Fractography: Observing, Measuring and Interpreting Fracture Surface TopographyCambridge University Press, 1999 M09 23 - 366 pages Fracture surfaces are produced when a solid breaks. The appearance of the surface, particularly the topography, depends on both the type of material broken and the conditions under which it was broken, such as stress, temperature, or environment. Fractography describes the ways of studying these surfaces. Coverage includes all the information needed to understand the deformation and fracture in all types of solids and to interpret the topographical features in terms of the microstructure and the way it was tested. It also provides details on how to design clear and unambiguous experiments that involve many aspects of fracture in a wide range of solids. This book is an invaluable resource for undergraduate and graduate students, as well as researchers, industrial scientists, engineers, and anyone with an interest in materials science. |
Contents
Introduction to the concepts used in the observation measurement and interpretation of fracture surface topography | 1 |
12 Some scaling issues | 6 |
122 Fractal geometry | 10 |
123 Microstructural dimensions and stress fields | 12 |
13 What is a crack? | 14 |
14 The origin of cracks | 17 |
142 Nucleation of cracks by deformation | 18 |
143 Other aspects of crack nucleation | 21 |
65 River lines on calcite | 171 |
66 Interpretation of interference patterns on fracture surfaces | 175 |
661 Interference at blisters and wedges | 176 |
662 Interference at fracture surfaces of polymers that have crazed | 178 |
663 Transient fracture surface features | 180 |
672 Determining the orientation of cleavage facets | 181 |
673 Rough surfaces | 182 |
68 Cleavage of bcc metals including steel and the stress intensity effect | 183 |
15 Mechanics and micromechanics of cracks | 23 |
152 Stress fields around an elliptical hole and a crack | 25 |
Griffith and Irwin | 28 |
154 Other topics | 32 |
Observing describing and measuring fracture surface topography some basics using Ketton stone as an example | 35 |
22 A brief look at the past | 37 |
24 Hookes observations | 44 |
25 Light microscopy | 45 |
252 General | 46 |
253 Resolution and depth of field | 47 |
254 Geometrical considerations | 50 |
255 Illumination | 51 |
26 Optical sections and quantitative descriptions of topographical detail | 52 |
27 Confocal scanning light microscopy | 56 |
283 Resolution magnification and depth of field | 62 |
29 SEM and Ketton stone | 64 |
210 Other experimental procedures for investigating fracture surfaces | 68 |
Tilting cracks | 69 |
32 Modes of loading | 74 |
33 The geometrical constraint | 76 |
332 Growth of cracks to form smooth surfaces | 79 |
333 Experimental observation of crack expansion | 80 |
34 Growth or evolution of a crack under mixed III conditions | 81 |
35 Cracks round bends | 87 |
River line patterns | 91 |
42 Development of river line patterns on crystalline cleavage facets | 94 |
422 Increasing step height in crystalline solids | 102 |
Sommers experiment | 103 |
431 Sommers experiment | 104 |
44 Measurement of surface topography using interference light microscopy | 109 |
45 Examples of river lines in a variety of solids | 113 |
46 Nucleation of river line steps | 117 |
47 Separation at the steps | 118 |
Mirror mist and hackle surface roughness crack velocity and dynamic stress intensity | 121 |
52 Surface topography from the measurement of roughness profiles | 129 |
522 Roughness measurements | 131 |
523 Roughness parameters | 134 |
53 Some examples of changes in roughness with Kd and r | 136 |
54 Origins of roughness | 139 |
541 Nucleation and growth of microcracks ahead of the growing crack | 140 |
542 Plastic deformation ahead of the growing crack | 142 |
543 Progressive and increasing microbranching leading to macrobranching and bifurcation | 144 |
55 Correlation of AFM images and topographical detail | 147 |
56 Direct observation of progressive roughening | 150 |
Cleavage of crystalline solids | 157 |
62 Some crystallographic aspects | 160 |
63 Cleavage of mica | 163 |
64 Fracture of zinc | 166 |
681 Cleavage along twinmatrix interfaces | 184 |
682 Progressive roughening | 186 |
69 Quantitative stereomicroscopy and the determination of the orientation of planar facets | 187 |
610 Cleavage fracture of polycrystalline materials | 191 |
Chapter 7 Fracture at interfaces | 195 |
72 Interface and interphase fracture | 198 |
73 Replica techniques in fractography | 204 |
interfaces and interphases | 207 |
intergranular fracture | 211 |
motherofpearl | 213 |
77 Interface fracture and microstructural detail | 214 |
Aspects of ductile fracture | 219 |
82 Necking and drawing of metals and polymers | 223 |
822 Plane stress and plane strain | 225 |
823 Cold drawing of polymers | 228 |
83 Cupandcone fractures | 230 |
84 Nucleation of holes | 235 |
842 Fibrillation in polymers | 241 |
843 Crazing and fracture | 242 |
844 Shear bands in amorphous metals metallic glasses | 243 |
85 Ductile fracture at the tip of a growing crack | 244 |
852 Separation processes at the crack tip | 247 |
87 Topographical characterisation of conjugate fracture surfaces | 253 |
Crack dynamic effects | 259 |
92 Wallner lines and stress wave fractography | 263 |
922 Stress wave fractography | 267 |
923 Other methods of measuring the speed of cracks | 270 |
924 Other Wallnerline effects | 272 |
stopgo | 273 |
94 Crack front striations generated by a crack growing under cyclic loading | 279 |
942 Shrinkagedriven cracking | 283 |
95 Transient topographical detail and environmental effects | 287 |
952 Effect of environment on the mechanisms of crack nucleation and growth | 289 |
953 Chemical changes | 291 |
Applications of fractography | 293 |
102 Microstructural analysis | 296 |
1021 Materials that are relatively brittle at ambient temperatures | 297 |
1022 Microstructure of soft materials | 301 |
103 Development of new materials and improvement of existing materials | 309 |
1032 The toughness of composite materials | 312 |
104 Diagnostic tool in failure analysis | 327 |
1042 Some examples | 332 |
1043 Case study of the failure of a storage tank | 335 |
Interpretation of Fig 11 the fracture surface of a general purpose grade polystyrene | 339 |
345 | |
359 | |
Other editions - View all
Fractography: Observing, Measuring and Interpreting Fracture Surface Topography Derek Hull No preview available - 1999 |
Common terms and phrases
angle calcite Chapter cleavage plane composite crack front crack growth crack nucleation crack propagation crack speed crack tip craze crystalline crystallographic cleavage deformation depends depth of field detail determined dimensions direction of crack dislocations ductile ductile fracture effects electron epoxy resin example failure fibres Figure footnote frac fractography fracture mechanics fracture surface topography geometry glass hackle holes Hull I/III illustrated in Fig interface Ketton stone layer Light microscope photograph lines of curvature loading magnification main crack material matrix metals mica microstructure mirror mixed-mode mode nacre normal observations occurs ooids orientation parallel particles path planar plane strain plastic plate polymers polystyrene processes produced profilometer region river line steps roughness scale Schematic screw dislocations shape shear showing shown in Fig single crystal solids specimen spherulites steel stress fields stress intensity stress waves striations techniques temperature tensile axis tensile stress thermoplastic tilt tion twin Wallner lines