fortifications in the Pacific possessions are to be dismantled, and the useless garrisons withdrawn. Equality of opportunity in the use of the disputed cables was arranged. Japan withdrew the most offensive of the demands she had previously forced upon China providing for Japanese officials in the Chinese administration; and she promised definitely to withdraw absolutely from Shantung at the end of five years, upon condition that China then pay a reasonable and specified price for Japan's railway investment there. England restored Waihaiwai1 freely. All the powers agreed to an "open door policy in China, and defined clearly what that phrase means; and all promised in future to make public at once any new treaties with that country. And a permanent international conference was provided, before which every new Chinese complication may be brought for investigation and report.

908. One other notable move for world amity was made. In 1902 England and Japan had entered into a twenty-year naval alliance in the Pacific. That treaty was about to expire. A renewal, it was felt in many quarters, could now be only a menace to the United States. And happily England and Japan agreed that renewal was not necessary. Then the United States, England, France, and Japan entered into an agreement mutually to respect one another's present possessions in the Pacific except that Japan was told plainly that this agreement did not apply to her recent military occupation of Eastern Siberia.

909. Though China secured great relief at the Conference, she got less than Americans would have liked; and various other questions failed of adequate solution at the time. In particular, the attitude of France made it impossible to reduce land armaments in Europe or to adopt England's excellent suggestion for restricting the war use of submarines to harbor defense. But

1 An important fortified part which England seized in 1899, to offset the preceding Russian and German seizures of Port Arthur and Shantung.

§ 909]

AMERICA'S LEADERSHIP

763

the actual accomplishment of the Conference is full of promise for the world. It was a splendid demonstration of the force of "sweet reasonableness" in world affairs. The world has seen several great conferences of victors in great wars, assembled to dictate haughty terms to the vanquished. But here was a conference of a different sort. It proved that when all the governments concerned in a given set of questions can be

AMERICAN WARSHIPS IN NEW YORK HARBOR. The super-dreadnought, Utah, in the foreground, has a tonnage of some 21,000. The ships under construction, but scrapped after the Washington Conference, would have been much larger, as indeed are several of the vessels now in commission. brought together, in friendly and personal fashion, to hear one another's side of the argument courteously presented, it is hard for any of them to avoid considerable concession to reason and fair play. If such a European conference could have been assembled in 1914 (as England and France wished), even with passions inflamed as they were, it is very certain there would have been no World War. And it is significant that while the Washington Conference was still in session, Lloyd George in

duced the Allied Council in Paris to call an all-European conference (including Germany and Russia) to make a true peace and to provide for the economic rebuilding of Europe.

910. American students may justly take pride in their country's part in the great Washington assembly. The war had lost to England her old lead in naval strength. The United States had acquired that lead; and moreover, hard as times are, she was so much richer than any other country that she could have kept up the race in naval preparedness without facing the direct and immediate ruin that threatened her competitors. With peculiar grace, therefore, the proposal for naval disarmament came from this country. For America voluntarily to surrender these advantages was a shining proof of willingness to trust in good-will and a sense of justice in the settlement of international disputes. She surrendered some physical power; but she gained the moral leadership of the world.

APPENDIX I

THE FEDERAL CONSTITUTION

(Recommended by the Philadelphia Convention to the States, September 17, 1787; ratified by the ninth State, June 21, 1788; in effect, April 30, 1789. The text is that printed in the Revised Statutes (1878), except for (1) the footnote references, and (2) the brackets used in a few instances to inclose portions of the document no longer effective. Interpolated matter, in the same type as this paragraph, is placed within marks of parenthesis.) We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defence, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this CONSTITUTION for the United States of America.

ARTICLE I

Section 1. All legislative Powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the United States, which shall consist of a Senate and House of Representatives.

Section 2. The House of Representatives shall be composed of Members chosen every second Year by the People of the several States, and the Electors in each State shall have the Qualifications requisite for Electors of the most numerous Branch of the State Legislature.

No Person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained to the Age of twenty five Years, and been seven Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen.

Representatives and direct Taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective numbers [which shall be determined by adding to the whole Number of free Persons, including those bound to Service for a Term of Years], and excluding Indians not taxed, [three fifths of all other Persons]. The actual Enumeration shall be made within three

1

The abolition of slavery has rendered obsolete the clauses within brackets in this paragraph.

Years after the first Meeting of the Congress of the United States, and within every subsequent Term of ten Years, in such Manner as they shall by Law direct. The number of Representatives shall not exceed one for every thirty Thousand,2 but each State shall have at Least one Representative.

When vacancies happen in the Representation from any State, the Executive Authority thereof shall issue Writs of Election to fill such Vacancies.

The House of Representatives shall chuse their Speaker and other Officers; and shall have the sole Power of Impeachment.

Section 3. The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each State, chosen [by the Legislature thereof,] 3 for six Years; and each Senator shall have one Vote.

[Immediately after they shall be assembled in Consequence of the first Election, they shall be divided as equally as may be into three Classes. The Seats of the Senators of the first Class shall be vacated at the Expiration of the second Year, of the second Class at the Expiration of the fourth Year, and of the third Class at the Expiration of the sixth Year], so that one third may be chosen every second Year; [and if Vacancies happen by Resignation, or otherwise, during the Recess of the Legislature of any State, the Executive thereof may make temporary Appointments until the next Meeting of the Legislature, which shall then fill such Vacancies.] 4

No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty Years, and been nine Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen.

The Vice President of the United States shall be President of the Senate, but shall have no Vote, unless they be equally divided.

The Senate shall chuse their other Officers, and also a President pro tempore, in the Absence of the Vice President, or when he shall exercise the Office of President of the United States.

The Senate shall have the sole Power to try all Impeachments. When sitting for that Purpose, they shall be on Oath or Affirmation. When the President of the United States is tried, the Chief Justice shall preside: And no Person shall be convicted without the Concurrence of two thirds of the Members present.

1 The first census was taken in 1790, and one has been taken in the closing year of each decade since.

2 The First Congress made the number 33,000. It is now (1916) 193,284. 8 Superseded by the Seventeenth Amendment.

4 See Seventeenth Amendment.