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Burmah

The third important matter was the Macedonian question. Macedonia, it will be remembered was included in the limits of Bulgaria by the treaty of San Stefano, and the Macedonians, of whom a large part are Bulgarians, have joined with the latter in their demands for religious autonomy. It was important to the Bulgarians of Macedonia that the bishops, who were the official representatives of their religion in Turkey, should be members of their own race. The Bulgarian government took the Macedonian side of this question, and in 1890 and 1894 induced the Porte to issue letters patent to Bulgarian bishops in the Macedonian dioceses.

These are some of the successful results of the reign: in fact, during the ten years from 1887 to 1897 what no one would have predicted actually came to pass. The Prince not only was accepted unanimously by the Bulgarian nation, but he was recognized by all the powers and treated as an independent sovereign. His own state, moreover, attained a far higher degree of civil harmony than it had before possessed and seemed at the end of the period to be on the high road to prosperity. Among the signs of progress noted by the writer above mentioned was the improvement of the finances, which appears to have taken place in spite of occasional deficits. The government strictly fulfilled its financial obligations and the debt was not increased in spite of the fact that the construction of the railways exceeded the means afforded by the ordinary resources. In 1897 the railway mileage in Bulgaria was nearly doubled, and the state possessed nearly two-thirds of the entire mileage, and three times as much as it possessed in 1887. The government has also tried to promote maritime development. The postal and telegraph service greatly improved during the period, and telephone lines were constructed between Sofia and Philippopolis, and between Sofia and Rustchuk. The development of Bulgarian commerce and industries also received especial care, and in 1893 a new ministry known as the ministry of commerce and agriculture, was established. Since then a great number of laws have been passed for the encouragement of commercial and industrial enterprises, including the establishment of chambers of commerce and industries, the exemption of imposts for certain enterprises, and the advancement of industrial and agricultural education. It was reported in 1897 that the number of factories had more than doubled in the principality within the decade. Although private capital is still scanty, credit hard to obtain, and interest high, private enterprise has on the whole increased. Many new companies have been formed, including insurance companies, banks, and saving institutions. One sign of progress has been the great increase of the population of the capital, Sofia, which numbered 20,000 in 1881, and 45,000 in 1893. There has also been a considerable increase in the other important cities, especially Varna and Rutschuk.

Events of 1898.-On January 4, 1898, letters patent for the Bulgarian bishoprics at Monastir, Divra and Strummitza were granted by the Sultan. Prince Ferdinand's visits to the Czar in 1897 and 1898 were taken as a further sign of the growing friendship between the two governments, and his offer in 1898 to reinstate the twenty-one officers who had taken part in the conspiracy against his predecessor, Prince Alexander, strengthened this impression. Trouble on the Macedonian frontier disturbed Bulgaria in the spring of 1808, and the government complained to the Porte of the barbarities committed by Turkish troops in the attempts to disarm the people who had shown sympathy with the movement for Macedonian independence. On August 11th there was a meeting at Sofia of a congress of the Macedonians in Bulgaria. On the basis of the project of reform drawn up by the Central Macedonian Committee, the following changes were demanded: (1) The formation of a single province of Macedonia comprising the three vilayets of Monastir, Uskub and Salonica; (2) the appointment of a governor-general belonging to the race and religion predominant in the province; (3) the election of a provisional assembly with the power of voting the budget; (4) the creation of a provincial militia.

BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY. See ANTHROPOLOGY.

BURGESS, A. M., Commissioner of Dominion lands, died at Ottawa, Ontario, February 25, 1898. He was born in Inverness-shire, Scotland, October 21, 1850. For some years he was a journalist, being connected with the Toronto Globe and subsequently with the Ottawa Times. He was made secretary of the interior department in 1882 and in 1883 its deputy head.

BURMAH, is a part of the Indian Empire stretching from the confines of Thibet on the north to China on the east and Siam on the southeast. On the south and west it is bounded by the Indian provinces of Bengal and Assam and by the ocean. It has an area variously estimated at from 171,430 square miles to 280,000 square miles, the lower estimate being the more recent, and a population in 1891 of 7,605,560. It consists of the old province of Lower Burmah and the province of Upper Burmah, which was annexed by proclamation in 1886. It is governed as part of the Indian Empire by a lieutenant-governor appointed by the ViceIt has a fertile soil and abounds in mineral deposits including cop

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per, lead, iron, tin, jade, amber, ruby, marble, coal and small quantities of gold. The majority of the inhabitants are Buddhists. It is separated from IndoChina by the Shan States, the boundary between the territories of Great Britain and France being fixed by agreement in January 1896, along the Mekong river. The development of the railway system has been rapid in recent years. In 1896 Messrs. Rothschild & Sons announced the formation of the Burmah Railways Company with a capital of £2,000,000. This syndicate acquired several lines already open to traffic and set to work to build new ones. In 1897 the work on the Mandalay-Kunlou railway was carried on and it was announced that it would be complete in 1899. At the beginning of 1898 it was reported that 1,148 miles of railway were officially sanctioned, 887 miles being open for traffic. In 1897 the status of the country was raised to the rank of a local government under a lieutenant-governor, aided by a legislative council of nine members. For the year ending March 31, 1896, the revenue was Rx 5,922,279 and the expenditure Rx 4,217,712.

BURNE-JONES, SIR EDWARD COLEY, A. R. A., English artist, died suddenly in London, June 17, 1898. He was born at Birmingham, August 28, 1833; received his elementary education at King Edward's grammar school, from which he entered Exeter College, Oxford, in 1853, but did not take a degree until 1881, when he received an honorary D. C. L. from Oxford and an honorary fellowship in Exeter College. He began his art career in London in 1856; instead of going to an academy he taught himself, and soon came under the influence of Dante Gabriel Rossetti, from whom he received much help and with whom he came to constitute a part of the romantic (pre-Raphaelite) school. He received an election to the Royal Academy of Arts in 1885, and in 1887 he assisted in establishing the New Gallery of Art. In 1895 he was made a baronet. Besides his prominence in oil work, Burne-Jones was accounted a master in stained glass designs and in mosaic. The draughtmanship in some of his early paintings is not perfect, but they show a wonderful mastery in vivid coloring; in his later works the drawing is very superior, while the coloring is more subdued, greys and light purples being predominant. In almost all of his pictures there is an atmosphere of poetry, a suggestion of the unreal, of fairyland, and yet from another point of view they express true realism. His line of imagination lay along "the beautiful and mysterious borderland" of the worlds of actuality and of dreams. Burne-Jones, moreover, was both an idealist and a conscientious, persistent, painstaking worker. He had high ideals of work and duty. "Our work," he said, "must be the best of its kind, the noblest we can offer." And most of his, indeed, was noble and the best of its kind. At the time of his death it was said of him that he "has bequeathed to us in the last quarter of a century a greater heritage of beauty than any other English painter has done." Burne-Jones was not only a great craftsman, a master of technique, but he was a man of high and serious aspirations, a man of real spirituality. His large conception of an artist's work may be felt in the following words, which are his: "To be a great painter a man must also have a great spirit. He must be a dreamer, and not ashamed of his dreams; must, indeed, account them of paramount worth; he must be prepared for both indifference and hostility; he must be so continent of his faith that he will not barter the least portion of it in order to win a worthless approval; he must be so proud that he will disdain to prostitute his genius to a public use; he must be so single hearted that, like Sir Galahad, there can be for him only one Sanc Grael-beauty, and only one quest― the lifelong, insistent effort to discern and interpret in beauty, that Loveliness, that Beauty, which is at once his inspiration, his dream, his despair, and his eternal hope.' Among his principal works are: "Annunciation and Nativity," in St. Paul's, Brighton (1861); "The Merciful Knight" (water color, 1864); "The_Wine of Circe" (water-color, 1867); "The Days of Creation"; "The Wheel of Fortune"; "Pygmalion and the Image"; "Aurora"; "The Mirror of Venus"; "Love among the Ruins" (water color, 1873); "Laus Veneris" (1873-5); "The Beguiling of Merlin" (1877); "Le Chant d'Amour" (1878); "The Golden Stairs" (1880); "King Cophetua" (1884); "The Depths of the Sea" (1886); "The Brazen Tower (1888); "The Legend of the Briar Rose" (1890).

BURNS, Rev. WILLIAM, D. D., born in Kingston, Ontario, 1840; died at Galt, Ontario, January 2, 1898. He was secretary of the aged and infirm ministers' fund of the Presbyterian Church in Canada, and for some time was secretary of Knox College, Toronto.

BUTLER, CHARLES, LL. D., president of the council of New York University, died December 13, 1897. Born February 15, 1802, at Kinderhook Landing (now Stuyvesant), Columbia county, New York, he was educated at the Greenville (New York) academy, and, without receiving collegiate training, entered the law office of Martin Van Buren, and in 1824 was admitted to the bar. In 1835, tne year before Van Buren's election to the presidency, Mr. Butler took up the practice of law in New York City, and in 1836 became a member of the council of New York University.

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He was interested in the Michigan Southern, Chicago and Northwestern, and Chicago and Rock Island railroads. Until the time of his death he was a patron of New York University. His honesty of purpose, generosity, and foresight did much to bring success to the university, and he lived to see many of his far-reaching plans realized or in process of realization. Mr. Butler did much toward organizing various philanthropic movements in and about the city. He was one of the founders of the Protestant Half Orphan Asylum and of Union Theological Seminary; to the latter institution he gave $100,000 to found the Edward Robinson chair of Biblical theology. He gave a like amount to New York University.

BUTLER, Major-General MATTHEW CALBRAITH, was appointed by President McKinley, August 16, 1898, a member of the commission to arrange for the evacuation of Cuba by the Spaniards. He was born about sixty years ago; was a captain of Confederate cavalry in the Civil War and attained the rank of major-general. He lost a leg at Brandy Station. In 1870 he was the Union Reform candidate for governor of South Carolina. He returned to the Democratic party and by it was elected to the United States Senate for the term beginning in 1877; he was returned for the next two terms, his last term expiring in 1895.

BUTTERWORTH, BENJAMIN, United States Commissioner of Patents, was born in Warren county, Ohio, October 22, 1822, and died in Thomasville, Geogia, January 16, 1898. From the Civil War to the time of his death he was well known in politics and public affairs and was a man of great popularity. He was educated at Ohio University, Athens, and after studying law in Cincinnati was admitted to the bar in 1861. He had a creditable record for service in the Civil War. In 1870 he became United States district-attorney, and was elected to the United States Senate for 1873-74. For five terms he served as a Republican Congressman from his native State, his first two terms beginning in 1878 and the last three in 1884. In 1883 President Arthur appointed him to the office of Commissioner of Patents, to which position he was reappointed by President McKinley in the spring of 1897. He will be remembered as the author of the compulsory army retirement act.

BYRNES, THOMAS JOSEPH, Premier and formerly Attorney-General of Queensland, died September 27, 1898. He was born at Brisbane in 1860; was educated at Brisbane Grammar School, and Sydney and Melbourne Universities, becoming a barrister in Victoria in 1884. In the following year, however, he began practicing in Queensland, and in 1890 entered the legislative council as solicitor-general.

CAIRD, JOHN D. D., LL. D., Principal and Vice-Chancellor of Glasgow University and prominent Scottish minister in the established church, died July 30, 1898. He was born at Greenock, Scotland, in December 1820; was educated at Greenock Grammar school and at the University of Glasgow, at which he was graduated in 1845; the same year he was ordained minister of Newton-on-Ayr. In 1847 he became minister of Lady Yester's Parish, Edinburgh, and two years later went to the parish of Errol, Perthshire. Here he remained until called to the Park church, Glasgow, in 1857. He was appointed professor of divinity in his alma mater in 1862 and in 1873 became Principal and Vice-Chancellor. For some time he was one of Her Majesty's chaplains for Scotland. He was not prominent in strictly ecclesiastical matters. Among his publications are the following: Sermons (1858); Unity of the Sciences (1873-74); Introduction to the Philosophy of Religion (1880); The Religions of India, Brahmanism and Buddhism (1881); Spinoza in Blackwood's Philosophical Classics (1888).

Dr. Caird was accounted one of the very foremost preachers in Great Britain; his sermon entitled The Religion of Common Life achieved world-wide fame and, though published in 1855, has by no means drifted out of the public mind. As a preacher he was intense, magnetic, and powerful; he was a profound theologian and clear thinker, and yet, for depth and originality, he can not be classed with the first rank of theologians and speculative thinkers. Dr. Caird belonged to the progressive school of Scotch Presbyterians, and as far back as 1862, when he was called to the divinity professorship he was suspected by some of unorthodox tendencies. The task which he took upon himself, and which he accomplished, was the successful exposition of a philosophical Christianity; it was a difficult task, indeed, to make clear to the sternly "orthodox" Scottish mind a religion interpreted in terms of German philosophy, especially that of Hegel. Although German philosophy has very little in common with the rigid Calvinism of Scotland, John Caird preached with such enthusiasm and at the same time with such tact and cleverness that his hearers seldom realized that they were being taught a neo-Hegelianism. As an instructor and as principal of Glasgow, his influence was very great, though in this country he was known hardly as well as his brother, Edward Caird, LL. D., master of Balliol, Oxford, and author of The Critical Philosophy of Immanuel Kant. Upon the death of Dr. John Caird, the London Spectator said "On the one side stood the Scottish kirk with its great and rigid doctrinal system, on the other . . . literary