8, 1854, gained some reputation as an author and journalist, and from 1878 to 1888 edited the Paris Triboulet, a journal devoted to the cause of the Royalists. During the nine years that he held this position, he fought several duels, was involved in forty-two lawsuits, and incurred fines aggregating 300,000 francs. While on a trip around the world his ship ran ashore on the island of Trinidad, off the Brazilian coast. Here he remained, and in 1894 proclaimed himself king with the title of "James I." He obtained colonists, made laws, issued currency and postage stamps, and provided for the carrying of mails by establishing a navy of one vessel. In 1895 Great Britain seized the Island, and thus ended his rule. The act, however, caused a diplomatic dispute between the British and Brazilian governments.

HART, ERNEST, D. C. L., M. R. C. S., was born in June 1836, and died January • 7, 1898. He was educated at the City of London School and the medical school connected with St. George's Hospital; became ophthalmic surgeon and lecturer on ophthalmology at St. Mary's Hospital; was dean of the medical school, and for several years was co-editor of the Lancet. He did much to expose the unsanitary condition of the workhouses and was instrumental in bringing about the passage of "Hardy's Act" and the establishment of the Metropolitan Asylums Board. His reports on criminal baby farming in 1868 resulted in the Infant Life Protection Act; and later (1876) he assisted in establishing coffee taverns in London. From 1866 to the time of his death he was editor of the British Medical Journal. He was the author of numerous publications dealing largely with matters of workhouse sanitation, public health, etc. He also wrote The Ancient Arts and Artists of Japan. Mrs. Alice Marian Hart, widow of Dr. Hart, is a well-known English philanthropist.

HARVARD UNIVERSITY, at Cambridge, Massachusetts, non-sectarian; coeducational only in the summer schools; founded in 1836; comprehends the following departments to each of which is given the number of students for the academic year 1898-99: Harvard College, 1851; Lawrence Scientific School, 415; graduate school, 322; Divinity School, 26; Law School, 551; Medical School, 560; Dental School, 139; School of Veterinary Medicine, 25; Bussey Institution (school of agriculture), 23; total, deducting names inserted more than once, 3,901; the summer school of 1898 had an attendance of 759, making a total enrollment of the University 4,660. Officers of instruction number 411; President, since 1869, Charles William Eliot, LL. D. The degrees conferred at the commencement of 1898 were as follows: A. B., 391, out of course, 15; S. B., 29, out of course, 10; A. M., 102, out of course, 5; S. M., 5; Ph. D., 26; S. T. B., 3'; LL. B., 130, out of course, 8; M. D., 124, out of course, I; D. M. D., 36; M. D. V., 10; honorary, A. M., 3; D. D., 2; LL. D., 3. The libraries contain about 524,700 bound volumes together with about the same number of pamphlets, maps, etc. The Hemenway Gymnasium, with a floor space of about 30,000 square feet, is most excellently equipped, having lockers, dressing rooms, etc., for the accommodation of 2,500 students.

RADCLIFFE COLLEGE, at Cambridge, non-sectarian and for women only, was organized in 1879, as the Society for the Collegiate Instruction of Women ("Harvard Annex"), and was subsequently chartered under its present name. Students are instructed by members of the faculty of Harvard University; degrees are conferred with the approval of the president and fellows of Harvard College. The library contains 12,000 volumes, while the students are at liberty to use the Harvard library. For the academic year 1898-99, the officers of instruction numbered 96 and the students 411. The requirements for the degrees of Master of Arts and Bachelor of Arts are the same as for the corresponding degrees in Harvard University; the diplomas are countersigned by the President of Harvard and bear the University seal. See PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL, and UNIVERSITIES AND COLLEGES.

HASHISH. See PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL (paragraph Brown University). HASKELL, JOSEPH T., Brigadier-General, U. S. V., died at Columbus. Ohio, September 16, 1898. He was born in Cincinnati, November 19, 1838. He entered the Union service and in 1863 was appointed a captain of volunteers and commissary of subsistence; he served through the war and was brevetted major, lieutenant-colonel, and colonel for meritorious services; was mustered out in 1866 and appointed a captain in the Twenty-third Infantry. In June 1872, he became major of the Twenty-fourth, and in August 1896, lieutenant-colonel of the Seventeenth. In 186972 he was in command in the San Juan islands, in regard to which there was a dispute between England and the United States. In 1888 he was made a member of the tactics board and assisted in compiling the tactics now used in the army; he was said to be one of the best tacticians in the service. From 1891 to 1898 he was president of the board of examiners of officers for promotion. At the outbreak of the war with Spain, when John S. Poland, colonel of the Seventeenth, was made a brigadiergeneral, Lieutenant-Colonel Haskell assumed command of the regiment and led it in the attack on El Caney July 1, 1898. He was seriously wounded and was carried from the field and sent to Fortress Monroe. On September 7 he was promoted

brigadier-general for gallantry. He died suddenly after riding at the head of the Seventeenth when that regiment marched through Columbus.

HAVELOCK-ALLAN, Sir HENRY MARSHMAN, V. C., K. C. B., English general and Member of Parliament, was killed by the Afridis near the Khyber Pass on the Afghan frontier, December 30, 1897. He was the son of General Sir Henry Havelock, of Indian Mutiny fame, upon whom a baronetcy was conferred, but as he died before receiving it, the title was granted to the son. The addition of the name of Allan was due to the fact that a relative left him a legacy with that condition attached. He was born at Chinsurah, Bengal, India, August 6, 1830. On March 31, 1846, he obtained his commission as an ensign; in 1857 he served in the Persian expedition and as aide-de-camp to his father against the rebels in Oude. He was at Lucknow and Cawnpore and at the latter place won the Victoria Cross and was promoted to a captaincy. He soon became major and went under Lugard to put an end to the troubles in the Azimurh district. This was in October; in November he was ordered to take part in the Trans-Gogra campaign. At the end of the war in April 1859, he had been mentioned ten times in the despatches, had won a medal and two clasps, and had been promoted to the rank of brevet lieutenant-colonel. He fought in the Maori War, New Zealand, 1863-65. He was a Member of Parliament for Sunderland, 1874-81, and for Durham, 1885-92. He retired from military life in 1887, but in 1897 received the honorary rank of lieutenant-general, and was made K. C. B.

HAWAII, or SANDWICH ISLANDS, a chain of islands in the middle of the Pacific Ocean with an area of 6,640 sq. m. and a population according to the census completed in 1897 of 109,020, of which the most numerous element was the Hawaiian numbering 31,019. The Americans numbered 3,086. The capital is Honolulu (pop. 29,920) on the island of Oahu. The soil is very fertile and the chief products are sugar and rice, but coffee, hides, wool, bananas, whale oil and bone are also produced and exported in considerable quantities.

Commerce and Communications.-Steamers ply between the islands and the American continent, Australasia and China. There is a telegraph system comprising about 250 miles and a railway system of about 71 miles. In 1898 the total exports from the Hawaiian islands to all other countries were $17,208,825 and the total imports were $10,368,815. According to the Hawaiian official figures each of these totals is greater than was ever before reached in the foreign trade of the country. By far the largest share of this trade is with the United States. Of the exports from Hawaii in 1898 the United States received 99.44 per cent. and of the total imports to Hawaii the United States contributed 75.97 per cent.

Finance. In 1896 the taxes collected amounted to $706,541, the tax per capita being $6.48. For the year ending December 31, 1896, the revenue was $2,383,070 and the expenditure $2,137,103. The debt of the islands on June 30, 1896, was $4,119,174. Education. The Hawaiian Islands out of a population of 109,000 have a school population between the ages of 6 and 15 inclusive, of 7,694 males and 6,592 females, a total of 14,286, about one-third of whom are Hawaiian and not quite a third are Hawaiian born, but of foreign parentage, Japanese, Chinese, Americans, British, German and Norwegian making up the greater part of the balance. There were in 1896 among the 595 teachers in the Hawaiian schools 177 American, 128 Hawaiian and part Hawaiian, and 66 British teachers, and the attendance upon the schools was: government schools 9,093 and independent or private schools 3,464. By the school law of 1896 the supervision of education is placed in the hands of the secretary of foreign affairs as head under him being six commissioners appointed by the President, the clergy of any denomination being excluded from appointment to this board. Attendance at some school is made obligatory for all children from 6 to 15 years of age. Private and independent schools are inspected by the government and instruction must be in the English language except by special permission. Co-education is legalized. The percentage of those above 6 years able to read and write was nearly 64, a very high figure when compared with most of the other nationalities of the world.

The Newlands Resolutions.-When Congress met in December, 1897, the Annexationists expected that the treaty providing for the annexation of Hawaii to the United States, which had been transmitted to the Congress by the President and had been ratified by the Congress of Hawaii, would quickly receive the required two-thirds vote in each house. They were, however, disappointed, for the debate continued until the latter part of March the annexation party seemingly losing strength. It was now seen that annexation could be made possible only by joint resolution. The attention of Congress was then transferred to the difficulties with Spain, and annexation was well-nigh a dead issue until the victory of Commodore Dewey at Manila brought more clearly to light American interests in the Pacific. On June 15, 1898, the Newlands Resolutions providing for annexation were adopted by the House by a vote of 209 to 91, and by the Senate, July 6, by a vote of 42 to 21. The vote by

partics in the House was: Affirmative, 179 Republicans, 18 Democrats, 8 Populists, and 4 Fusionists. In the Senate six Democrats voted in the affirmative and two Republicans in the negative. The following is a summary of the resolutions adopted: The preamble states the offer of the Hawaiian Republic to cede to the United States all of its sovereignty and absolute title to the government and crown lands. The offer is accepted and the islands declared annexed. The resolutions provided that the public debt of Hawaii, not to exceed $4,000,000, be assumed, that Chinese immigration be prohibited, that all treaties with other powers be declared null, and that, until the Congress of the United States should provide for the government of the islands, all civil, judicial, and military powers then exercised by the officers of the existing government be exercised in such manner as the President might direct. It was further provided that the President appoint a committee of five, at least two of whom were to be resident Hawaiians, to recommend to Congress such legislation as might be deemed advisable. President McKinley, by whom the resolutions as well as the previously proposed treaty were warmly approved, signed the joint resolutions July 7, and the next day appointed the following committee: Senator Shelby M. Cullom, of Illinois; Senator John T. Morgan, of Alabama; Representative Robert R. Hitt, of Illinois; President Sanford B. Dole, of Hawaii; Justice W. F. Frear, of the Hawaiian Supreme Court.

Arguments on Annexation.—The more conservative element in the country objected to annexation at this time by joint resolution, first, because they held that a time of war is not favorable for giving a dispassionate and intelligent consideration to such a question; and, secondly, because they questioned the constitutionality of the measure declaring that annexation by joint resolution, without the conferring of statehood, was without precedent in the United States. The Congressional debates on the question were of a high order. The following is a brief statement of the annexationists' chief arguments. American influence was paramount in Hawaii, and by reason of this the government protected and fostered the people in industrial, social, and Christian enterprises; without annexation, however, this could not continue, because by the silent invasion of Asiatics the people would relapse into barbarism and even the confiscation of American property might result. Hawaii is a central point for telegraphic cables in the North Pacific and is of great strategic and commercial importance, it being asserted that with it we could defend our coast with a smaller navy. In reply to the question of constitutionality it was claimed that, if Congress has the right to appropriate money for the purchase of new territory, it has the right to accept new territory as a gift. Up to the time that Commodore Dewey shifted the interest in the war to the Philippines, little consideration had been given to the proposed annexation as a war measure, although Captain Mahan long before had pointed out the very great strategic importance of the islands. When it became necessary to send supplies and other reinforcements to Commodore Dewey, the Hawaiian government, in violation of the international laws of neutrality, permitted American ships to coal at Honolulu and to make that city a base of war and naval supplies. It has been claimed by some that had Hawaii maintained neutrality, the United States, in order properly and successfully to follow up Dewey's victory, would have been obliged to take Honolulu by force. An immediate appeal of Hawaii to all the nations of the world would have ensued and foreign complications resulting, the United States would have lost both the advantages already gained and the possibility of further success in the Pacific. The strategic advantage in this specific case and the great friendliness of Hawaii to our government, led to a change in public opinion, so that at the time of annexation, Congress had the support of a large majority of the people. Whether annexation will prove to have been a wise measure or not, it is fortunate that it was finally decided by a consideration of that phase of the question which was of real merit and significance. Previously the debate had been largely upon the "sugar question." Each side claimed that relations of undue friendliness existed between its opponents and the Sugar Trust. Those opposed to annexation said that the Trust favored it because it promised the continuation of a large supply of untaxed raw sugar; those who were in favor of annexation said that the Trust opposed it because some Hawaiian sugar could be consumed without going to the refineries, and that the admission at that time of raw sugar free of duty was agreeable to the trust, while the proposed admission of partly refined sugar free of duty would injure it. Still further opposition arose from the beet-sugar industry, which has been recently fostered in this country. It was claimed that annexation, bringing with it free Hawaiian sugar, would tend to destroy the beet-sugar interests. Hawaiian sugar for a number of years had been admitted free, and so it was proposed not only to defeat annexation, but to repeal the reciprocity treaty and thus gain a revenue of nearly $8,000,000 a year. The entire sugar discussion was lost in the larger economic problem, and it is improbable that the Sugar Trust influenced many votes either one way or the other. The opponents of annexation said that it was unwise to divide our territory, to inaugurate in this country the principle of territorial expansion, or to admit a new territory "whose citizenship is so undesirable that it