Publications LIST OF PUBLICATIONS OF The Geological SURVEY OF CANADA. 1. Report of Progress to 1843, published 1845, 159 pages: out of print. 14. Descriptive Catalogue of Economic Minerals and Crystalline Rocks of Canada, sent to the London Exhibition of 1862 88 pages. 15. Geology of Canada; Report of Progress of the Geological Survey, from its commencement to 1863: published 1863, 1,010 pages. In English and in French. 16. Notes on the Gold of Eastern Canada, extracted from the Geology of Canada: published 1864, 40 pages. 17. Atlas of six Maps and eighteen Sections to accompany the Geology of Canada, with an Introduction and Appendix, in which an analysis of all the Annual Reports is given, and explanations of the Maps and Sections: published 1865, 42 pages. In English and in French. 18. Reports of Progress, 1863-1866: published 1867, 321 pages. In English and in French. 19. Reports on the Gold Region of the County of Hastings, by Dr. Hunt and Mr. Michel: published 1867, 11 pages. 20. Report on the Gold Regions of Nova Scotia, by Dr. Hunt and Mr. Michel: published 1868, 48 pages. 21. Summary Report of Progress, 1866-1869: published 1869, 9 pages. 22. do do 23. Reports of Progress 1866-1869, with five Maps: published 1870, 475 pages. In English and in French, 24. Esquisse Géologique du Canada, with descriptive Catalogue, in French, of the Collections sent to the Paris Exhibition of 1867. Descriptions of Canadian Organic Remains. 25. Decade I., Lower Silurian Fossils with ten plates: published 1859, 47 pages. 26. Decade II., Graptolites with twenty-four plates and numerous wood-cuts: published 1865, 151 pages. 27. Decade III., Lower Silurian Fossils with eleven plates and numerous wood cuts: published 1858, 102 pages. 28. Decade IV., Lower Silurian Fossils with ten plates and numerous wood-cuts: published 1859, 72 pages. 29. Palæozoic Fossils, with 401 wood-cuts: published 1865, 426 pages. Maps. 30. Geological Map of Canada, and part of the United States, in eight sheets, scale 25 miles to one inch : published 1867. 21. Atlas of twenty folio Maps of various Rivers and Lakes to accompany the Report of Progress for 1853-56. PRELIMINARY REPORT ON THE GEOLOGY OF SOUTHERN NEW BRUNSWICK, BY Prof. L. W. BAILEY, A.M., AND GEORGE F. MATTHEW, Esq., ADDRESSED. TO A. R. C. SELWYN, Esq., F.G.S., DIRECTOR OF THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF CANADA. PREFACE. FREDERICTON, NEW BRUNSWICK, April, 1871. SIR,—I have the honor to transmit to you, herewith, the Joint Report of Mr. Geo. F. Matthew and myself, on the Geology of southern New Brunswick, prepared in accordance with instructions communicated to me by Sir William Logan, late Director of the Geological Survey, in the month of April, 1868. ined. The area to which this Report relates, embraces the greater portion of Region examthe counties of St. John and Charlotte, with portions of the adjoining counties of King's, Queen's and Albert, or geologically, the metamorphic district extending from the boundary of Maine, along the northern side of the Bay of Fundy, and included between the latter and the great central coal basin of the Province. In the study of this region, the authors have, during portions of the summers of 1869 and 1870, been accompanied and assisted by Dr. T. Sterry Hunt, to whose long experience and extended knowledge of metamorphic regions they are greatly indebted. Instructions. Summary of earlier investi gations. ments for assistance. Having been enjoined by Sir William Logan to make the geological structure of the region committed to us the principal part of our work, our labors have been chiefly directed to that end. Owing, however, to the difficulty attending the examination of the structure of so complicated a region, replete as it is with numerous great faults and over-laps, it has been found necessary to study its geology in a general way at first, before entering upon a more accurate and detailed examination. The following Report embraces the substance of these preliminary observations on the geological structure of southern New Brunswick, and remarks on the economical geology of that portion of the Province, so far as observed by us. The Geology of New Brunswick having now for the first time come within the province of the Geological Survey of Canada, it has further been deemed expedient to reproduce here, somewhat fully, the results already obtained by earlier observers in this district. Such a revision is accordingly incorporated with the results more recently obtained, and the whole made to embody, as far as possible, the knowledge which we now possess of the geological structure of the region in question. It may be proper to state here, that although large portions of the district to which this Report relates, have been examined both by Mr. Matthew and myself, other large areas have been more particularly studied by the one or the other; such examinations, however, having been in all cases followed by a careful comparison of the facts ascertained, with a view to a harmony of results and the attainment of reliable conclusions. To Mr. Matthew's skill and long familiarity with some of the more difficult and complicated regions thus considered, the Survey is largely indebted. To the same gentleman I would here express my own sense of obligation for much friendly counsel and assistance during the several years in which we have together studied the geology of this interesting region. Acknowledge- I desire, in conclusion, to express here our united obligations to several gentlemen, by whom our labors have been facilitated; more especially to Mr. Chas. Robb, for assistance in draughting plans for field-work; to Mr. Henry Frye, of St. George, for valuable information and assistance in the study of the region about Passamaquoddy Bay, as well as for permission and aid in gathering interesting suites of fossils from Cailiff (or Frye's) Island ; to Capt. J. P. Robson, of Musquash, for information and aid in the exploration of the Musquash Rivers; and to Dr. Dibblee, of Moore's Mills, for similar services in the vicinity of the latter place. We would also return our thanks to the Provincial Secretary of New Brunswick, and the Superintendents of the European and North American and the St. Andrew's and Quebec Railways, for free passes and other accomodations on their respective routes. I have the honor to be, Sir, Your obedient servant, L. W. BAILEY. GEOLOGY OF SOUTHERN NEW BRUNSWICK. INTRODUCTION. ined. THE District to which the following observations refer is for the most part Region examembraced in the more southerly portions of the Province of New Brunswick, including the greater part of the counties of Charlotte, St. John, King's, and Queen's, and constituting the hilly and metamorphic region lying between the Bay of Fundy and the great central basin of the Province. features. The principal topographical features of this region may be described as Topographical consisting of a series of ridges of moderate elevation, having, with their included valleys, a course a few degrees north of east, or approximately parallel to the Bay of Fundy. These ridges, however, are not continuous throughout the district, but present a series of overlapping lines which, from a slight divergence between their course and that of the coast, are found, in travelling westwardly, to gradually and successively approach the latter. The most marked of this series of elevations is a tolerably regular and Highlands of Charlotte, persistent belt, composed of highly crystalline and granitoid rocks, which, King's and Queen's Counentering the Province from Washington County, Maine, extends with but ties. little interruption through the central parts of Charlotte, to the St. John River in Queen's County, and again eastward of the latter to the north-eastern part of King's County. Almost everywhere rising above the level of the surrounding formations, this chain of highlands constitutes a striking feature in the scenery of the southern counties. Diversified by numerous lakes of greater or less extent, it serves to form, especially in its central portions, the watershed between the streams which drain the central basin, and those which, like the Musquash and New Rivers, flow southward into the Bay of Fundy. It is, however, traversed by several large streams, such as the St. John, Magaguadavic, Digdequash, and St. Croix, which, through tranverse valleys, find their way from lakes lying northward of the erystalline belt, more or less directly to the sea. No accurate measurements of the height of any parts of this chain have Elevation, Character. Northern slate belt. Maritime western belt. yet been taken. It is, however, probably the most elevated as well as one of the most rugged ranges of southern New Brunswick. When viewed from a distance, its outline is gently undulating, but where cut by transverse valleys, as among the Nerepis Hills, and on the New, Magaguadavic and St. Croix Rivers, it ofter presents escarpments of a bold and abrupt character. The central and southern portions of the chain, rising into sharp hills often nearly bare, or encumbered with coarse surface-drift and large granitic boulders, afford but little opportunity for cultivation. On its northward side, however, the soils are less meagre and more productive, sustaining several good settlements. The region which lies northward of the crystalline belt just noticed, between the latter and the coal-field, is comparatively low, and exhibits much less diversity in its surface features. Largely composed of slates, often soft and readily removed by denudation, it seldom rises into prominent hills, presenting usually the aspect of a level or gently undulating plateau. Near the crystalline belt it is somewhat broken, in several instances rising into hills of moderate elevation, among which Flume Ridge, Pleasant Ridge, and Mount Pleasant may be mentioned as the most marked; but northward, near the coalfield, it is for the most part low, and its scenery monotonous, Extensive peatbogs and swamps abound within this portion of the region, from which flow numerous tributaries of the larger rivers which traverse its area. Where not too thin, the soils of this district are good, and many fine settlements are included within its limits. Between the great crystalline belt first noticed and the coast, there is, in the region lying westward of the St. John River, to which the above description is intended chiefly to apply, no similar ridge of a marked or persistent character. Embracing, however, a large number of geological formations, usually greatly disturbed, and rocks very varied in composition and texture, it has been remarkably affected by denuding agencies, and now presents features of a very irregular and diversified character. In some portions high and broken, in others it is comparatively low; its hill-ranges, though conforming to the general trend of the coast and the high lands of the interior, are not unfrequently cut by narrow transverse valleys, having usually a nearly north and south course (magnetic); while the coast itself, indented with innumerable bays and inlets, confers still greater diversity upon the surface features of the district. Watered by many minor streams, it is also traversed by the larger rivers above noted, nearly all of which, after a more or less rapid descent, and broken by numerous cascades, enter the sea by long fiord-like estuaries, These latter constitute so distinguishing a feature of this portion of the coast as to suggest a community of origin, and, with the valleys above alluded to, seem to mark an area of extensive glacial denudation. The numberless islands which skirt the coast, and through which the formations of the main land may be traced more or less continuously, may be in part a result of the same agency, |