum). Macdowel, Benjamin. Irish. Surgeon. 1829. 1885. Professor in Dublin. Frenum suspensorium of Macdowel (shoulder, pectoralis). Magendie, Francois. French. Surgeon and physiologist. 1783. 1855. Professor in Paris. Foramen of Magendie (an orifice in the pia mater of the roof of the fourth ventricle).

Malpighi, M. Italian. Anatomist. 1628. 1694. Professor in Bologna, Pisa and Messina. Acini Malpighi (same as corpuscles of Malpighi). Bodies of Malpighi (the commencement of the uriniferous tubules, consisting of the glomerulus of vessels (the Malpighian tuft) and the membranous envelope (Bowman's capsule). Canals of Malpighi (uriniferous tubules). Corpuscles of Malpighi (the minute whitish nodules of lymphadenoid tissue in the red substance of the spleen along the course of blood vessels). Capsule of Malpighi (the commencement of uriniferous tubules) Follicles of Malpighi (synonymous with corpuscles and acini). Glomureli Malpighi (a coil of blood vessels projecting into the expanded end (Bowman's capsule) of each uriniferous tubule. Pyramids of Malpighi (one of the conic masses composing the medullary substance of the kidney. Tubules of Malpighi (uriniferous). Tufts of Malpighi (synonymous with Malpighian bodies). Malpighian layer (in the kidney).

Marshall, John. English. Surgeon. 1818. 1891. Oblique vein of Marshall (a vein crossing the dorsal portion of the left auricle of the heart, a remnant of the left duct of Cuvier). Vestigial fold of Marshall (a fibrous band of the pericardium representing the obliterated left innominate vein).

Mauchart, Burchard David. German. Anatomist. 1696. 1751. Professor in Tubingen. Ligament of Mauchart (odontoid). Mayer, August Franz J. K. German. Anatomist. 1787. 1865. Professor in Bern. Ligament of Mayer (carpus).

[TO BE CONTINUED.]

SUBSCRIBE for The Medical Fortnightly.

county medical societies the question of ways and means of interesting medical men in society meetings has become all important, and a good many new plans have been tried by various societies.

Societies.

Among these might be mentioned meetings with the clergy for the discussion of matters of mutual interest between the clergy and the doctors. Meetings have also been held with the attorneys for discussion of medico-legal questions of mutual interest.

Medical societies could well devote a part of their time to the instruction of various classes of the public in matters relating to sanitation, hygiene and allied subjects. Physicians are very frequently called on by teachers in regard to the sanitary and hygienic questions of the school room. There

are still other questions, however, which could be elucidated to the advantage of both teacher and pupil. This is especially true of these questions which arise during the period of adolescence. The life of the boy or girl between twelve and seventeen has marked peculiarities and dangers which should be given special study by teachers, parents and physicians. It is that peculiar age when children are going through a rapid process of sexual development, and should receive special care and instruction. There are many children who would be better not to be in school during a part of this period of life.

This is also the period of greatest morbidity. The child is still subject to the diseases of childhood, but has already begun to be subject to the disorders of adult life. The advantage of some of these subjects is two-fold.

In the first place physicians in societies can do an immense amount of good by coming in closer contact with the other professions, and receive from them information which they desire and need as well as give to them very valuable instruction which will improve the next generation. Another advantage of such meetings is that there will always be a larger attendance of physicians at their medical society if members of the other professions are invited; therefore, the plan has a two-fold advantage. Of course we should not lose sight of the fact that a medical society is principally and primarily for the medical profession, but we often help ourselves most when we help others. C. E.B.

THE British Medical Journal, for April 29th, contains a number of contributions regard

A Serum for Carcinoma.

ing carcinoma. In fact the papers amount to a symposium on that subject. The paper presented by Geo. T. Beatson, of Glasgow, is especially interesting, because he reviews the work of a number of investigators who are trying to work out the cause of cancer.

He especially mentions Prof. Doyen, of Paris, who has discovered the micrococcus neformans as the exciting cause of cancer, and the plasmodiophora brassicae, discovered Robertson and Wade of Edinburgh. He speaks of the fact that Prof. Doyen has put his theory to the test clinically and claims to have found a serum which has a curative effect in carcinoma. If this is true it is certainly convincing evidence in favor of this theory and the serum merits a fair and careful trial.

Such a serum would prove of great value, and it is possible for it to entirely supplant surgical interference, or at least become an indispensable adjunct just as antistreptococcus serum is now used in operations of the tongue to diminish the risk of sepsis.

Drs. Cleveland and Day report a very interesting case of malignant disease of the fundus uteri treated by X-ray through the abdominal wall with recovery. The case presented is certainly very interesting and suggests a still wider field for the use of the X-ray. Dr. Cheadle, of King's College Hospital, makes some interesting observations on the points of incident in cancer, leucoderma and scleroderma. His paper is accompanied by many valuable illustrations. The other papers in this group are equally interestng and instructive. Several of them are accompanied by valuable illustrations. C. E. B.

The Modern Treatment of Tuberculosis.

DR. C. O. PROBST, Columbus, Ohio (J. A.M. A., May 20), describes the modern pure air, rest and diet treatment of consumption, and insists especially on the individualizing of the treatment. Otherwise the patients may come to think the physician of very little use. He has a poor opinion of ordinary tents as affording insufficient ventilation and holds that exercise should be especially controlled by the physician. In conclusion, he emphasizes three points: "First, the supreme importance of early diagnosis; second, the strict enforcement of a daily regime, reduced to writing and carefully planned for each individul case; third, the necessity of a comprehensive understanding of the character of the patient, a knowledge of the nature and extent of his lung lesion, and a full appreciation of the importance of even the minute details of his environment.”

famous discovery. The congregation of scientists and their tributes to Roentgen and demonstrations of the advances in science which his discovery have made possible were features of a memorable occasion. Though Prof. Roentgen has persistently declined reward for his discovery he is having honors thrust upon him in the form of the naming of streets and squares for him. Berlin has lately honored him by the erection of a bronze statue on the Potsdamer Bruke, an honor seldom conferred on the living.

Prof. Roentgen, who comes of an old Rhenish family, was born at Lennep in 1845. He studied physics at the university of Zurich under Prof. Kundt, obtained his doctorate in 1886, and the following year accompanied bis teacher to Wurzburg. After lecturing for a short period in Strassburg he was called to Ciessen, where he occupied the chair of physics, and in 1888 succeeded Kohlrauch as director of the physical institute at the University of Wurzburg. Here he devoted himself to research work, which culminated in the discovery of the rays which have made his name famous. In 1899 he accepted a call from Munich University, and has remained there ever since prosecuting his experimental studies in physics and chemistry.

MANY interesting subjects were presented in the surgical section during the meeting of the Illinois State Medical Society, held in Rock Island, Ill., May 16, 17 and 18,

Surgery at the
Illinois
State
Medical
Society.

The first number on the program was a symposium on the surgery of the upper abdomen in five parts. The first was "The Surgery of the Stomach," by Arthur D. Bevan, of Chicago, in which he had some plain things to say regarding the status of stomach surgery. He especially urged more careful study of cases and an early diagnosis in malignant diseases, and deprecated operations which are now being performed for purely functional diseases of the stomach; cases which can be better treated by medical, hygienic and dietetic means.

The second paper was "Surgery of the Bile Tracts," by Carl E. Black, of Jacksonville, and consisted of a plea for more careful, accurate and early diagnosis. This plea was based upon the belief that drainage of mucous tracts and mucous cavities may be indicated even in catarrhal inflammations, and that the surgery of the future will give far more attention to such drainage.

"The Emergencies of Pancreatic Surgery" was assigned to Weller Van Hook, of Chicago, but he was unable to be present. E M. Sutton, of Peoria, presented "The Surgery of the Duodenum." M. L. Harris, of Chicago, discussed "The Surgical Treatment of Injuries to the Spleen due to Subcutaneous Penetrating Wounds." and also considered the "Value of Splenectomy in Certain Anemias Associated with Enlargement of the Spleen." The relative value of splenectomy and other methods of treatment of wounds of the spleen, especially suture or packing, were discussed at length.

"Surgical Tuberculosis" was discussed by W. E. Guthrie, of Bloomington, going into considerable detail as to the indications and methods of treatment. Robert Christie, of Quincy, reviewed the literature of "Tubercular Nephritis," and reported a very interesting and instructive case. These two papers.

on tuberculosis elicited considerable discussion, showing that the profession is more than ever alive to the importance of this subject.

John Ridlon and Chas. Eckinburg, of Chicago, presented the subject of "Congenital Club Foot," and Dr. Ridlon gave an interesting clinic at St. Francis Hospital.

S. C. Plummer, of Chicago, reported a number of interesting cases: a. Stricture of the esophagus, following typhoid fever. b. Colloid carcinoma of the cecum. c. Pene