the original Homeric Greek invaders were very few, yet they increased wonderfully before they began to deteriorate. The same thing happened in Southern England. There are several million more blonds in that land than ever migrated to it. It is the natural increase but the lightest are disappearing now, though being constantly recruited from the North.

It has been repeatedly shown that the proportionate number of brunettes in the United States has been steadily increasing for a century. It has been explained on the ground that we are turning dark, but it is due to the greater mortality of the blonds a medical fact well known to the few phy

, 1910

, Vol. V.,

Americans will be those which are found in similar climates in Europe-the others must perish. By running along the fortieth parallel of latitude we can see the situation at a glance. Between that line and the fiftieth parallel we will find a mass of the Alpine stock. It is perfectly clear why the surviving Americans of the north are to be brunette with brown or black hair, grey eyes and more or less swarthy skinmen like Abraham Lincoln. As they are adjusted to the climate, the northern half of the United States is their normal home, excepting the great plains which from the greater amount of light are suitable for darker men such as the peasants of the

sicians who have investigated it. Old blond families always tend to disappearparticularly in the extreme south where the vigorous types are of the Mediterranean or Alpine stock. It might be said in passing that in the mountains of Northern Italy, which are in the same latitude as the Adirondacks, there are little blond colonies believed to be remnants of Teutonic invaders of fifteen or more centuries ago, so that our blond mountaineers need not worry about an early extinction. Southern Italy, on the other hand, is more like the Southern Mississippi valley which is now filling up with the Mediterranean stock.

By a simple application of natural law, it is safe to predict that the types of future

Fig. 24. Alpine Type-Auvergne,

France.

Central

Russian steppes. The Alpine or Asiatic types now coming to our shores are instinctively remaining north of the fortieth parallel of latitude and are bound to survive. as they have in Europe. They are merely continuing the westward movement they began before the Bronze Age of prehistory.

The southern half of the United States is between 30° and 40° of latitude, a zone which takes in most of the Mediterranean basin and the greater part of southern Asia to which the dark Mediterranean types of men have migrated and in which they have survived for some thousands of years. They can do the same here if they do not go too far south. The Spaniards, for instance, do not survive many generations

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in Mexico, for that country is too light and the native races are asserting their numerical supremacy.

As the various types of Americans are constantly inter-marrying, it is generally assumed that they will thus be amalgamated into a distinctively American type, yet such a process does not occur in nature and cannot be expected in man. Of the

Fig. 25. Scandinavian Types-Hebrides Islands.

millions of species of living things, comparatively few are produced by crossing -nearly all are descended from prior types by the law of selection. In the case of man, the half-breeds between widely separated types never survive many generations. Our mulatto for instance cannot find a suitable environment on earth and must perish.

In addition there is a remarkable tendency of many of the children of closely related types to breed true to the type of one

or other parent and not to assume a mixed form. It is the great law discovered many years ago by the priest-scientist, Mendel, and it is found to apply to every species of plants or animals in which it has been tried. With the curious tendency to believe that man is superior to natural law, it is asserted that it does not apply to him-but it does nevertheless. There is a tendency for marriage to take place between people who differ as to complexion- and yet their children are generally found to resemble one or the other parent. Pure blonds and pure brunettes are thus found in the same family. If the blonds die as in the extreme South, it not infrequently happens that the surviving members of old families are all more or less brunette in spite of some very blond ancestors. Mixed types have not resulted, but pure ones, as among other species. The unfit race has been eliminated though it left descendants of another type. It has been shown that by this process, the noble families of England, which are generally blond at first, become brunette in the course of time. The blond Aryan established the fortunes of the family and then by marriage with brunettes, the type has disappeared through the greater mortality of the blond descendants. The same process has occurred in our colonial families. Among the French Canadians, who now tend to brunetteness the change is also found, for Le Houtan stated in 1690, that a few of the women were brunette, whereas now but few are blond.

These laws prove that amalgamation of our immigrants is absolutely impossible. The types which are unsuited to the climate will be eliminated and the rest survive. There is no danger of changing into Indians, who by the way, have changed in physique so little since they left Asia a few thousand years ago that it is not

possible to distinguish many of them from Japanese peasants and other Asiatics. By slow migrations, they have evolved considerable blackness on the Amazon and are almost pale faces in New York and New England, but they are Asiatic in type everywhere.

Asiatic Alpine types have lived in Europe for thousands of years in their proper zone and can do the same here. The Mediterranean races are proving that they can live in the land of the American Indian as easily as they have lived with East Indians, providing of course they do not migrate too far from their zones. Neither race has changed into the native type in Europe or India and will not in America though some slight modification is to be expected. On the other hand, Ayrans of the North had but one direction to take and that was to the South. Though possessed of large brains which enable them to conquer lower types and build up high civilizations, they migrated southward too quickly to become adjusted to the new climates and have perished. As a rule, such migrations have been tragedies, and the civilizations built up by them have deteriorated or died out when left in the hands of the lower conquered races.

Can we not see the reason for the decadence of Greece and Rome, the several dark ages of ancient Egypt and the curious decay of Indian culture after its wonderful development under the Aryan leaders? Is this to occur in America, where a wonderful civilization has been built up mostly by the brains of blond types which came from northwestern Europe prior to 1880? Is America to be left to the tender mercies of the Mediterranean and Alpine types now flooding it? Our form of government was perfectly suited to the men of 1776 who originated it, on the lines of

SJANUARY, 1910

, Vol. V.,

the Aryan democracies of old, and has already undergone a tremendous evolution to fit it to present conditions. Is it to undergo still further changes, as the Sons and Daughters of the Revolution disappear entirely? After they are gone, perhaps the future "United Nations of the World," of which we heard so much at the organization of the Hague Tribunal, may settle the matter for us. Aryans may yet rule America from the Hague just as Scotchmen are ruling much of the world from London. There can never be another dark age in Egypt as long as it is controlled from London, and the decay of American civilization is likewise unthinkable. High civilizations were built up by Europeans in Haiti and other tropical parts of America and have decayed in the hands of the lower types as the higher disappeared, but the Monroe Doctrine prevents help by any higher race, and we decline to help them. There will be no Monroe Doctrine to prevent Aryan control of America eventually-and that time will come in the distant future when the Aryan millions of Europe need the food of America and cannot get it without fighting the Mediterranean and Alpine types for control.

The blonds in America might learn how to protect themselves against the climatic factors which are now killing them off, and survive in spite of lack of adjustmentbut that's another story.

We may state in conclusion that several propositions are now considered proved. Every climate is perfect for the types adjusted to it but acclimatization elsewhere is impossible. The "perfect" man who can live anywhere is impossible. Hence the further from Southern Norway we find a population, the fewer are the blonds, and they die out at a rate proportional to the light of their new home.

The medical profession can settle the matter of determining what types have the greatest mortality and which are the fittest. Will they do it? We can show why it is that our foreign born citizens are so stimulated that they accomplish far more work than their stay-at-home cousins, and why they succeed here and make fortunes for their degenerate great grand-children to squander. And why it is that so few of the descendants of the signers of the Declaration of Independence are great men.

tion and primary union invariably followed. He then began to use the iodine applications in all classes of surgical work, preceding the application of iodine only by a dry shaving of the skin. It was soon possible to explain the rather surprising claim that the usual scrubbing could be omitted, for the microscope showed the presence of soap and epithelium besides other foreign matter in the pores and spaces always found in the skin, and this matter actually prevented the entrance of any or all kinds of fluids, whether they were antiseptic or not. Grossich there

THE SKIN.1

BY

I. S. STONE, M. D.,

Surgeon to the Columbia Hospital for Women, Washington, D. C.

The penetrating qualities of iodine as shown in the Claudius method of preparing catgut for surgical use, has suggested its use in rendering the skin sterile preliminary to any surgical work.

For many

years surgeons have used iodine as a subIstitute for the various antiseptics in certain cases of uterine or vaginal disease, but it has been shown by Grossich that it is the best agent for sterilization of the skin, and that the best results are obtained when the usual application of soap, water, and scrubbing, etc., is omitted. Grossich found that emergency cases such as injured hands, fingers, etc., generally had more or less redness or suppuration follow the usual soap and water cleansing, even when the antiseptic washes were applied. But he also found that the application of the tincture of iodine directly to the injured members would prevent this infec

'Read before So. Surg. and Gyn. Assn., Dec. 16, 1909.

the day previous to operation when they were awaiting operation, and limited the use of iodine to one coat of the tincture, applied a few minutes before making the incision. Walthar of Paris has made histological and bacteriological tests, showing the absolutely perfect results obtained by this method. He made microphotographs of sections of skin previously subjected to this treatment by iodine and found that every open space or lymph channel or capillary follicle, was reached by the tincture. He announces his results after an ether wash as better than without any previous application, because the ether dissolves fat and foreign substances not affected by water. The mucous surfaces of the body are sterilized in less than one minute after the application is made, but the skin may not be completely so until eight minutes have passed. In the work of the attending surgeons in the Columbia Hospital for several months past, this method of skin sterilization has been in practice and the solutions of the tincture have varied from the full strength of the officinal tincture to that recommended by some surgeons, namely one drachm to the pint of water or alcohol. Nearly all of my work has been

done after the application of a weak tincture made by adding one part of the officinal tincture to three parts of alcohol. The results of this method of skin sterilization are ideal, so far as the emergency cases are concerned, as nearly every surgeon testifies who has tried it. The experience with the method in general surgery has also been universally satisfactory when the tincture has been used in full strength. As many surgeons are experimenting with weaker solutions, we will of course hear of some cases of infection after its application. The tincture of iodine is a seven per cent solution, while the formula of the Claudius solution is only one per cent, which would indicate that a two per cent solution would prove effective when applied to the skin. We find the use of iodine applied as described above, very useful for the following rea

sons:

The patient is ready for operation immediately after anaesthesia is induced, without the usual delay incident to the cleansing of the skin with soap, water, alcohol and sublimate solutions.

The patient may be kept warm and dry during the entire seance, including the time. required for anaesthesia and operation.

If the incision must be enlarged or an additional one made, the sterilization can be done without delay and without danger of infection of the incision already made.

The number of surgeons who have used this method is already large and we are satisfied they are all pleased with it. The papers by König, Porter, Stretton, Goelet and Dannreuther are convincing and will prove interesting to everyone. The following are especially important:

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, Vol. V.,

THE CAMPAIGN OF THE GERMAN
HOSPITAL OF NEW YORK CITY

AGAINST PULMONARY TU-
BERCULOSIS.

BY

SIEGMUND BREITENFELD, M. D., New York.

Physician in charge of the Clinic for Pulmonary Tuberculosis.

So much has been written concerning pulmonary tuberculosis and so much has been accomplished during the last ten or fifteen years that I may well be pardoned the hackneyed remark that it would be like carrying coals to Newcastle for me to attempt to cast new light on the subject. Far from that, yet nevertheless as a general practitioner I am in a position to treat of various points that might possibly serve to arouse interest and activity among others similarly engaged. For it is the general practitioner, after all, who comes most in contact with the ambulatory cases of pulmonary tuberculosis.

For the same reason I shall refrain from touching on the pathological anatomy of pulmonary tuberculosis, as it is only with its prevention and treatment that the practicing physician is concerned. True, the diagnosis of consumption-a term strictly speaking only applicable to the final stages of pulmonary tuberculosis-is not a matter of difficulty; yet so much more difficult is the recognition of the so-called preliminary stages. The task of recognizing the disease once it has reached the stage of consumption may be considered as inversely proportionate to the possibility of effecting an improvement-to say nothing of a cure. I have used the term "stage" because we have become accustomed to its use. Personal experience has taught me that the universal division of tuberculosis