ease. HOUSING OF PATIENTS. In the housing of tuberculous patients we have yet much to learn. It was natural that sanatoria for the treatment of tuberculosis should at first copy the usual methods of hospital construction, hence there has arisen a too expensive ideal. Our aim should be to supply the maximum amount of pure air at a minimum expense. In favorable climates the tent has been largely and successfully used. At first thought it may seem incredible that patients can be comfortably housed in a tent at a temperature of 25 degrees below zero. Yet this is just what the patients of the Ottawa tent colony have been doing during the past winter, one of the most severe we have experienced in the northwest for many presented by that great army of consump- spicuous place in the treatment of this distives whom we have been indiscriminately sending to the west. A prominent charity worker has investigated the conditions in several typical health seekers' towns and as a result calls on the medical profession throughout the country to do all it can to prevent the inexcusable stupidity which sends these people hither to die, friendless and alone." He states that in Phoenix, Ariz., 25 per cent of the population are health seekers, and of this number four-fifths should never have been allowed to leave home. The hospitals, sanatoria and poor houses are filled with dying consumptives. Public and private charity is taxed to the uttermost, and still cannot meet the demands made upon them. No wonder these localities are seriously considering the question of legislating agaist us. We have no moral right to burden them with the care of consumptives. Fcrtunately the discovery that these patients can be safely treated at home comes at a time when they can be forced back upon us, not only without detriment, but to their great advantage. It has been demonstrated that tuberculosis can be cured in Illinois. also a well established fact that where patients recover they must afterwards continue to live under substantially the same climatic conditions as those where the cure is affected. It is a matter of common experience, so com. mon that there are few exceptions to the rule, that patients cured in the more favorable climates relapse on their return to this climate. FOOD REGULATION. It is We have also made a mistake in regardng fresh air as the sine qua non in the treatment of tuberculosis. Nutritious food, regular rest and exercise are each of essential importance. Highly nutritious and properly regulated diet is, if any difference, even more essential than fresh air. This fact is not generally recognized, and where it is, is not suffi ciently emphasized. It will not do to leave the patient to his own discretion in anything, and especially in the matter of diet. This must be selected for him and precautions taken that the patient shall not eat such food as a capricious appetite will almost certainly lead him to select. Since the whole question is one of nutrition, it is essential that the patient be fed, not what his appetite may suggest, but a balanced ration which contains from day to day all the elements of nutrition of which he so much stands in need. In order to accomplish this the one who prepares his food should have a scientific knowledge of food values. This leads me to suggest that domestic science as taught in many of our technical schools should occupy a con years. Inasmuch as no systematic attempt had ever been made to treat tuberculosis in Illinois by modern methods the State medical society established a tent colony at Ottawa to demonstrate that this disease can be successfully treated here as elsewhere. The demonstration was only intended to cover a period of a few months, hence it was desirable that the equipment be inexpensive. To this end the tent was adopted. It was not believed at the time this method would be feasible in cold weather or would be accepted by the patients even if it were; therefore a large building was secured where they could be housed during the winter. It was expected that as the cold weather came on, patients would move in this building at their pleasure. In order to keep them out as long as possible each tent was supplied with an oil stove, which was expected to supply only sufficient warmth for chilly, or moderately cold weather. It was anticipated that as the weather grew colder the patients would go indoors. But they did not; even the most delicate women remaining in the tents. Instead of suffering from the cold they were comfortable and rather enjoyed the experience. Several of those who were accustomed to living in frame houses declared they would have been less comfortable had they been at home. Even new arrivals during the extremely cold weather insisted upon going into tents. Their action is the more remarkable when we take into account that many, if not most of them, had come from homes where it was difficult to drive them away from the vitiated and super heated atmosphere of badly ventilated houses. USE OF TENT. Since it has been demonstrated that the tent is practicable in cold climates it should be used more extensively. It fulfills the conditions most perfectly, from a scientific standpoint the tent commends itself. It costs from four to five hundred dollars to house a patient in an ordinary building according to the plan usually followed in hospital construction. A tent with necessary furnishings need not cost more than one-tenth this sum. To be consistent we must keep our patients out of doors not part of the time, but all the time. In no way can this be done so easily and satisfactorily as in a tent. It is as irrational as it is expensive to house tuberculous patients in substantial buildings. The experience at the Ottawa tent colony proves conclusively that the use of the tent in treatment of tuberculosis is applicable in any climate. Any method by which the patient can be induced to spend the most time out doors is to be warmly commended. There is a general impression that with the doors and windows open they enjoy all the advantages of proper ventilation, but this is not correct. By far the best way is to have a patient live in a tent where he can have all the comforts of the home and be practically out of doors the year round. Tent life when governed by well selected rules, becomes thoroughly enjoyable and patients who at first have exaggerated ideas of its inconveniences, become loath to leave it. EARLY DIAGNOSIS. Another practical point and one which is essential to success is the importance of an early diagnosis. The profession must awaken to a realization of the fact that if the disease is not diagnosed until it is well advanced as is now too often the case the time when a cure could have been effected may have passed. Many a patient's life is sacrificed because a diagnosis is not made early enough for him to avail himself of the advantages of treatment. The curability of tubercuolsis is well established. Scepticism upon this subject must go down before ocular demonstration. It must be understood, however, that a cure depends upon an early diagnosis. Since it is a wasting disease, it is self-evident that the earlier a diagnosis is made the more certainly can a cure be effected. While it is true that patients in all stages of the disease may be cured, it is equally true that the chances for recovery diminish very rapidly as the disease progresses. As physicians we should be on the alert to recognize the disease early, and if after the most painstaking efforts we fail to make a diagnosis and still have reasons to suspect it, we should give the pa tient and the disease the benefit of the doubt by promptly placing him under treatment. The experience at the Ottawa tent colony thus far has been that one-third of the patients sent to us for treatment have been too far advanced to secure permanent results. Many of the advanced cases have improved, but it is doubtful if this improvement will be permanent. Every incipient case has improved rapidly, and as we believe permanently. It must be understood and cannot be too strongly emphasized that when we announce to the world that tuberculosis can be cured that to insure success the treatment must be begun in early stages of the disease. When the disease has advanced to that stage when it is apparent to the most casual observer that the person has tuberculosis it may be too late to effect a cure. I dwell upon this point at considerable length for the reason that the public have jumped to the conclusion that tuberculosis can be cured in all stages and that all that is necessary to insure a cure is for a patient to enter the sanitorium, submit to treatment and favorable results will certainly follow. WHALE AS FOOD.-A Norwegian speculator has been turning his attention recently to the introduction of whale meat as an article of food. He was induced to do this through a belief that it was both nutritious and palatable, and the knowledge that immense quantities of it are annually thrown away, notwithstanding large quantities of it are eaten each season by those engaged in the whale fisheries. He concluded that if some preserving process were adopted it could be profitably used on shore. He accordingly made arrangements with several captains of whaling vessels and two meat preserving firms, and some time since he gave a whale dinner. At this dinner he claims to have proven that whale-flesh may be cooked in a dozen different ways, and that it forms a delicious as well as a wholesome article of diet. It is said that some parts of the fish supplied material for, and excellent imitation of, turtle soup, other portions resemble beef, while other portions, again, are almost as white and tender as chicken.-Health. VETOES BILL-The Governor of Minnesota has vetoed the bill, which passed both houses, recognizing the latest fake "chiropractice. ADDS FIFTH YEAR.-Beginning with the 1905-1906 session the Rush Medical College will add a fifth year to its curriculum. the present it will be optional. For ANATOMIC EPONYMS.* ROBERT S. GREGG, M. D. CHICAGO, ILL. (Continued from page 279.) Meckel, Johann Friedrich. German. Anatomist. 1714. 1774. Professor in Halle. Meckel's diverticulum (a congenital diverticulum of the ileum, the remains of the emphalomesenteric duct). Meckel'sganglion (the spheno-palatine). Meckel's space. Meckel's cartilage (mandible, embryonic. After birth the internal lateral ligament of the lower jaw). Meibom, Heinrich. German. Physician. 1638. 1700. Professor in Helmstadt. Meibomian follicles and glands (the sebacous glands of the eyelids). Meibomian foramen (caecum of the tongue). Meissner, George. German. Physician. 1829. Living. Professor in Goettingen and Freiburg. Plexus of Meissner (a plexus of nerves found in the submucous layer of the small intestine). Corpuscles of Meissner (tactile corpuscles situated at the apices of the papillae of the corium). Mendel, Emanual. German. Neurologist. 1839. Living. Professor in Berlin. Čonvolutions of Mendel (opercular-covering the island of Reil). Mercier, L. A. French. Surgeon. 1811. 1882. Professor in Paris. Mercier's bar (in front of the post-trigonal pouch). Merkel, Karl L. German. Anatomist. 1812. 1876. Ganglia and corpuscle of Merkel (touch). Muscle of Merkel (kerato-cricoid). Mery. Jean. French. Surgeon. 1645. 1722. Professor in Paris. Glands of Mery (Cowper's). Meynert, T. Austrian. Anatomist. 1833. 1833. 1892. Professor in Vienna. Ganglion of Meynert (optic basal). Mierzejewsky, Johann Lucian. Russian. Physician. 1839. Living. Professor in St. Petersburg. Foramen of Mierzejewsky (under lingual). Mohrenheim Jos. Jae. German. Anatomist. Died 1799. Professor in Wien and Petersburg. Space of Mohrenheim (between pectoralis major and deltoid). Moll, Jacob Antonius. Dutch. Histologist. 1786. 1843. Professor in Arnheim. Glands of Moll (at margin or eyelid). Thesis in 1857. 'The plan of the thesis is as follows: Complete Name. Nationality. Profession. Nascens. Mors. Vivens. Professor in--. Eponym. Explanation. Corrections and additions of names, data to this thesis of anatomic eponyms are solicited for future revision. The first chapter of this thesis appeared in the MEDICAL FORTNIGHTLY, April 25, 1905. Monro, Alexander (Monro, Secondus). Scotch. Anatomist. 1733. 1817. Professor in Edinburgh. Foramen of Monroe (an opening behind the anterior pillars of the fornix). Sulcus of Monroe (in the third ventricle of the brain). Morgagni, Giovanni Battista. Italian. Physician and pathologist. 1682. 1771. Professor in Bologna and Padua. Caruncula Morgagni (middle lobe of prostate). Frenum Morgagni (projection formed by the ilio-colic and ilio-caecal valve). Glands of Morgagni (the small racemose muciparous glands in the mucous membrane of the urethra). (Synonymous with Littre's). Fossa of Morgagni (navicular). Hydatids of Morgagni (a small cyst connected with the fimbriated extremity of the oviduct. In the testicle it is found between the testicle proper and the epididymis. It represents the remains of the mullerian duct). Foramen caecum of Morgagni (in the tongue). Columns of Morgagni (vertical folds in the rectal mucous membrane, seen at the point of union of the latter with the skin of the anus). Muller, Heinrich. German. Anatomist. 1820. 1864. Professor in Wurzburg. Muscles of Muller (orbital, connected with the orbital periosteum, it crosses the sphenomaxillary fissure). Superior palpebral (connected with the levator palpebrae superiorus). Muller, Johannes. German. Anatomist and physiologist. 1801. 1858. Professor in Berlin. Ganglion of Muller (jugular and prostatic). Duct of Muller (found in the embryo, one on each side parallel to the Wolffian duct). Fibres of Muller (the supporting fibres of the retina running transversely to its layers). Muller's ring (a constriction in the cervix uteri below the true os internum). The helicine arteries of Muller (spiral arteries supplying the oviduct and ovary). Naboth, Martin. Saxon. Physician. 1675. 1721. Glands of Naboth (cervix uteri). Ovules of Naboth or vesicles of Naboth (some of the small cysts resulting from obstruction of the glands of the cervix uteri). Nasmyth, Alexander. English. Dental surgeon. Died 1849. Dentist in London. Membrane of Nasmyth (the epithelial membrane enveloping the enamel of the tooth during its development and for a short time after birth). Nelaton. Auguste. French. Surgeon. 1807. 1873. Professor in Paris. Test line of Nelaton (anterior superior spine of ilium to tuberosity of ischium). Synonymous with that of Roser. Fibres of Nelaton (circular fibres of rectum). Neubauer, Johann Ernst. German. Anatomist. 1742. 1777. Artery of Neubauer (occasional branch of inferior thyroid). Professor in Jena. Nuck, Antony. Dutch. Surgeon and Anatomist. 1650. 1692. Professor in Leyden. Canal of Nuck (a pouch of peritoneum which, in the female fetus, descends for a short distance along the round ligament of the uterus into the inguinal canal; it is the anologue of the processus vaginalis in the male). Gland of Nuck (one of the acinus glands near the apex of the tongue; synonymous with Nuhn's, Bauhin's and Blondin's). Nuhn, Anton. German. Anatomist. 1814. 1889. Professor in Heidelberg. Gland of Nuhn (one of the acinus glands adjacent to the apex of the tongue: synonymous with Nuck's, Bauhin's and Blondin's). Oddi, Italian. Surgeon. Living. Sphincter of Oddi (at duodenal end of ductus choledouchus communis). Pacini, Filippo. Italian. Physician and physiologist. 1812. 1883. Professor in Pisa and Florenz. Corpuscle of Pacini (found in the subcutaneous cellular tissue of the fingers and toes). Pacchionius, Antoninus. Italian. Anato mist. 1665. 1726. Pacchionian bodies (granulations produced by the incsease growth of the villi of the arachnoid). Pacchionian fossa or depressions (the pitlike depressions on the cerebral surface of the skull, produced by pressure of the pacchionian bodies). Professor in Rome. Pausch, Adolf. German. Anatomist. 1841. 1887. Professor in Berlin and Halle. Parital fissure of Pausch (the occipitoparietal). Pechlin, Johannes Nicolaas. German. Anatomist. 1644. 1706. Professor in Kiel. Glands of Pechlin (occurring mainly in the ileum, synonymaus with Peyer's). du Petit, Francois Pourfour. French. Surgeon and anatomist. 1664. 1741, Professor in Paris. Canal of Petit (between Canal of Petit (between the anterior and posterior laminae of the suspensory ligament of the crystalline lens). Petit, J. L. French. Surgeon. 1674. 1750. Professor in Paris. Triangle of Petit (an abdominal triangle bounded below by the crest of the ilium and laterally by the external oblique and latissimus dorsi, internal oblique forms the floor). Sinus of Petit (dilatations of the aorta and pulmonary artery opposite the seg ments of the aortic and pulmonary valves. Synonymous with sinus of valsalva). Peyer, Johann K. Swiss. Anatomist. 1653. 1712. Professor in Basel. Peyer's patches or glands (lymph follicles of the bowels, occurring mainly in the ileum, synonymous with glands of Pechlin). Pflueger, Edward. German. Physiologist. 1829. Living. Egg tubes of Pflueger (rows of ova in ovary). Professor in Bonn. [TO BE CONTINUED.] DEATH OF MRS. NORBURY. Mrs. Elizabeth P. Norbury, mother of Dr. Frank P. Norbury, entered into rest at her home in Beardstown, Ill., Sunday morning, May 28, at 9 o'clock, at the age of 83 years. Mrs. Norbury was born September 16, 1822, at Springfield (near Nashville), Tenn., the daughter of Thomas and Katherin (Carter) Spence. Her father was born in North Carolina of Scotch-Irish parentage, his ancestors having been early settlers and of the ScotchIrish colony which first settled in New Jersey and later removed to North Carolina. Her mother was born at Culpepper, Va., and was a descendant of Robert Carter (King Carter), i who in the early colonial history of Virginia, represented the Culpepper and Fairfax fam. ilies. The Carters had long figured in the his tory of Virignia and her father's family in the colonial and revolutionary history of North Carolina. Mrs. Norbury came to Illi nois about 1830. Soon after the death of her mother her father located at Jonesboro, where as a minster he had charge of Sunday! school organization in southern Illinois. He died in 1835 and in that year Mrs. Norbury came to Morgan county to make her home with her brother, Isaac Spence (one of the first commissioners of Cass county). She was married in 1839 to Charles J. Norbury formerly of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, in Beardstown and has been a resident of that city ever since. She was the oldest resident of Beardstown, having lived there serety years, and was the oldest member of the Congregational Church. Mr. Norbury died in 1895. Nine children survive: Mrs. D. H. Flickwir, Brainard, Minn.; Mrs. Judge S. P. Dale, Canon City, Colo.; Mrs. Ŏ. H. Kuchler, Jacksonville; Miss Lizzie S. Norbury, Denver, Col.; bury, Denver, Col. Mrs. W. D. Epler, Beardstown; Mrs. G. B. Hegardt, Ft. Stev. ens, Ore.; W. S. Norbury, Beardstown; Arthur F. Norbury, Denver, and Dr. Frank P. Norbury, of Jacksonville. The Value of the Widal Reaction in the Diagnosis of Typhoid Fever. THE diagnosis of typhoid fever by the clinician in the very early days of the disease is as a rule only provisionally made. In late years, since the advent of the Widal reaction, he has come to depend upon this laboratory test for his early diag. nosis. This test consists in taking a drop of the suspected blood, diluting it at least one hundred times or over with distilled water or 0.9% sodium chloride solution, and bringing it into contact with the living typhoid bacilli. Clumping indicates typhoid fever, if this test is thus scientifically carried out. However, we do find at times blood that gives such a reaction and the case may turn out not to be typhoid fever. This reaction has been obtained in some intestinal disorders which are not true typhoid, probably para-typhoid infections. Moreover, competent observers have claimed a positive reaction in ordinary gastro-duodenitis, with jaundice. As a rule, however, the Widal reaction, if performed with exact dilution, may be relied upon in making up the diagnosis of typhoid fever. It cannot be relied upon, however, if the dilution is made from a dried blood specimen, according to the method introdued by Wyatt Johnstone of Montreal and used at present in the municipal laboratory of St. Louis.. It has been claimed that a dilution of say 1 to 80 or 100 can be obtained by a worker who has had large experience by noting certain color which one gets on adding sufficient water to a drop of dried blood; in other words, by the use of a "color index." This proposition is manifestly ab surd. No one can contend for a moment that the percentage of coloring matter is the same in every individual's blood, and it is upon the amount of red blood coloring matter alone that the worker depends in dilution, not at all upon the amount of serum present in the drop of blood sent in on the glassslide It would be therefore bizarre to think that given a drop of dried blood containing 100% hemoglobin, and one containing but 20% hemoglobin, that the same dilution of the two drops was accomplished when to both drops was added sufficient water to bring them to the same coloration. The high percentage of hemoglobin specimen would have to be diluted a great deal, while the "anemic" specimen would need but little diluting fluid to bring it up to the "color index" which is claimed one can obtain with long experience. We therefore must insist that physicians ought not to expect to obtain trustworthy reactions from the blood of typhoid or suspected typhoid cases, where the dried blood method is used, as it is in force in the municipal laboratory of St. Louis. There is but onewayto obtain a trustworthy reaction, and that is by exact dilution. Physicians should therefore use capillary tubes in making their tests. These tubes containing a few drops of blood serum should be sealed up and sent to the laboratory, where the proper dilution can be made. R.B.H.G. IT is a tribute to American scholarship, citizenship and manhood to be toasted as was The Farewell to Dr. Osler. Dr. Osler at the various dinners given on the occasion of his departure to England where he is to make his home and to occupy the chair of Medicine in Oxford University. With all the kind words and testimonials as to his scholarly attributes, with all the respect paid to his professional career, it was after all to his manhood; his character broad in its comprehension as to the school of life which evolves correct daily living; marvellous in its courage of, and belief in, the human heart, and rich in its human and Christian charity. His life is an example for us all; he has no narrow views; and his patience, his serene, admirable intelligence is the inspiration to every scholar, to every physician who would achieve the real success, and make worth while every effort. We again say, it is to this tribute of his moral worth which made the personal claims upon him held by Americans, that made it so hard to give him up. The conscious achievements of all great men are based upon the personal ideals, and no one in American medicine, more than Osler, has first possessed for himself these ideals, and then communi |