66 III.-ADJECTIVES. 1. Bring me that book. 2. Here is a drove of ten cattle. 3. The ripe fruit is plucked. Analysis.-The word that is added to the noun "book" to tell which book is meant; the word "ten" is added to the noun cattle" to tell how many are meant; the word "ripe" is added to the noun 66 'fruit" to tell what kind or quality of fruit is meant. Explanation. Words such as "that" and "ten " are said to limit the meaning of a noun with which they are joined. A word such as "ripe" is said to express some quality of the thing named by a noun, or to qualify the meaning of a noun. A word which limits or qualifies the meaning of a noun is called an adjective. DEFINITION.—An adjective is a word joined to a noun to limit or qualify its meaning. NOTES. I. Sometimes adjectives are used with the class of words called pronouns. (See definition, page 11.) II. The words a, or an, and the are adjectives, because they limit (or define) the meaning of nouns; but they are often called articies. EXERCISE 3. a. Use with each noun an adjective to limit or qualify its meaning. MODEL: "Fine grapes grow in sunny France." Join with each of the following nouns as many appropriate ad jectives as you can think of, and prefix a or an, as in this model. 1. tree. 2. horse. 3. house. 4. man. 5. water. 6. bird. C. In the following sentences, select the adjectives, and tell how you know each is an adjective. MODEL: "Dashing" is an adjective because it is joined to a noun"waves"-to qualify its meaning; "rock-bound" is an adjective, because it is joined to a noun-“coast”—to qualify its meaning; "the" is an article, limiting "waves;" "a" is an article, limiting "coast." 1. The dashing waves beat on a rock-bound coast. 2. A large garden is not always a profitable garden. 3. A handsome flower is not always a sweet-smelling flower. 5. Fresh water is a pleasant drink. 6. A common lamp smoked in the neck of a stone bottle. 7. All horned animals are ruminant. 8. Dear, patient, gentle Nell was dead. 9. Be not like dumb, driven cattle. 10. The way was long, the wind was cold; The minstrel was infirm and old. 11. This silly little grasshopper Despised his wise old mother. d. Arrange the adjectives, nouns, and verbs in the sentences below in separate columns. (The articles may be omitted.) MODEL: "Beautiful ferns grow in shady places." 1. The tall girl ate the sweet apple. 2. The Grecian army gained a splendid victory. 3. Little drops of water make the mighty ocean. 4. The poor boy has a blind father. 5. Switzerland is noted for its lofty mountains and beautiful lakes. 6. A rainy day gladdens the white ducks. 7. How doth the little busy bee IV.-ADVERBS. 1. The big fire burns brightly. Analysis. The word "brightly" adds something to the meaning of the verb "burns;" the word "exceedingly" adds something to the meaning of the adjective "dear;" the word "very" adds something to the meaning of the word (adverb) "swiftly." Explanation. A word that in some mode (manner) changes the meaning of a verb, an adjective, or an adverb, is said to modify the word with which it is joined. In grammar a word of this kind is called an adverb. DEFINITION.—An adverb is a word used to modify the meaning of a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. as NOTE. An adverb generally denotes time, place, manner, or degree: I saw my uncle [when?] yesterday... I met him [where ?] here......................... .time. .place. He spoke to me [how ?] pleasantly....... ........manner. He spoke to me [degree?] very pleasantly...degree. EXERCISE 4. a. Supply suitable adverbs to fill the blanks in the following sen tences: MODEL: "Call me early in the morning." 1. Call me .... in the morning. 2. Glass is exercise is ..... 5. The boy has brittle. 3. The written. 4. The robin sings very .... 9. The bells rang moon shines 12. King Alfred governed b. Make six sentences containing adverbs of time..... Make six sentences containing adverbs of place.... Make eight sentences containing adverbs of manner. Make twelve sentences containing adverbs of degree..... C. 11. The Using the verbs come, go, call, walk, run, jump, fly, sing, cry. etc. Using the adjectives soft, hard, sweet, bitter, fine, blue, etc. In the following sentences select the adverbs, and state why each is an adverb. MODEL: "Terribly" is an adverb, because it modifies the meaning of the verb "blew." 1. The wind blew terribly. 2. The boys swim badly. 3. I know where he did it, when he did it, and why he did it. 4. Charles was here yesterday. 5. The stars are very bright. 6. We must win now or never. 7. The eagle flies exceedingly high. 8. Alice's exercise is well written. 9. We shall not fail. 10. The Tribune is published daily. 11. Few men are always happy. 12. This lesson has not been perfectly prepared. d. Arrange the adjectives, nouns, verbs, and adverbs in the following sentences in separate columns, as in the model. (Include the articles among the adjectives). MODEL: "The merry little squirrel sat slyly on the branch of a very lofty 1. The treacherous spider soon caught the poor fly. 2. The house was entered yesterday, and the thief stole the sil ver-plate. 3. The sun shone brightly on the calm waters of the ocean. 4. The sailors danced joyously when the gallant ship entered the harbor. 5. He sang sweetly the old songs of his boyhood. 6. The fire burns cheerily in the grate to-night. 7. Heavy masses of mist floated lazily across the high mountains. 8. A winter so cold has never been known before. 9. Where is my brother now? |