was beginning to cool, the duke again was the first who began to make a noise about it, and withdrew his relative from the court and Paris. The king was again grateful to him. But the duke had also, as a refined courtier, to secure the gratitude of Madame de Pompadour, in the profoundest secrecy, from true devotion to her person, betrayed to her the king's intrigue, and had removed the young lady only when the marchioness made it her request. He played his game with masterly skill, and was immediately rewarded with the embassy to Vienna. The marchioness, however, preferred to have one so devoted to her close at hand rather than at a distance. As soon, therefore, as I asked for permission to retire, because it was impossible for me longer to bear the disgrace of the fatal alliance with Austria and the war with Prussia, Choiseul became my successor. To have lost his sight at the proper moment-at the proper moment to have regained it-this it was that placed the Duke de Choiseul at the head of France." "But what," cried Pauline, was the cause of your banishment?" "A trifling matter," replied the cardinal. "I had the misfortune to incur the ill graces of a suttler girl." 66 "Your Eminence is jesting!" said Nicholas and Pauline. 66 'By no means. I have traced to its source the stream that swept me from the throne. And at the source there sat a common suttler girl, the arbiter of my fortunes. One of my stable-boys who wanted to marry the girl, was dismissed from my service, because the scoundrel got drunk every day, and was clearly convicted by the coachman of having been plundering me, and of selling my horses' oats. The girl, soon about to become a mother, fell at my feet, and entreated for pardon for the red-nosed bridegroom. I repelled the request. She ran, complaining of my cruelty, to her special protector, a young lieutenant of the guards. The lieutenant of the guards ran to the wife of the Comptroller-General. She induced her husband to speak to me. I did not listen to the application. He, incensed thereat, complained of it to his mistress, a chambermaid of the Marchioness de Pompadour. The chambermaid said heaven knows what of me to the marchioness-the marchioness heaven knows what to the king-in short, I received a most gracious letter, in which it was intimated to me that I might exchange my abode in France for whatever country might be most agreeable to me-and that, the sooner the better, because I made no secret that the measures of his majesty had not the fortune to please Therefore, am I now straight on my way to Rome." me. The cardinal departed after a couple of days. Nicholas and Pauline congratulated themselves on their good fortune in their retirement. They continued in correspondence with their banished friend, who did not return to the favor of the king till after the death of the marchioness, about the sixth year of his banishment. But he took good care never again to accept a place at court. For, thought he, Who Governs, then?" I. THE HISTORY AND MORAL RELATIONS OF POLITICAL ECONOMY. II. THE DEATH OF DON PEDRO. By the Author of "The Brothers "- III. Two YEARS BEFORE THE MAST. Two Years Before the Mast; A Personal Narrative of Life at Sea. VII. FRAGMENTS OF UNPUBLISHED REMINISCENCES OF EDWARD LIVINGSTON. 366 THIS NUMBER CONTAINS SIX SHEETS, OR NINETY-SIX PAGES. THE first of these books, as an elementary work, is the most valuable contribution to the science of which it treats that has been issued from the American press. As a patient thinker, clear reasoner, and methodical expounder of science, the author of it has few' equals in the nation. Both of his books, we mean that on Moral Science, and the one before us, are remarkable for an arrangement at once minute and comprehensive, which seems to embrace the whole scope of the subject, and not to neglect its smaller branches and divisions. He posesses himself, in the first place, of all that has been written upon a topic, and then disposes of it in the most exact, orderly, and economical manner. Of course, none but the more general principles of science are furnished us, but these are given with so much clearness and precision, and their grounds and mutual relations are so felicitously explained, that we are at once put into possession of the whole matter. No new truths are added to our knowledge, but old truths are rendered of easy acquisition. In one respect, we think Mr. Wayland has introduced an improvement, that is, in making Exchange," which is usually treated of under the head of Distribution, a separate and distinct head of itself. An inquiry into the principles according to which the commodities of traffic are exchanged for each other, including, as it does, an investigation of the properties of a medium of exchange, or the origin and true functions of money, is of too an important a nature not to have a distinct place allotted to it. To treat of it under the same division with profits, wages, and rent, is to classify things essentially distinct. 66 The second work aspires to a higher character than that of President Wayland's, although it relates only to a single branch of eco * The Elements of Political Economy, By Francis Wayland: New York, 1837. A Treatise on Currency and Banking, By Condy Raguet: Philadelphia, 1840. The Principles of Political Economy, By Henry Vethake: Philadelphia, 1838. nomical science. That branch is, however, an important one, which has of late years attracted unusual attention, which has seldom been systematically managed, and which has given rise, perhaps, to more controversies, and to more crude and fantastic opinions, than any kindred question. If this book, therefore, had no other merit, it was, to say the least, seasonable. But it has higher claims to our regard. It is a most admirable treatise, generally correct in its teachings, full of important suggestions, well arranged, precise in its language, transparent in diction, and judicious in spirit. The nature of money, whether metalic or paper, the utility of banks, the limited and proper sphere of credit, and the general doctrines of trade, are explained with great perspicuity, skill, and amplitude as well as fidelity of illustration; we should dissent, no doubt, from some of the author's notions as to the coinage and as to the best method of banking, but should have no hesitation to commend his essay as an intelligent, profound, systematic, and well-reasoned exposition of an intricate but important topic. His views are expressed with freedom, but not hardihood, with that firmness and confidence which ever attend a mind conscious of urging truth. ness. Mr. Vethake's book differs from both of the former books, as well in manner as in matter, but is in several respects more valuable than either. It is less elementary than the first, and more comprehensive than the second. He is not, however, an agreeable writer, nor is his method the most luminous and satisfactory. His sentences are often long and difficult, the links of his ratiocination are imperfectly supplied, and particular views are sometimes expanded to tediousBut he is one who, to a thorough mastery of what others have written, unites no small degree of originality. What he excels in, is the mode in which the subject is introduced. Definitions, which he regards as the mere assigning of names to classes of objects, are not arbitrarily given: no position is taken for granted; from one series of facts he ascends logically to another; and, what is especially to be remarked, he treats of the moral relations, in connexion with the other aspects, of his subject. As to his novel innovation, in comprehending immaterial as well as material products under the denomination of wealth and capital, it has not yet struck us as so important as he would represent. But we shall start no controversy on that point. It cannot be denied that the controversies of political economists have brought their whole science into disparagement. There are those who regard it as a rude jumble of individual opinions. A number of writers, among whom Coleridge and Carlyle are conspicuous, make no concealment in treating it with feelings akin to contempt. They are accustomed to say that its professors are ever at loggerheads, that none of its definitions are unquestioned, that not a single one of its boasted principles are settled, that purporting to be experimental, it is still as |