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TWO FAMOUS ORGANISTS.

I. MR. ALFRED J. EYRE.

Ix connection with the Handel Festivals, no name, except that of Mr. August Manns, has usually been more to the front than that of the Crystal Palace organist; but this year sudden illness compelled him to resign at the last moment and withdraw from public life. Miss Flora Klickmann, however, has succeeded in obtaining an interview with Mr. Eyre, who has been so closely associated with the music at the Crystal Palace for the last fourteen years, and in the September number of Sylvia's Journal we get some hints on organ-playing, not exactly suitable for quotation here, but which wouldbe students of the king of instruments would do well to ponder.

ESSENTIALS OF A FINE ORGANIST.

Mr. Eyre insists on organ students earnestly practising the pianoforte, and he holds that the organ improves the piano touch by strengthening the fingers and cultivating legato-playing. The pedals, of course, require separate and distinct work, and as organs are not found in every house, he says much time could be saved by preparing the manual part at the piano, and the pedalling on the pedal attachment which may now be had for the piano.

On the whole, players do not vary the quality of tone sufficiently, and their playing is monotonous. It should be remembered that the mind, more than the fingers, has to do with the freedom with which good players make use of the stops. The organist must study harmony and counterpoint. Transposition and playing from the open score are essentials, and facility in playing from a figured bass as well as extemporaneous playing should be aspired to. Every opportunity should be taken to learn how to train a choir, and voice-production and solo-singing cannot be neglected. In a good choir-school the student will make acquaintance with church music. A knowledge of the structure of the organ is another imperative, and altogether the competent organist has to pass many years in hard study.

WOMEN AND THE ORGAN.

One reason why so few women take to the organ seriously is that the most lucrative appointments are practically closed to them. If a girl has real musical gift, and works hard at piano or violin, there is nothing to prevent her ranking with or above men, and earning as much. But however accomplished an organist she may be, the cathedrals and nearly all churches present a difficulty in the form of a male choir. This would presuppose the engagement of a choir-master, but the simpler and decidedly better plan is that the work of organist and choir-master should be merged and placed in the hands of a competent musician.

Mrs. Eyre, it may be added in conclusion, has proved her prowess on the piano and on the organ, and her professional duties at the Guildhall School of Music occupy her most of the day. There are eight little Eyres, generally known to musicians as "the octave," and Ruth, the eldest, a girl of fourteen, is a promising pianist.

II. DR. GARRETT.

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however, was the five years he afterwards spent at Winchester under Samuel Wesley.

UNDER WESLEY.

Wesley was an erratic genius, a sort of counterpart of Hans von Bülow, and the stories of his sayings and doings are endless. Dr. Garrett describes him as a magnificent organ-player, but as a teacher he was stern. He rarely if ever gave a word of praise to a pupil, and no matter how well a thing was done, he would point out some defect. Some natures he almost crushed. The Chapter at Winchester at that time were hopelessly unmusical, and out of the nine there was only one who could have imitated a musical sound to save his life, so Wesley certainly had his own temper tried, if he tried the temper of others.

AT CAMBRIDGE.

From Winchester Dr. Garrett went to Madras as cathedral organist, but the climate was too much for him, and he returned in two years and went to Cambridge, where he was elected organist of St. John's College. Since 1873 he has also been University organist. He is, in fact, the real educational musical force of Cambridge. Ever since the death of Sir Sterndale Bennett in 1875, he has set the papers and examined for either the Senior or Junior Locals, sometimes for both. The Senior papers average 800 a year; the Junior 1,200. Fourteen or fifteen times he has examined for the Mus. Bac. and Mus. Doc. examinations of the University, and he has had much other examination work. Dr. Garrett himself graduated Mus. B. under Sterndale Bennett in 1857, and Mus. D., also under Sterndale Bennett, in 1867. In 1878 the degree of M.A. was conferred upon him. This makes him a member of the Senate. His compositions are mostly services for the Church, anthems, etc., but "The Shunamite," a cantata, is also from his pen.

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The New Storm and Stress."

KUNO FRANCKE contributes to the Atlantic Monthly a suggestive analysis of the movement in modern Germany, which he calls "The New Storm and Stress."

To-day, as a hundred and twenty years ago, the leading note of German literature is revolt. In the eighteenth century this revolt meant the ascendency of the middle classes over a hereditary aristocracy which had ceased to be an aristocracy of the spirit; to-day it means the ascendency of the working classes over a bourgeoisie which has ceased to be the representative of the whole people. . . . It means a further step towards the final reconciliation of individualism and collectivism.

To-day, as a hundred and twenty years ago, the names of the men who first gave life to the new literature are not the names of Germans: the modern Rousseau is Tolstoy, and the modern Diderot is Ibsen. But to-day happens what happened then the foreign pioneers are quickly being succeeded by German writers of originality and power; and...the nearly simultaneous appearance of such works as Sudermann's "Heimat" and Hauptmann's "Die Weber" augurs well indeed for the future of the German drama.

The "Heimat" shows the contrasts represented by Conservatives and Radicals, Monarchists and Social Democrats inevitably drifting towards a new corporate consciousness which shall embrace both authority and freedom. The "Weavers" shows only the tragic fate of the revolting proletariat.

DEVOTION and sociology seem to have been happily combined in the "Retreat" and "School of the Kingdom," which some four hundred men and women attended in the end of June at Iowa College, Grinnell, and which Mr. Archibald H. Bradshaw sketches with vividness in the Altruistic Review for August.

THE FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW. THE most remarkable paper in the Fortnightly Review is Mr. Malato's "Anarchist Portraits," which is dealt with elsewhere.

LORD SALISBURY'S SCIENCE.

Mr. Karl Pearson wrings his hands with dismay not unmixed with fierce wrath over the praise bestowed upon Lord Salisbury's inaugural address to the British Association. The reason for his indignation is because he realises that what he calls the new bigotry has risen upon the ruins of the old, and Lord Salisbury's address ministers directly to the new bigots, of whom it would seem that Benjamin Kidd and Professor Drummond are leading exponents. He says:

At a time when everything spells "Reaction," when there is a peculiar need for men of science to stand shoulder to shoulder and justify their methods and their work to the people, the "voice of English science" conveys a message of despair and of ignorance which finds not the least justification in the facts, and, however unintentionally, gives disastrous support to that new bigotry which is likely to prove such a powerful engine of political warfare in the days to come. Science, like Humanism, puts into the hands of its pseudofriends weapons for its own destruction. They do not even show an accurate knowledge of where science now stands or what are its immediate prospects. They are the words of that reaction which is noticeable on every side, and they have been hailed as such by the new bigotry, which, adopting much of the terminology and some of the results of science, neglects its intellectual methods and its instruments of research.

THE WORK OF MR. PATER.

A very charming literary paper is Mr. Lionel Johnson's tribute to the literary work of his old friend Walter

MR. WALTER PATER.

(From a photograph by Elliott and Fry.)

Pater. It is impossible to summarise, but the following sentence will enable the reader to form some idea of the estimate in which he held Mr. Pater:

Charm is well-nigh everywhere in Mr. Pater's work, a golden grace upon the delicate sentences; and a charm that is strangely strong. He stands alone, with no contemporary in any way resembling him; and he recalls no one in the past,

though here and there we can catch faint echces and odours. as it were, from earlier work. From his first essay, down to the praise of Dorian discipline in his last book, Mr. Pater loved the travail of the soul in art; his was something of the priest's, the soldier's abiding consciousness of law and limitation in their lives: orderliness, precision, ritual rigour, were dear to him; and to the strictness of artistic duty he gave the obedience of one under the salutary command of a superior.

MUNICIPAL MUSEUMS FOR LONDON.

Mr. Frederic Harrison has an excellent paper on the municipal museums of Paris, which is chiefly devoted to describing the Hôtel de Ville and the museum in the Hotel Carnavalet. Mr. Harrison says:-

The idea of the Hôtel de Ville decorations apparently is to make the building a museum of modern art, a civic Luxembourg gallery, the prize of the aspiring sculptor and painter. Londoners are fast learning this lesson of municipal patriotism; and they cannot too early study the example in this matter of the city of Paris, which places its urban government in a building that reflects and concentrates the beauty of their beautiful city, and forms at once a museum of art and an historic monument. And among the various undertakings which the new Council of our old City will have to take in hand are an adequate Museum of London antiquities, a Library of London illustrations, and a comprehensive history of London in all its phases, and in all sides of its long and memorable annals.

OXFORD versus YALE.

Mr. W. H. Grenfell gives a very spirited account of the Anglo-American university sports. It is written in a bright and sympathetic fashion. He points out that:

Oxford University was successful in winning all the races, and that in throwing the hammer and putting the weight it was far behind the fine performances made by Yale.

Speaking of the political and international aspect of the contest, Mr. Grenfell says:

This match is the first of its kind. We may hope that it will not be the last occasion on which the undergraduate youth of the English-speaking race may meet to try their strength on the greensward and their fleetness on the running path; besides the better knowledge, and we may say also, appreciation of each other, which such an interchange of visits between different countries confers, the bond of athletic rivalry is, and has always been, a strong one, and if anything has been done by this meeting to draw two great portions of the Anglo-Saxon race closer together, Mr. Greenhow will not have run, nor Mr. Hickok put the weight, in vain.

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THE NAVAL MANOEUVRES.

"Nauticus," writing on the Naval Manoeuvres, scoffs at the partial mobilisation which always takes place in July, and which, although partial as regards the ships, is exhaustive as regards personnel. What it comes to, he says, is

That, on July 18th, you mobilised, in numbers, just less than one-half of the ships which, so far as material was concerned, were nominally ready; and in so doing you practically, as I have shown, exhausted the list of your available officers and

men.

He urges that for mobilisation to be a real test of the conditions that would prevail in the case of a sudden outbreak of war, mobilisation should be tried without notice at another period of the year. He also protests against sticking to the rut of the Irish Channel:

I fail to see why you should not have cruiser manoeuvres in the Atlantic, with Queenstown, Jamaica, Bermuda, and Halifax as your bases for the various squadrons. Or, if time will not serve for that, you may very advantageously take Kirkwall

or Lerwick as your northern, and Bantry Bay as your southern base.

MRS. LYNN LINTON AND PROFESSOR DRUMMOND. Mrs. Lynn Linton having apparently wearied herself, as she long ago wearied every one else, by her threadbare dissertations on the wickedness of the modern woman, has now turned her attention to Professor Drummond. She ridicules his new book, which, among its many other sins, commits the grave crime of fulfilling all the conditions which please average people. This is her summing up of the whole matter:

Nothing delights average people so much as picturesqueness of statement irrespective of its truth-as sentimentality irreducible by logic or reason to anything resembling common-sense. And, as the exponent of that form of pseudo-science which puts new wine into old bottles, and expects to make a good thing of the storage, Professor Drummond supplies all these ingredients in profusion. Hence his popularity. He brings his subject, which only the educated can rightly understand, down to the level of the ignorant. He strips science of her divinity and sends her out as a cottage-maid, or rather as a young priest, of whom no one need be afraid. But he lets slip truth in this endeavour to extract milk for babes out of the meat for men; and his rendering of synthetic philosophy is both inadequate and shallow. Whatever is true is borrowed; whatever is false, strained, and inconclusive, is his own. His sin is the sin of plagiarism, with the additional offence of distortion in the lifting.

SIR JAMES BROOKE AND SARAWAK.

Hugues le Roux describes clearly and well the wonderful work which Sir James Brooke did for civilisation in Sarawak. It was indeed a great achievement which enabled this young Englishman to establish, almost by the unaided force of his own genius, the orderly, peaceful, and civilised government among the tribes of the Dyacks, among whom, Mr. le Roux says:

No social or religious function could take place among the tribes without bloodshed. Young unmarried girls came forth from the long seclusion to which they had been condemned since childhood, so anæmic that they could hardly stand; a slave was killed in their honour, and the blood of the victim sprinkled over them. Head-hunting had decimated the race. It was imperative that husbands should conjure evil spirits by bringing a human head to their wives before the expected birth of a child. Boys might not aspire to manhood without having earned the badge of the head-hunter. A skull was the first gift of a lover to his mistress, and the last token of respect by which the living could honour the dead. On account of his rank no petty chief could be buried without many freshly decapitated heads to form his escort into the next world.

BIMETALLISM ONCE MORE.

Mr. J. Barr Robinson replies in an article entitled "Imaginative Currency Statistics" to Mr. Mulhall's article in the Contemporary on Bimetallism in the Mansion House." Mr. Barr Robinson's point can be judged from his concluding sentence::

No other solution has been put forward that would in any material degree mitigate the extraordinary industrial, commercial and financial depression, except the restoration of silver to the monetary function which it performed in the world for more than two thousand years. The only policy, therefore, that can seriously be regarded as worthy of adoption by the leading nations is to restore silver to its former function along with gold, and to carry this out by international agreement.

OTHER ARTICLES.

Mr. A. H. Savage Landor has an interesting travelpaper describing his journey to the sacred mountain in China. The journey was taken from Pekin, and nearly cost Mr. Savage Landor his life. The only other paper is Paul Verlaine's article on Shakespeare and Racine.

THE NINETEENTH CENTURY.

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I NOTICE elsewhere Mr. Gladstone's lay sermon Mrs. Besant's statement of the doctrine of the Atonement. The rest of the number is good and varied.

ARE UNITARIANS CHRISTIANS?

Dr. Vance Smith, replying to Mr. Gladstone's paper on "Heresy and Schism," takes occasion to put in a protest against the calm manner in which Mr. Gladstone and others rule Unitarians out of the Christian Church. After explaining what is the belief of the Unitarians in Christ, Dr. Smith asserts that Christianity is not a system of dogma, but a life of discipleship. He maintains that it is a mistake and somewhat perverse in these days and altogether inadequate, to conceive of Christianity as in its essence a doctrinal or dogmatic system, however long descended or extensively diffused it may be. That sort of Christianity has, in fact, been the source of untold miseries in the past experience of Christendom.

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THE LESSON OF THE NAVAL MANOEUVRES.

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William Laird Clowes explains, for the benefit of the uninstructed public, that the recent naval manœuvres which were conducted in the Irish Sea were carefully arranged so as to afford a close reproduction of the actual conditions of warfare, which would prevail if we were at war with France in the Mediterranean. The lesson was rather an unpleasant one, for the English fleet was smashed, and the French left masters of the MediterraThe moral of this object lesson is thus stated:To make certain of holding the Mediterranean we must, in addition to other measures, regularly maintain in that sea a naval force stronger than any foreign naval force in the same waters. We cannot rely upon being able to reinforce from the Channel our Mediterranean fleet with the necessary promptitude when pressing occasion arises. The second lesson is that so long as Gibraltar remains without the means of repairing on a large scale any vessels that may go thither seriously damaged, it is of hardly any use at all as a naval base. The third lesson is that when fleets are separated the interior position still confers, as it has ever conferred, enormous advantages upon him who holds it.

SHOULD WOMEN SMOKE?

There is a very bright little paper by Mrs. Frederic Harrison, in which this question is discussed, in a conversation over afternoon tea in a country house. Mrs. Harrison is dead against smoking for women, chiefly on the ground that it tends to add another link to the chain which reduces the modern woman to slavery. There is a great deal of force in what she says in the following passage:

We have idols of the house, idols of the toilette, idols of society, idols of fashion; and now we propose to enslave ourselves afresh, and to sacrifice to a new idol, more exacting than any of these. I am persuaded that many women suffer so much from the fatigue and weariness of spirit that all these sacred rites involve that they have no health or spirit left for the real enjoyment of life. And surely if we read the signs of the times aright, great social changes are in store for us. I am no Puritan, nor do I believe that a level of uniformity is at hand; but I think that the mass of our people will have to return to a plainer mode of life, to a life as sober as that which our great-grandmothers lived before the manufacturing boom of this century. It will be a very good thing for all of us, and will solve a good many of the problems which now agitate women. You remember what the great Russian said, that if we wanted freedom "we must simplify our lives."

IN DEFENCE OF UNIVERSITY EXTENSION.

Mr. Whibley's paper ridiculing the University Extension as a farce, has brought to the defence of the University Extensionists two very capable champions in the persons of Mr. Sadler and Mrs. James Stuart, the

last named being a bright and lively writer whom I do not remember meeting before in any of the periodicals. They go over the field with the confidence born of a detailed knowledge of the facts, and are supported by the approval which has been expressed by competent experts abroad. They naturally speak most of the benefits to those who attend the Extension lectures, but Mrs. Stuart refers to the advantages which have accrued to the Universities themselves, and expressesthe conviction that the greatest hope for our Universities, those treasures-houses of learning which are the glory of the whole nation, and which many of us love so well, lies in that broadening movement of which the Local Lectures are but one phase.

AN APPEAL TO MONOMETALLISTS.

Mr. J. P. Heseltine once more pleads for silver in a paper, the chief object of which he obligingly summarises as follows:

:

(1) That monometallism is a new creed dating from 1873. (2) That the leaders or exponents of the monometallic creed are, though influential, very few in number.

(3) That of the five whose names are mentioned, one only, Mr. Bertram Currie, has practical experience of business.

(4) That three only out of the five-Mr. Giffen, Mr. Macleod, and Mr. Lloyd-have published their views.

(5) That silver has practically not fallen in exchangeable value in any part of the world, except as against gold.

(6) That the disregard of the silver standard by England, France, Germany, and America, has been to the great disadvantage of each and all of them.

(7) Lastly, to appeal to Mr. Giffen, Mr. Macleod, Mr. Lloyd and Mr. Bertram Currie to publish their views as to what advantages England has gained by refusing to promote an international ratio of parity.

OTHER ARTICLES.

Mr. E. R. Spearman discusses the system which the Home Office recommends for adoption in England as a substitute for the Bertillon system of marking criminals. He argues with considerable force for adopting the Bertillon system en bloc. Prince Krapotkin continues his admirable paper on "Mutual Aid in the Mediæval City." Mr. Theodore Bent describes his recent journey through South Arabia, and Mr. Drage retorts somewhat viciously to Mrs. Sidney Webb's attack on the Labour Commission. The Review concludes with a very charming paper by Dr. Jessopp on "The Parish Priest of the Past.'" Dr. Jessopp says it is a deep-rooted delusion that our great landlords built our mediæval churches. Everything goes to show that the immense majority of the old churches of England were built, not by the great men, but by the small people with the clergy at their head. During the earlier centuries, churches in England belonged to the parishioners exactly as board schools do now.

THE WESTMINSTER REVIEW.

THERE is an agreeable variety in the bill of fare for this month; and perhaps out of compliment to the season the strenuous purpose which usually dominates is less pronounced. Mr. Edmond Mitchell's forcible "Plea for Co-operation as a Remedy for Agricultural Depression claims separate notice. Mr. W. Miller's "Impressions of Greece" are vivid and entertaining. He is enraptured with the scenery, although lamenting that "modern Greece is a land without trees." He finds a tour in Greece as cheap as one in Italy. He reports the Greeks honest, and brigandage extinct except on the Turkish frontier. "Most of Greece is as safe as Piccadilly." The Greek people are thoroughly sound, and all enthusiastic about politics;

but politicians are profoundly corrupt. The Daily News is their favourite British organ. Athens struck him as one of the most delightful capitals in Europe. Mr. Lawrence Irwell's elementary discourse on evolution is somewhat redeemed by its concluding list of books to read on the subject. With grim outspokenness Mrs. Hawksley demands as a right for every young woman knowledge of what is involved in marriage. Alice Low treats of Henry Kirke White as a forerunner of Keats, and finds it difficult to decide whether White is a lesser Keats or Keats a greater White. "A Practical Miner" tells from his own observation how English money has been spirited away over American gold mines. Mr. Bellot's review of Mr. Shaw Lefevre's " English Commons and Forests" cites many instructive cases of land-grabbing greed checked by the action of the Commons Preservation Society.

THE CONTEMPORARY REVIEW.

THE Contemporary Review is a good number with some very solid papers. Professor Goldwin Smith's review of "If Christ Came to Chicago" is noticed elsewhere.

THE POPE AND THE BIBLE.

The author of "The Policy of the Pope" is either Mr. E. J. Dillon alias Mr. E. B. Lanin, or his double. It is difficult, indeed, to believe that any other man in Europe could write the article which this anonymous critic has devoted to expose the dilemma in which the Roman Church finds itself owing to the encyclical of the verbal accuracy of the Bible, excepting the same man who devoted so much time, a year or two ago, to a similar remorseless exposition of the policy of Pobedonetszeff. The following exposition of the difficulties with which advocates of the literal accuracy of every word of Scripture are involved, affords us a fair example of his familiar style:

Summing up the account of the matter given by our Italian and English apologists, we find that what it comes to in ultimate analysis is this. It pleased God to issue a message to mankind, "Epistola omnipotentis Dei ad creaturam," and to enshrine it in a book, the only book of which He is the author.. His scribes being imperfect men, He wrought miracles upon miracles for the sole purpose of preserving the message pure and undefiled by the breath of error, as it passed throngh these human channels. So marvellous were these miracles, that when the Prophets gave expression to the current errors of their age, they were so completely in the power of divine grace that the terms they employed are even at the present day found to dovetail with the formulas of physical science.

And yet the work which He thus willed should be perfect has come to His creatures in a lamentable state of corruption. He adds dryly that it

is now admitted by all my English adversaries-viz., that what we invariably term errors, if found in a book written by a mortal, are truths when met with in the Word of God.

THE COST OF LIVING IN AMERICA.

Mr. Andrew Carnegie writes a brief but very interesting paper, in which he contrasts the cost of living in Britain to America. He maintains that, while wages in England are a little more than half the rate paid in the United States, the cost of living to the workman is cheaper. He enters into considerable detail, and quotes the prices for various commodities, and what is more to the point, mentions the experience of various households which migrate between England and America, the members of which find it is quite as cheap to buy goods in New York as in Glasgow or Liverpool. The American workman, however, has so many more wants than his English brother that he does not make his wages go so far. For rich people America is dearer to live in, but for

the poor man who lives on the European scale, Mr. Carnegie thinks the United States is cheaper than the old country.

THE TOMB OF THE TRIPLE ALLIANCE.

Mr. Frederick Greenwood writes, as Mr. Kossuth once described himself, as a "Death prophecying bird" on The New Drift in Foreign Affairs," pointing out that his predictions are being fulfilled and that the Triple Alliance tends inevitably to decay. Germany will, he thinks, inevitably gravitate towards an agreement with Russia or France, or possibly both, at our expense. The result will be

a resolute squeezing of England by Russia and France in regions a long way off from Charing Cross, with the complacent acquiescence of the German Powers; and, for that matter, with no disturbance (as yet) to the calmer and more up-to-date statesmanship of Great Britain.

WHAT SHOULD BE DONE IN ARMENIA.

Mr. H. F. B. Lynch concludes his paper on the Armenian question by suggesting that-

we should seriously exert ourselves with the Turkish Government to secure the appointment of suitable officials to the governorships of Erzerum, Bitlis, and Van, and that we should require of them, at least within the area of the plateau, to secure to the Armenians complete immunity from the depredations of the Kurds. On the other hand, the Armenians who inhabit the wilder districts of the neighbouring regions might reasonably be expected to draw more closely to the centres of government.

If this is not done, he thinks

It is probable that a solution for the present difficulties will ultimately be found in the constitution of a separate province under definite guarantees.

A SUGGESTION FOR THE NAVAL CONSTRUCTOR..

Mr. James Eastwick, writing on "Possible Developments in Naval Armament," maintains that

By the use of gear of a fairly uniform type-in itself no small advantage-the present defects would be remedied. A great increase in the fighting power of the ship might be combined with a great saving in weight both of guns and armour; and this saving would enable the guns to be carried at a higher level in a smaller ship. In fact, it seems hardly too much to say that if a Centurion with her 10.500 tons displacement were re-armed with two 12" and four 6" automatic guns with their crews well sheltered by her belt armour, she would be a match for the Majestic as at present designed and armed, notwithstanding her four 12" and twelve 6" guns and her 14,900 tons displacement. These suggestions have within the writer's own knowledge been worked out into a detailed scheme.

There is a somewhat difficult paper on spirit and matter by Emma Marie Caillard. Her point is thatjust as thought is essentially self-manifesting, so the life of spirit is essentially self-manifesting, and that as language is the utterance of the one, so matter is the utterance of the other. And from this standpoint, even while recognising the deep and far-reaching significance of that tremendous problem which has yet to be faced, there is hope-almost boundless hope-in the vista opened before us.

As we survey the rise in the scale of being through inorganic to organic, and finally to superorganic life: Material forms are the fortresses of spirit, whose every conquest is thus made the basis of operations for others still beyond; and again, each material form is the product of spirit, but becomes in turn a new support for spiritual growth?

THE OPIUM QUESTION IN INDIA.

Mr. Joseph G. Alexander, who travelled with the Opium Commission through India, has a very effective reply to Sir Lepel Griffin. He points out that the medical men, who maintained that the use of opium was most bene

ficial, and should on no account be interfered with, never prescribe it to their patients excepting in the case of disease, and he effectively demolishes the theory that the natives of India would revolt unless a check is placed upon the spread of the practice of opium eating. He writes very strongly on the subject of native opinion, closing his paper by a very vigorous and timely insistence upon the need of a higher standard of personal morality on the part of AngloIndian officers.. He says it is still a common belief, in some parts at least of India, that to keep a woman and to get drunk are the two distinguishing marks of the Christian religion. Religious tests have rightly been abandoned for candidates of the Civil Service, but Mr. Alexander suggests that they might be replaced with advantage by a standard of decent living.

THE NEW REVIEW.

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THE September number is not exceptionally attractive. Notice has been taken elsewhere of the articles on China and Japan,--in which both Sir Edwin Arnold and "Nauticus" forecast victory for Japan,-of Mr. Henniker Heaton's satire on the world's divorce laws, and of Mr. Wordsworth Donisthorpe's rather desultory defence of anarchy. Contributions to biography are supplied by Lord Lyttelton's hitherto unpublished "Reminiscences of Napoleon's First Days of Captivity on Board H.M.S. Northumberland," and by Miss Hall Caine's "Child's Recollections of Rossetti." She never met, she says, a man so full of ideas interesting and attractive to a child. Mr. T. H. S. Escott appeals to the Lords of Dalmeny and Devonshire, with a further glance at Mr. Chamberlain, to reconsider their differences and reunite the Liberal ranks in the common effort to promote social and industrial reform. Mr. Hartley Withers discusses the financial outlook. He finds "at the bottom of all the mischief" of recent years" over-financing followed in due course by over-trading." But it is chiefly the wealthier or investing class which has been hit; the wage-earner has lived merrily. "Certainly, all indications seem to show that the tide is preparing to turn, and that only the state of the commercial nervous system delays the revival." There are two dark clouds on the horizon: the collapse in India, and the demands of labour at home which threaten to drive capital abroad. In a chatty paper on "Sport and Sportsmen," Major Gambier-Parry reckons the annual outlay in England and Wales on foxhounds and staghounds at over half a million sterling; on horses (hunters) at about the same figure; on shooting licences at a quarter of a million; on powder and shot "blazed away" in sport also at a quarter of a million.

THE NATIONAL REVIEW.

THERE are many papers in the National Review calling for special mention. There is a short story by Mr. Frederick Greenwood, and a paper by Hiram Maxim on "The Prospects of Flying," which is quoted elsewhere. A writer, calling himself" The Ordinary Man," describes the state of the English Bar. A Conservative M.P. then discourses on "Some Features of the Session." Mr. T. E. Kebbel meditates among the harvest fields on things rural and political. Colonel Howard-Vincent argues in favour of drawing closely the trade ties between the colonies and the mother country, and Sir Frederick Pollock contributes an essay on Thomas Hobbes and Malmesbury, whom he describes as one of the most notable English publicists and memorable English writers.

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