may be prescribed with iron preparations. By enema it is used for thread-worms.

MYRRH.-A gum-resin obtained from Commiphora Myrrha (Nees) Engler (Fam. Burseracea). Habitat.-Eastern Africa and Southwestern Arabia.

CHARACTERS.-In roundish or irregular tears or masses, dusty, brownish-yellow or reddish-brown; fracture waxy, somewhat splintery, translucent on the edges, sometimes marked with whitish veins; odor balsamic; taste aromatic, bitter and acrid.

COMPOSITION.-' -The chief constituents are—(1) Myrrhin, CH32G10, a resin, 23 per cent. (2) Myrrhol, CHO, a volatile oil, 2 to 4 per cent. (3) Gum, 60 per cent. (4) A bitter principle.

IMPURITIES. Many varieties of gum and gum-resins.

Myrrh is contained in Mistura Ferri Composita and Pilulæ Rhei Compositæ.

Dose, 0.500 gm. (500 milligm.); 71⁄2 gr.

Preparations.

1. Tinctura Myrrhæ.-Tincture of Myrrh. Myrrh, 200; by maceration with Alcohol and filtration to 1000.

Dose, 1 c.c.; 15 m.

2. Tinctura Aloes et Myrrhæ.-See Aloes, p. 262.

3. Pilulæ Aloes et Myrrhæ.-See Aloes, p. 262.

ACTION.

Antiseptic; tonic; stimulant; carminative; expectorant; emmenagogue; in large doses it is a gastro-intestinal irritant,

USES.

Locally, indolent ulcers; relaxed uvula; pharyngitis; diphtheria; aphthous sore mouth; ulcerated or spongy gums; mercurial ptyalism; eczema; as an ingredient of dentifrices. Internally, chronic bronchitis; leucorrhoea; cystitis; atonic dyspepsia (especially when associated with flatulence or nervous disorders); amenorrhoea; as a carminative and stomachic in combination with purgatives.

Unofficial Preparation.

ELEMI.

Manilla Elemi.-A concrete resinous exudation, probably from Canarium commune (Fam. Burseracea). Habitat.-Manila. CHARACTERS.-A soft unctuous mass, becoming harder and yellowish by age. Strong fennel-like odor. Resembling Elemi.— Asafoetida, Galbanum, and Ammoniacum, but Elemi is known by its odor.

Has been employed in a stimulating disinfectant ointment which was formerly official in B. P.

Cocillaña.-The bark of Sycocarpus Rusbyi (Fam. Meliq

cea). Habitat,-Bolivia.

CHARACTERS. The bark is thick, and ash-colored, becoming rough only with considerable age; inner surface is grayish-yellow; the odor is slight, but peculiar; taste unpleasant (not bitter), slightly nauseous.

COMPOSITION.-Its chief constituents are—(1) Rusbyine (Eccles), an alkaloid. (2) Two Resins. (3) Tannic acid. (4) Calcium Oxalate.

Unofficial Preparations.

1. Fluidextractum Cocillañæ.-Fluidextract of Cocillaña. By maceration and percolation with Alcohol and Water, and evaporation.

Dose, .30 to 1.50 c.c.; 5 to 25 m.

2. Syrupus Cocillaña.-Syrup of Cocillaña. By maceration and percolation with Alcohol and Water, with addition of Sugar. Dose, 4 to 8 c.c.; 1 to 2 fl. dr.

3. Tinctura Cocillaña.-Tincture of Cocillaña. By maceration and percolation with Alcohol and Water, and addition of Alcohol.

Dose, 4 to 8 c.c.; 1 to 2 fl. dr.

ACTION.

Tonic; expectorant; laxative. It slightly strengthens the heart-beat, but does not stimulate the respiratory centre.

USES.

It is of very great value as an expectorant; it is preferable to ipecacuanha in several respects and in many instances may be substituted with advantage for apomorphine, ammonium carbonate, and various other drugs used as expectorants.

KRAMERIA.

KRAMERIA. Synonym.-Rhatany. The dried root of Krameria triandra Ruiz et Pavon (Peruvian Krameria), Krameria Ixina Linné (Savanilla Krameria), or of Krameria argentea Martius (Para or Brazilian Krameria) (Fam. Krameriacea). Habitat.-Peru, Bolivia, Brazil and United States of Colombia.

CHARACTERS. Peruvian Krameria.-Root-branches several or many, usually occurring with several or many attached to a short, hard, and woody tap-root, which is 1.5 to 4 cm. thick, roughly fissured, and supports a knotty, several- to many-headed crown of variable length, rarely exceeding 50 cm. and usually less than 1 cm. thick, cylindrical, flexuous or wavy, very flexible; externally light red-brown, more or less marked with dark, scaly patches, especially upward, otherwise smoothish, devoid of transverse fissures; fracture tough and splintery, the pinkish-brown bark occupying less than one-third of the radius, the wood yellowish or pinkish-white, finely radiate; inodorous and of a very astringent

taste.

Savanilla and Brazilian Kramerias.-Branches usually occurring detached from the tap-root and crown, less flexuous than those last described, externally of a purple-brown or chocolate brown, and with numerous transverse cracks or fissures; fracture less tough than that of Peruvian Krameria, the bark and wood both darker, the bark occupying two-fifths or more of the radius, the taste more astringent than that of Peruvian Krameria.

COMPOSITION.-The chief constituents are (1) Kramerotannic Acid, CH2O21, 20 per cent. (2) Rhatanin. (3) Rhatanic red, CHO, the coloring matter.

INCOMPATIBLES.-Alkalies, lime water, iron and lead salts, and gelatin. Dose, 1 gm.; 15 gr.

Preparations.

1. Extractum Krameriæ.-Extract of Krameria. By percolation with water, straining and evaporation.

Dose, 0.500 gm. (500 milligm.); 71⁄2 gr.

2. Fluidextractum Krameriæ. Fluidextract of Krameria. By maceration and percolation with Diluted Alcohol, and evaporation.

Fluidextract of Krameria is used to make Syrupus Krameriæ,
Dose, 1 c.c.; 15 m.

3. Syrupus Krameriæ.-Syrup of Krameria, Fluidextract of Krameria, 450; Syrup, 550.

Dose, 4 c.c.; 1 fl. dr.

4. Tinctura Krameriæ.-Tincture of Krameria. Krameria, 200; by maceration and percolation with Diluted Alcohol to 1000. Dose, 4 c.c.; 1 fl. dr.

5. Trochisci Krameriæ.-Troches of Krameria. Extract of Krameria, 6; Sugar, 65; Tragacanth, 2 gm.; Stronger Orange Flower Water, a sufficient quantity to make 100 troches. Each troche contains about .06 gm.; 1 gr.

ACTION.

Powerfully astringent; in small doses it is slightly tonic.

USES.

Locally, bleeding from the nose, rectum and other accessible parts, relaxed conditions of the throat, etc.; also dysentery and fissure of the anus; sponginess of the gums, leucorrhoea, gonorrhoea and gleet. Internally, diarrhoea; gastric and intestinal hæmorrhage; incontinence of urine from debility of the uri

SENEGA. The dried root of Polygala Senega Linné (Fam. Polygalacea). Synonym.-Senega Snakeroot. Habitat.-United States, westward to Minnesota.

CHARACTERS.-Somewhat cylindrical, tapering, more or less flexuous, 3 to 15 cm. long and 2 to 8 mm. thick, bearing several similar, horizontal branches and a few rootlets; crown knotty, with numerous buds and short stem-remnants; externally yellowish-gray or brownish-yellow, longitudinally wrinkled, usually marked by a keel which is more promi nent in perfectly dry roots near the crown; fracture short, wood light yellow, usually excentrically developed; odor slight, nauseating; taste sweetish, afterwards acrid. Resembling Senega root.-Arnica, Valerian, Serpentaria and Green Hellebore, but none of these have a keel.