Preparations. 1. Fluidextractum Leptandræ.-Fluidextract of Leptandra. By maceration and percolation with Alcohol and Water, and evaporation. Dose, 1 c.c.; 15 m. 2. Extractum Leptandræ.-Extract of Leptandra. By evaporation of the Fluidextract to dryness, and the addition of powdered Glycyrrhiza. Extract of Leptandra is contained in Pilulæ Catharticæ Vegetabiles. Dose, 0.250 gm. (250 milligm.); 4 gr. ACTION. It is a cholagogue and violent cathartic; sometimes acts as an emetic. USES. Especially in cases of duodenal indigestion and chronic constipation. OLEUM SESAMI (U. S. P., 1890). Oil of Sesamum. Synonyms.—Sesame Oil. Teel Oil. Benne Oil. A fixed oil expressed from the seed of Sesamum indicum Linné (Fam. Pedaliacea). Habitat.-India; cultivated. CHARACTERS.-A yellowish or yellow, oily liquid, inodorous or nearly so, and having a bland, nut-like taste. Sp. gr., 0.919 to 0.923. ACTION. Emollient; in large doses laxative. CINCHONA. Synonym.-Peruvian Bark. The dried bark of Cinchona Ledgeriana Moens, Cinchona Calisaya Weddell, Cinchona officinalis Linné, and of hybrids of these with other species of Cinchona (Fam. Rubiacea). It should yield not less than 5 per cent. of total anhydrous Cinchona alkaloids, and at least 4 per cent. of anhydrous ether-soluble alkaloids when assayed. Habitat.-South America, on the Eastern slope of the central chain of the Andes, thence spreading northward into Colombia; cultivated in Java, India, Jamaica, and other countries; to a limited extent also in South America. CHARACTERS. In quills or curved pieces, of variable size, usually 2 or 3, sometimes 5 mm. thick; externally gray, rarely brownish-gray, with numerous intersecting transverse and longitudinal fissures, which have nearly vertical sides, the outer bark may be absent, the color externally being then cinnamon-brown; inner surface light cinnamonbrown, finely striate; fracture of the outer bark short and granular, of the inner finely splintery; powder light-brown or yellowish-brown; odor slight, aromatic; taste bitter and somewhat astringent. COMPOSITION.-' -The chief constituents of Cinchona Bark are five alkaloids, two acids, a glucoside, Tannic acid, a coloring matter and a volatile oil. 1 1See Group LIV, Ternstræmiacea. (1) Quinine.-An Alkaloid, exists as the Hydrate. Gives a green color with Chlorine water and Ammonia; turns the plane of polarization to the left; solutions of its salts are fluorescent. Forms salts with acids. (See p. 528.) (2) Quinidine.-An Alkaloid, CH2N2O2, isomeric with Quinine, differing from it only in crystallizing in prisms, turning the plane of polarization to the right, and not being soluble in ammonia except in excess. (3) Cinchonine.-An Alkaloid. CHN2O. Colorless prisms, inodorous, bitter. No green color with Chlorine water and Ammonia. Turns the plane of polarization to the right. Not fluorescent. (See p. 531.) (4) Cinchonidine.-An Alkaloid, CH2N2O, isomeric with Cinchonine, differing from it in turning the plane of polarization to the left, being sparingly soluble in Ether, and being slightly fluorescent. (5) Quinamine.-An Alkaloid, C1H2N2O2. Not important. (6) Kinic or Quinic Acid.-C,H12O6. Large, colorless prisms. It and its salts are soluble in water, and thus Quinine may be given subcutaneously as Quinine Quinate. This acid is found in the Coffee Bean and other plants. It is allied to Benzoic Acid, and appears in the urine as Hippuric Acid. (7) Kinovic or Quinovic Acid, C2H4O6.-A white amorphous substance related to Kinovin. (8) Kinovin or Quinovin.-A Glucoside, CH48Os, which easily decomposes into Glucose and Kinovic Acid. (9) Cinchotannic Acid.-2 to 4 per cent. It is the astringent principle of Cinchona Bark. It differs from Tannic Acid in becoming green with ferric salts. It is easily oxidized to Cinchona Red. (10) Cinchona Red.-The coloring matter of the bark. It is almost insoluble in water. (11) A Volatile Oil.-This exists in minute quantities. Cinchona Bark owes its smell to it. Remijia Bark yields, in addition, Homoquinine, which is a compound of Quinine and another alkaloid, Cupreine, C1HËN2O2. IMPURITIES.-Inferior barks, known by their not yielding the full strength of Quinine and Cinchonine. The true yellow Cinchona Bark must not be confounded with other Cinchona Barks of a similar color, but having the bast fibres in bundles. or raised rows, and breaking with a splintery or coarsely fibrous frac ture. INCOMPATIBLES.-Ammonia, lime water, metallic salts, gelatin, and alkaloidal precipitants. Dose, 1 gm.; 15 gr. Preparations. 1. Fluidextractum Cinchonæ.-Fluidextract of Cinchona. By maceration and percolation with Alcohol, Glycerin and Water, and evaporation; addition of Alcohol. Dose, 1 c.c.; 15 m. 2. Tinctura Cinchona.-Tincture of Cinchona. Cinchona, 200; Glycerin, 75. By maceration and percolation with Alcohol and Water to 1000. Dose, 4 c.c.; 1 fl. dr. Unofficial Preparations. 1. Infusum Cinchona (U. S. P., 1890).—Infusion of Cinchona. Cinchona, 60; Aromatic Sulphuric Acid, 10; by percolation with Water to 1000. Dose, 30 to 60 c.c.; 1 to 2 fl. oz. 2. Extractum Cinchonæ (U. S. P., 1890).-Extract of Cinchona. By maceration and percolation with Alcohol and Water, distillation of the Alcohol and evaporation. Dose, .30 to 2.00 gm.; 4 to 30 gr. CINCHONA RUBRA. RED CINCHONA.-The dried bark of Cinchona succirubra Pavon (Fam. Rubiacea), or of its hybrids, yielding, when assayed, not less than 5 per cent. of anhydrous Cinchona alkaloids. Habitat.-Ecuador, west of Chimborazo. CHARACTERS.-In quills or curved pieces, varying in size, the bark 2 to 5 mm. thick; externally gray or grayish-brown, more or less rough from longitudinal rows of warts, or from warty ridges which are sometimes fissured, the transverse fissures rarely numerous or much intersected, and having their sides sloping; inner surface reddish or orangebrown, distinctly striate; fracture short and granular in the outer, shortly and rather coarsely splintery in the inner bark; slightly odorous; taste bitter and astringent; powder reddish-brown. CONSTITUENTS.-See Cinchona. Dose, 1 gm.; 15 gr. Preparation. Tinctura Cinchona Composita.-Compound Tincture of Cinchona. Red Cinchona, 100; Bitter Orange Peel, 80; Serpentaria, 20; Glycerin, 75. By maceration and percolation with Alcohol, Glycerin and Water to 1000. Dose, 4 c.c.; 1 fl. dr. The name "Huxham's Tincture" is often applied, incorrectly, to this preparation. QUININA. 1. QUININE.-С»HÂN2O2 + 3H2O=375.46. An Alkaloid obtained from the bark of various species of Cinchona (Fam. Rubiacea). SOURCE. By adding to a solution of the Sulphate a sufficient quantity of Ammonia Water to precipitate the Alkaloid. CHARACTERS.—A white, flaky or micro-crystalline powder, odorless, and having a very bitter taste; slightly efflorescent in dry air. Solubility.— Quinine free from water is soluble in 1750 parts of water, 0.6 part of Alcohol, 4.5 parts of Ether, 1.9 parts of Chloroform, and 158 parts of Glycerin; in 810 parts of water at 80° C. (176° F.). It is soluble in diluted acids. IMPURITIES. Other alkaloids, cinchonine, cinchonidine, quinidine, morphine and cupreine; thalleioquin; ammonium salts. Lime, chalk, magnesia, starch and other white powders. Salicin, detected by its giving a blood-red color with sulphuric acid. Quinine is used to prepare Ferri et Quininæ Citras and Ferri et Quinine Citras Solubilis. It is contained in Elixir Ferri, Quininæ et Strychnine Phosphatum, Glyceritum Ferri, Quininæ et Strychnine Phosphatum, Syrupus Ferri, Quininæ et Strychnine Phosphatum, and Syrupus Hypophosphitum Compositum. Dose, 0.250 gm. (250 milligm.); 4 gr. Preparation. Oleatum Quininæ.-Oleate of Quinine. Quinine, 25; Oleic Acid, 75. 2. QUININÆ SULPHAS.-Quinine Sulphate. +7H2O = 866.15. (CH2N2O2)2H2SO, The Sulphate [SO2(OH), CHN2O2 + 7H2O] of the alkaloid Quinine. It should be kept in well-stoppered bottles, preferably of an amber color, and in a dark place. SOURCE. By boiling Cinchona in water acidulated with Hydrochloric Acid and straining. Add Lime to the decoction, and wash the precipiDigest in boiling Alcohol, and distil off the Alcohol. Dissolve the residue in Distilled Water and Sulphuric Acid, boil with Animal Charcoal, filter and set aside to crystallize. tate. CHARACTERS.-White, silky, light, flexible, glistening crystals, or hard prismatic, monoclinic needles, making a very light and easily compressible mass, odorless, and having a persistent, very bitter taste. |