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pictures of Mr. J. Donald are described as a representative Scottish collection by Mr. R. A. M. Stevenson. Mr. Francis Watt has an article on picturesque North Berwick; and the Ups and Downs of a Picture" is a curious chapter in the history of the Royal Scottish Academy. Amongst the pictures sent in for exhibition in the year 1844, was "Scene after a WreckTwilight after a Storm," by George Dick-Lauder. The general opinion seems to have been that the picture was an inferior work, but the artist's father happened to be secretary to the Board of Manufactures, in whose rooms the exhibition was held, and the hanging committee of the Scottish Academy awarded the picture a good place. Sixteen academicians protested so strongly, that "a more suitable place" had to be found for it, but in the meantime the artist's father had seen the picture in the good place, and when he learnt of its removal the trouble began. The result of the picture brawl, however, was the construction of the present building, known as the Royal Scottish Academy, and opened in 1860. Another article which should not be overlooked is "Bettws-y-Coed," which describes what is evidently a delightful resting-place for those of artistic temperament, as well as a fascinating place of work for artists. The charming drawings to illustrate the article are by Mr. H. Clarence Whaite, President of the Royal Cambrian Academy, and we are glad to be able to include one in this notice.

The Magazine of Art is also occupied with the Scottish collections, and Mr. Robert Walker describes, in the September number, Mr. William Connal's collection of works by Albert Moore. "Bolton Abbey" may be called a descriptive article by Mr. Aaron Watson; Mr. Lewis F. Day finds the pavement of the cathedral the wonder of Siena; and Mr. H. Edmunds tells us of a charming little international bookbinding exhibition recently held at the Caxton Head.

THE ART MAGAZINES. IN the August number of the Studio, Mr. C. G. Harper writes on Shrewsbury as a sketchingground, his article being the ninth in the series of "Letters from Artists to Artists." Each "Letter" is accompanied by a number of sketches by the artist who supplies the letterpress, and we have pleasure in reproducing one of these, "Ludford Bridge," from the current number. The magazine also contains a notice of Mr. H. Pepper, a new designer for metal-work, by Mr. Edward F. Strange, many designs by Mr. Pepper figuring among the illustrations in the number. There is an interview with Mr. G. H. Boughton, who prefers woodcuts to process engraving for the reproduction of his drawings for books; another with Mr. J. D. Batten on "Wood-cut Printing in Water Colours;" and Mr. Matthew Webb, who, writing on "Gesso," refers to the designs for fingerplates which were sent in to one of the Studio's prize competitions. The Art Journal for September is almost a Scotch number. The

THE NORTH AMERICAN REVIEW. THE Hon. Hoke Smith, Secretary of the Interior, writing on "The Resources and Development of the South," points out that the Southern States are making greater progress than any other part of the universe. Had it not been for the institution of slavery, the South in 1860 would have been the greatest manufacturing, mining, and agricultural section of the Union. It has more timber than all the rest of the Union put together; its coalfields are seven times as large as those of Great Britain; the cotton crop of 1892 is twice as large as that of 1860. It has two hundred millions of acres of uncultivated land suitable for farming purposes. In ten years its products increased from 1,200 millions of dollars to 2,200 millions. Mr. Hoke Smith anticipates that the South will before long work up the whole of its cotton, instead of sending two-thirds of it to Lancashire, and elsewhere in Europe, where no greater advantages in the shape of cheaper labour or better climate exists.

THE NAVY OF THE UNITED STATES.

Charles H. Cramp, a ship-builder, discusses the "Sea Power of the United States," comments adversely upon the extremely heterogenous character of the British fleet, and congratulates Americans upon the fact that they are building ships that are almost interchangeable one with the other, like the different parts of a Waterbury watch. He says:

There is a consensus of opinion that in the Indiana class we have struck the type of battleship, in the New York or Brooklyn the type of armoured cruiser, and in the Columbia and Minneapolis the type of commerce destroyer respectively best suited to our national needs. For my own part I have not advised and would not advise the adoption of a fixed shipbuilding programme, calculated to cover future operations for any considerable period. But I would and do advise adherence within conservative limits to types which have not only proved satisfactory to our own naval authorities on trial or in service, but which have repeatedly been pronounced by the most competent foreign judges who have personally examined them to be superior to anything of similar class abroad.

THE CIVIL WARS OF SOUTH AMERICA.

The representative of the Argentine Republic in Washington, Mr. Zeballos, endeavours to explain the nature and the origin of the Civil wars which retard the progress of South American Republics. He says:

The sociologic evolution, from the tragic rebellions against Pizarro in Peru down to the recent revolution in Brazil, furnishes us with materials to formulate this law-that public order in Latin America is secure in direct ratio to the progress of education among the masses, and the extent of the European immigration, which counterbalances them. Education, European immigration, and the wealth gathered by a combination of capital with the strong arms of a people upon their fertile soil, will save and vindicate the name of South America when all the States that struggle for this end, and endeavour to correct the evils of the past, shall have secured the transformation in their organic structures which is energetically being accomplished by the Argentine Republic.

HOW TO PURIFY NATIONAL LEGISLATION.

Senator Allen of Nebraska explains the Bill which he has introduced in order to preserve the purity of national legislation. Its chief point is that of exacting a new oath from every member of the Legislature:

To the oath which, by the Constitution, is required to be taken by a member of the national Legislature before being permitted to occupy his seat, I would add a provision by which he would swear that, during his term of office, he would not be concerned in buying, selling, or dealing in speculative stocks, or become a member of any board of trade, stock exchange, national bank, or other organization “in which speculative stocks are

bought or sold.". These safeguards, rigidly enforced, and supplemented by an enlightened critical public sentiment, would accomplish a purpose which every patriot must desire to see accomplished.

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THE REMINISCENCES OF JULES CLARETIE.

The director of the Comédie Française writes a pleasant and gossipy article upon "My Contemporaries," the greater part of which is devoted to reminiscences of Sardou and Alexandre Dumas. Of Sardou he says:

For me he has remained the ideal of life, a man better equipped for the literary battle than any I have encountered; enthusiastic above all, interested in everything, attracted by every work of art, by every question, and by every problem; knowing everything, reading everything, understanding everything.

THE LESSON OF THE RECENT STRIKES.

The

General Miles, who is an officer in command of the troops at Chicago; the Hon. Wade Hampton, United States Commissioner of Railroads; Harry P. Robinson, editor of the Railway Age; and Samuel Gompers, President of the American Federation of Labour; each have their say on the lessons of the recent strikes. lesson of the first three is practically the same. Miles, Hampton, and Robinson all denounce the strikers; whereas Mr. Gompers, without venturing to defend the railway boycott, confines himself to insisting that there is a standpoint from which this great problem should be considered other than a judge's injunction, a policeman's club, or the point of a bayonet. Labour, he says, has no standing or protection in the economy of American life. He warns the authorities against using the entire military and civil force in order to aid the strong and crush the weak.

OTHER ARTICLES.

Other articles are Mr. Lathrop's defence of "Catholic Loyalty," the Hon. Hannis Taylor's suggestion that the American House of Representatives should assimilate its procedure somewhat more with that of the House of Commons, Mark Twain's second instalment of his defence of Harriet Shelley, and Catherine B. Selden's article describing the best method of treating "Summer Visitors."

THE ARENA.

THE Arena is a good number, containing several articles of varied interest, and dealing with many subjects which are practically tabooed by other magazines. There is a very elaborate paper on "Criminals and Prisons,” which is a little bit too much like the notes of a University Professor's lecture to find place in most magazines; the bibliography with which it concludes is useful.

WHAT KEELY HAS DONE.

Mrs. Clara B. Moore has an article on aërial navigation, which is chiefly devoted to an exposition of the mysterious subject of the Keely motor. After stating Edison's views of the difference between discovery and invention, and asserting that Newton did not discover the theory of gravitation, but invented it, she says:

This is precisely what Keely has been doing in the construction of his system of sympathetic physics; so adverse is it in all its canons to those of mechanical physics. He has been unravelling the mysteries of sympathetic association, while searching to wrest from Nature the secrets of planetary suspension, and what Norman Lockyer calls "the law of sympathetic vibration."

After describing the progress of his discoveries, she says that after 1884 Keely proved to his own satisfaction

that by the disassociation of hydrogen he had imprisoned the ether, then

Taking up a new standard of research, Keely pursued it by day and by night, often working eighteen hours out of the twenty-four, until the subtle etheric vapour, which had eluded his every effort to confine within walls of metal, and baffled his every attempt to control, was revealed to him as the medium of nature's most powerful agent, the triune polar flow, which he has now harnessed for navigating the air.

HYPNOTISM IN SURGERY.

Mr. J. R. Cocke speaks very highly of the results which he has secured by substituting hypnotism for opiates in allaying acute pain. He says that ninety per cent. of his patients can be hypnotised in about from six to twelve minutes. His method is to look a man in his eyes and to command him to begin rotating his hands. If you tell him to increase the speed and speak to him very rapidly, the pupils will dilate, and in about twelve minutes he will be in a hypnotic condition. When he is about to begin to operate, he connects two small wire brushes with the poles of a Faradic battery, and when the electric brushes fail to produce any feeling when placed just over the eyebrows, it is safe to conclude that hypnosis is complete. and the operation can be carried out without pain. Dr. Cocke speaks from experience that hypnotism can and will supply the place in the world of medicine now held by morphine and other opiates in from seventy-five to eighty per cent. of all cases in which these drugs are used. He describes a very extraordinary case in which a patient went through constantly renewed operations under the influence of hypnotism, and was brought back from the door of death. In minor dental operations he says hypnotism is much more efficient and lasting than nitrous oxide gas, and leaves no disagrecable effects.

PRENATAL INFLUENCE.

Another doctor, Sydney Barrington Elliot, continues his articles on the laws of prenatal influence. He maintains that Napoleon, Burns, Mozart, and Colborn the calculating boy, and others, owed their remarkable gifts chiefly to the influence that was brought to bear upon their mothers before their birth. He sums up as follows:

We have seen instances in which physical, intellectual, and moral characteristics have been imparted to the offspring of parents who have been wanting entirely, or to a great measure, in such attributes, and in every instance it has been due to prenatal influence. Like two chords strung in unison, if we strike one the other vibrates; so the foetus responds to the maternal tension.

With the facts before us the following conclusions are warranted. By the rightly directed use of prenatal influence we are able to form and mould the physical, mental, and moral characteristics of our children.

MEN IN SKIRTS.

Mrs. Dietrick, revolting against the intolerance of man, who declares that women should be doomed eternally to petticoats, carries the war into the enemy's camp by pointing out that in many nations and many countries in the past and in the present, men wear skirts which are practically indistinguishable from petticoats. Down to the fourteenth century she says there was almost no distinction between the dress of English men and women of rank. It was not until the twelfth century that English men first wore the bifurcated garment, and then it was very full like that of the Oriental women; even as late as the sixteenth century philosophers strongly condemned the abominable trousers, much as Mrs. Grundy to-day condemns the ladies who

cycle in knickerbockers. The trousers triumphed, however, with men, and they are destined, in Mrs. Dietrick's opinion, undoubtedly to triumph among women. It was women who originally invented the bifurcated garment, and men borrowed it from them. In the Orient in Northern China millions of women for hundreds of generations have never worn anything else, and Mrs. Dietrick can hope for nothing better for her sisters than that they should adopt the costume of the women of Northern China. Women will never be healthy, will never be free, will never be able to shake off their present physical inferiority, which she maintains is the product of their costume, until they dress themselves sensibly. One remark she makes is rather odd. In founding the clothes that the future woman is to wear, after stating that they have to don hats protecting their heads and shading their eyes, she says they need twenty or thirty pockets in which to dispose of their possessions. It is evident the future woman is not going to be deficient in this world's goods. Most men get on very well with ten pockets, but this is evidently much too small a number for Mrs. Dietrick.

OTHER ARTICLES.

The other articles include Minot Savage's paper on "The Present Conflict for a Larger Life;" Mr. Flower's protest against military drill in schools, "Then Dawned a Light in the East"-Mr. Flower's exposition of the parallel between civilisation to-day and that of the Roman Empire under Cæsar. He holds that the same light which rose in Bethlehem and Galilee is capable of redeeming civilisation to-day. The Hon. John Davis's paper," Money in Politics," and Mr. Riggen's discourse on" The Land Question and the Single Tax," deal with subjects only too familiar to readers of periodical literature.

THE FORUM.

THERE are no articles which call for very special notice in the Forum, with the exception of that on the "Criminal Degradation of New York Citizenship," which is noticed elsewhere. It opens with an alarming series of four articles, entitled "Sentimental Dealing with Crime, and its World-Wide Increase." Mr. McG. Means discusses the principles involved in the recent strike, from the point of view of one who thinks it is to the interest of the working man that the millionaire should accumulate as much money as possible. Mr. Henry Holt, writing on the "Punishment of Anarchists and Others," argues in favour of preventive execution. His theory is that it is much better to hang a murderer before he murders anybody, rather than he should kill a man before being regarded as qualified for the gallows. The following is his account of the new principles on which criminal jurisprudence is to proceed in future:

In detail, the most enlightened opinion now is that where, as in most cases, there is any visible hope of the criminal being fitted to return to society, he should be shut up, not necessarily for ten days or ten years, but on "the indeterminate sentence as it is called-until he can be discharged cured with a certificate that he is proved to be an honest man. Such a certificate might be of some use as a business recommendation, instead of being, like the discharge after the present arbitrary term of demoralising imprisonment, a barrier to getting work. But if experts (not a "jury of his peers"), on due examination and experiment, pronounce the criminal's case hopeless, many students believe that he should be mercifully" removed," and that his removal would be under a natural warrant stronger than the warrants for the sacrifice of the righteous in war, and of the criminal on the gallows. They believe, too, that this removal should not be hampered by fine-spun questions of sanity or insanity.

Mr. H. C. Lea asserts that crime is increasing every year all over the world, and that the homicidal aggregate of the states of Christendom must be between twenty and thirty thousand every year. The causes he attributes partly to heredity, partly to strong drink, and partly to the growth of great cities, and most of all to the humanitarian movement which has made Governments hesitate to hang.

THE OPTIMISM OF ENGLISHMEN.

Price Collier writes an interesting article concerning "How Englishmen Spend their Money." Calling attention to items of expenditure, he says:

There must needs be colossal strength and pluck, marvellous financial elasticity, tremendous earning-power, and a reservoir of national virtue somewhere, to explain these huge incongruities. England is the most hopeful of all the nations. There is less political pessimism than in America, in France, in Germany, or in Italy. Compare the speeches delivered in and out of Parliament by politicians big and little, with the speeches delivered by the politicians of even buoyant America, and one is struck first of all by their healthier tone. One hears less of going to the bad, although political criticism is often harsh and personal. Certainly if one were not an American, one would choose to be an Englishman; and, if one were not an Englishman, one would choose-but, as for that, no one ever saw or even heard of an Englishman who could conceive of himself as anything but an Englishman.

THE PAY OF AMERICAN PREACHERS.

Mr. H. K. Carroll writes a very statistical paper describing the rate at which preachers are paid in the United States of America. Protestant Episcopal Bishops draw the highest salaries, running from £600, with £60 travelling expenses, to £2,500. There is only one Bishop who draws as much as this; £1,000 is the usual salary of an Episcopal Bishop. The Methodist Episcopal Bishop receives £600, and £300 for house-rent and travelling expenses. Catholic Bishops vary from £600 to £1,000 for the house; the Archbishops receive £2,000 a year. For parsons, the Methodist's average salary is £200, although in the cities it ranges from £500 downwards. The Congregationalists have an average of £200, the highest salary in the denomination being four stipends of £2,000 each. The Presbyterian is a little higher; there are eight or ten paid £2,000, six of which are in New York, and one pays £3,000. No Baptist, with one exception, receives more than £1,200.

the REVIEW OF REVIEWS, and from the book published by W. T. Stead on the late American railway strike.

In both numbers will be found instalments of Sophy Kovalevsky's "Recollections of Childhood," memoirs which produced a deep impression when they were first published in Russia, and to which we shall make reference elsewhere. In them the great mathematician gives a vivid picture of her lonely and unloved childhood. It is interesting to learn that she was educated by an Englishwoman, who, though devotedly attached to her pupil, showed her none of the tenderness for which the little "Sonia" craved. She seems to have inherited her love of mathematics from an uncle, and curiously enough her room was accidentally papered with the lithographed notes of some lectures delivered by a famous mathematical professor on the integral and differential calculus. These mysterious signs, though naturally quite incomprehensible to the little Sophy, possessed for her a peculiar fascination, and when, many years later, she took her first mathematical lesson in St. Petersburg, the professor was astonished to note the rapidity with which she seized the meaning of all he said. "It is as though you had seen it all before," he exclaimed, and suddenly his pupil remembered having seen these very signs on the walls of her nursery!

Countess Almasy undertakes the defence of the Hungarian nation, and denies that the Roumanians have any special subject for complaint; in fact, she takes what may be styled the Unionist point of view, her article being an answer to one published in the same review some couple of months ago. Going back on the Roumanian insurrection of 1848-9, she gives a terrible picture of the cruelties committed, according to her belief, at the instigation of Austria.

M. Spuller discusses at some length Leo XIII.'s Apostolic letter Præclara, which, being made public on the 20th of last June, was, owing to the assassination of President Carnot, comparatively little noticed by the Press. The Encyclical had been looked for with eagerness, for many believed that in it would be found the Pope's last injunctions to his successor. To a certain extent this has been the case, for the Apostolic letter deals more with the future than with the past, yet the Holy Father offers no advice to his successor, and the question of the temporal power is not so much as alluded to in this, Leo XIII.'s latest utterance. Rather has he devoted himself to analysing the dissension which reigns among Christians, and in some powerful sentences laments the spread of Islamism in the Eastern world.

All this, observes M. Spuller, proves that there is a new spirit abroad in the Church. Leo XIII. earnestly desires reunion in place of disintegration, and it is to his own flock that he confides the more pregnant of his hopes and desires, and his appeal for disarmament, addressed to all the Governments and nations of the earth, constitutes the finest lines in this the aged Pope's will and testament.

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M. de Chavannes, in a summary of what led to the Chinese-Japanese hostilities, recalls the fact that in the year 203 Japan organised a successful expedition against Korea during the reign of Empress Jingu, the Japs' Queen Elizabeth. Four hundred years later took place the Japanese-Korean conflict which gave birth to the legend of the Weeping Woman Rock," as is called a certain promontory on the Japanese coast. There, according to the chroniclers of those bygone days, a. general's wife stood watching the ship which was taking him away to Korea. She stayed so long and so still, that gradually she was changed into a stone, and the shape of the rock which immortalises the pathetic little story bears witness to the truth of the tale.