affirmed the Monroe doctrine, while favoring "such disposition of the Philippines as will best promote the growing commercial and political interests of the United States, extinguish the sovereignty of Spain, and make good our obligations to the people of those islands.

In the Congressional and State elections, charges brought against Senator Gallinger and other members of the Republican State Committee by a dissatisfied faction of the Republican party helped the Democrats to some extent. The Republican candidate for Governor, Frank W. Rollins, was elected by a plurality of 9,077, which was smaller by 7,500 than the plurality of 1896. The Republicans also elected their Representatives in Congress, and in the State legislature they gained a majority on joint ballot of 120.

National Representatives and State Officers.-New Hampshire's Representatives are: Cyrus A. Sulloway (Rep.), from Manchester, and Frank G. Clarke (Rep.), from Petersboro. Senators: William E. Chandler (Rep.), from Concord, and Jacob H. Gallinger (Rep.), from Concord. Officials: Frank W. Rollins, Governor; Ezra S. Stearns, Secretary; Solon A. Carter, Treasurer; A. D. Ayling, AdjutantGeneral, and Edwin J. Eastman, Attorney-General. All are Republicans. Chief Justice, Isaac N. Blodgett (Dem.); Associates, William M. Chase (Dem.), Frank N. Parsons (Rep.), Robert G. Pike (Rep.), R. M. Wallace (Rep.), Robert J. Peaslee (Dem.), and John E. Young (Rep.). Clerk, A. J. Shurtleff (Rep.). There are 271 Republicans and 151 Democrats in the State legislature.

NEW JERSEY, a Middle Atlantic State of the United States, has an area of 7,815 sq. m. Capital, Trenton.

Mineralogy. In the summer of 1897 the first discovery of white mica in the State was made in Passaic county near Bloomingdale. Specimens were pronounced by experts to be equal to the standard commercial white mica of Canada, worth at that time about $2,500 per ton. The new field, while extending over 20 acres, is at present of unknown quantity; but it is undergoing development. During 1897 the clay industry (see paragraph Manufactures) yielded $5,322,497; iron mining yielded 254,235 long tons of magnetite ore, worth $491,838, a decline of over 10,000 tons; quarrying produced $895,179, an increase of $357,459 in a year, principally in granite, used for road-making ($561,782), sandstone ($190,976), and limestone ($141,646); and the entire output of zinc was exported to Germany and Belgium, where it is used for special requirements.

Agriculture. The following shows the production and value of the principal crops in the calendar year 1898: corn, 9,334,841 bushels, value, $3,733,936; wheat, 2,168,318, $1,582,872; oats, 1,923,485, $596,280; rye, 1,066,121, $533,060; buckwheat, 223,335, $120,601; potatoes, 3,491,850, $2,130,028; and hay, 574,136 tons, $5,511,706-total value, $14,208,493. Live-stock comprised, horses, 79, 180; mules, 7,269; milch cows, 214,674; other cattle, 41,558; sheep, 42,299; and swine, 151,120-total head, 536,100. Manufactures.-In 1897 there were 150 clay-working plants, which produced brick and tile to the value of $4,195,134, and pottery, $1,127,363. The State ranked first in the manufacture of fancy and enameled brick and of ornamental terra-cotta work. The brick and terra-cotta industry employed a capital of $2,058,540; the hat, $694,740; the shoe, $393,546; silk goods, $9,330,440; and woolen and worsted goods, $4,246,373. The various taxable manufactures yielded the federal government $4,719,981 in internal revenue in the year ending June 30, 1898. The tobacco industry had an output of 62,910,358 cigars, 302,650 cigarettes, 8,621,257 pounds of plug, 2,415,688 pounds of fine cut, 6,493,776 pounds of smoking, and 4,954,409 pounds of snuff. There were 55 distilleries of all kinds in operation, and a production of 454,981 gallons of spirits. Of fermented liquors there was an output of 2,109,791 barrels.

Commerce.-In the fiscal year ending June 30, 1898, the imports of merchandise at the ports of Bridgeton, Newark, and Perth Amboy aggregated in value $866,269; exports from the two last, $1,976,912; increase in imports in a year, $534,810; in exports, $388,552. The gold and silver movement was, imports, $1,066,620; exports, nothing; making the total foreign trade of the year at these ports, $3,909,801. It should be borne in mind that the large foreign trade at the port of Jersey City is credited to the port of New York.

Communications. On Jan. 1, 1898, the length of all main railroads in the State was 2,229.98 miles, of which 12.92 miles were constructed in the previous year. Secondary trackage brought the total up to about 5,000 miles. The aggregate assessed valuation of railroad and canal property for 1898 was $236,464,356, and the tax levied thereon was $1,586,110. Of the total tax levied, $1,182,321 was for State purposes, and $403,788 for local uses. The number of roads built in 1898 under the State aid law was eighty-five, nearly all of which were of stone. This brings up to 325 the mileage of permanent roads constructed since the State began contributing towards the cost of road-building, and does not include the roads built by counties and townships without State aid. The total cost of roads constructed under the law since its passage in 1893 is $565,826.

Banks. On Oct. 31, 1898, there were 105 national banks in operation and 14 in

liquidation. The active capital aggregated $14,534,547; circulation, $5,507,852; deposits, $62,416,084; reserve, $17,611,711. The State banks, June 30, 1898, numbered 21, and had capital, $1,736,850; deposits, $7,448,802; resources, $11,058,650; loan and trust companies, 23, with capital, $2,700,000; deposits, $23,290,366; resources, $29,324,930; and mutual savings banks, 26, with depositors, 170, 100; deposits, $46,596,668; resources, $51,345,043; surplus, $4,643,870. There were also 305 local and 20 national and State building and loan associations, with 123,204 shareholders, and gross assets, $49,674,478.

Education. The par value of the securities in the State school fund in 1898 was $3,585,054; the market value considerably higher. Public school tax receipts and expenditures were each $2,194,844. At the end of the school-year 1896-7, there were 456,862 persons of school age in the State, of whom 294,880 were enrolled in the public schools, and 191,776 were in daily attendance. There were 1,766 public school buildings; 5,869 teachers; public school property valued at $12,605,882; and expenditures, $5,277,247, including $3,194,049 for teachers' salaries. For higher instruction there were 76 public high schools; 69 private secondary schools; 3 public normal schools; 4 colleges and universities, co-educational and for men only, with 143 professors and instructors, 1,540 students, and $510,394 income; 2 colleges for women, with 41 instructors, 55 students, and $16,560 income; 2 technical schools, with 40 instructors, 657 students, and $74,920 income; and 5 theological schools. The Rutgers Scientific school, endowed by Congress, received from the federal government $22,000 in 1897 and $23,000 in 1898. In the last year there were 391 periodicals, of which 50 were dailies, 285 weeklies, and 45 monthlies.

Charitable Institutions.-In January 1898, the legislature provided for the establishment of a State village for epileptics, and subsequently the Maplewood farm of 187 acres near Princeton was selected for the new charity and an option obtained on an adjoining farm of 213 acres. During the year the State made the following payments for charitable institutions and purposes: State insane hospitals, $212,048.25; county insane asylums, $158,626.43; Soldiers' Home, $27,997.85; Reform School for Boys, $61,902.10; Industrial School for Girls, $21,000; for the care of the feebleminded, $66,330.21; factory inspection, $10,091.70; care of the blind, $10,609.90; pensions, $3,700; and State Charities Aid, $600-total, $572,906.44.

Finances.—In the year ending Oct. 31, 1898, the receipts of the State fund were $2,723,755, which, with balance from previous year, made the available amount, $3,669,101. The disbursements were $2,667,577, leaving a balance of $1,001,524, the largest the State has ever had. On Jan. 1, 1899, the State paid an installment ($123,000) of the old war debt, which left $71,000 due in 1902. This, with agricultural college certificates ($48,000), made the total debt, Jan. 1, 1899, $119,000, against which the State held securities aggregating $783,699.

Population. The State census of 1895 gave the State a population of 1,673,106, and Newark, 215,806; Jersey City, 182,713; Paterson, 97,344; Camden, 63,467; Trenton, 62,518; and Hoboken, 54,083. Estimates in 1898 gave the State 1,820,000; Newark, 250,000; Jersey City, 200,000; Camden, 65,000; Hoboken, 60,000; and Elizabeth, 50,000.

Legislation, etc.-The Governor was elected with a Republican plurality of 5,499 votes, and the Republicans control the State legislature. Besides revising certain existing laws, the legislature passed an act to define the title of the person who shall act as governor in case of the death, resignation, etc., of the incumbent. The title shall be "President of the Senate (or Speaker of the House of Assembly), Acting Governor of the State of New Jersey." Another act, to take the place of legislation declared unconstitutional on account of discrimination, provided for the registration of labels, trade-marks, terms and designs.

Another act dealt with railroad grade-crossings. Gates may be ordered by the town or railroad company at the request of either and the expense shared between them. Laws were passed for protection against insect pests and the "San José scale” in particular, and providing for the destruction, if necessary, of infested nursery stock. A State entomologist was also provided for. The State election laws were revised and the use of an official envelope for the ballot was authorized; and the vote of an absent soldier in time of war was permitted to be sent home in a sealed envelope to a proxy, to be deposited by him. The libel laws were modified. "Any person who wilfully states or transmits to a newspaper or magazine any libellous statement, untrue in fact, and thereby secures its publication is to be punished by fine or imprisonment; and in any civil action for libel against the owner, editor, etc., of any paper, magazine, etc., the defendant may give proof of intention, and unless the plaintiff shall prove either malice in fact, or the defendant, after having been requested by him in writing to retract the libellous charge in as public a manner as that in which it was made, fails to do so within a reasonable time, he shall recover only his actual damage proved and specially alleged in the declaration."

The movement in the direction of library extension through the establishment of State travelling libraries, first undertaken by the New York State Library in 1892,

New Mexico

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has since spread to Montana, Michigan, Ohio, and Iowa, and during the past year to New Jersey.

A law prohibiting the use of the trading stamp passed the legislature, but was vetoed by the Governor. An act provided that the commitment of the insane on the certificate of physicians shall be only for 15 days unless within that period there is an application to a judge who is authorized to try the question of sanity, vel non, with or without a jury; and another providing for a like investigation on a writ of habeas corpus sued out by or on behalf of an insane person.

National Representatives and State Officers.-New Jersey's Representatives are: H. C. Loudenslager (Rep.), from Paulsboro; John J. Gardner (Rep.), from Atlantic City; Benjamin F. Howell (Rep.), from New Brunswick; J. S. Solomon, Jr., (Dem.), from Boonton; James F. Stewart (Rep.), from Paterson; R. Wayne Parker (Rep.), from Newark; William D. Daly (Dem.), from Hoboken; and Charles N. Fowler (Rep.), from Elizabeth. Senators: William J. Sewell (Rep.), from Camden, and a Republican. Officials: Foster M. Voorhees, Governor; George Wurtz, Secretary; G. B. Swain, Treasurer; W. S. Hancock, Comptroller; Samuel H. Grey, Attorney-General; W. S. Striker, Adjutant-General; C. J. Baxter, Superintendent of Education; and William Bettle, Commissioner of Banking and Insurance. All are Republicans. Chief Justice, W. J. Magie, (Rep.); Associates, D. A. Dupue (Rep.), T. Dixon (Rep.), B. Vansyckel (Dem.), C. G. Garrison (Dem.), J. H. Lippincott (Dem.), W. S. Gummere (Rep.), G. C. Ludlow (Dem.), and Gilbert Collins (Rep.); and Clerk, William Riker. The State legislature is composed of 51 Republicans and 30 Democrats.

NEW JERUSALEM CHURCH. See SWEDENBORGIANS.

NEW MEXICO, a southwestern Territory of the United States, has an area of 122,580 sq. m. Capital, Santa Fé.

Mineralogy. During the calendar year 1897 there was a decline in the output of both gold and silver as compared with the previous year, the production of gold being 17,246, fine ounces, valued at $356,500, and that of silver, 539,500 fine ounces, coining value, $697,535, the aggregate being $311,042 less than in 1896. For 1898 the gold output was estimated at $360,000, an increase. The coal product of 1897 was. 716,981 short tons, spot value, $991,611; the largest amount on record excepting in 1895. There were 15 mines in operation, and the largest output was in Bernalillo county. Copper mining was carried on principally near Fort Bayard; output, 701,892 pounds, a decline of about 2,000,000 pounds from that of 1896, the largest on record. The output of coal in the fiscal year 1897-8 was reported at 858,583, estimated value, $1,408,680.

Agriculture. The following shows the production and value of the principal crops in the calendar year 1898: corn, 509,418 bushels, value $285,274; wheat, 4,586,926, $2,843,894; oats, 271,522, $111,324; barley, 37,856, $20,821; potatoes, 42,572, $33,206; and hay, 148, 106, $1,088,579-total value, $4,383,098. Live-stock comprised, horses, 83,351; mules, 3,472; milch cows, 19,317; other cattle, 701,967; sheep, 3,128,692; and swine, 30,204-total head, 3,967,000. The Territory ranked second in the number of sheep. Over eleven million pounds of wool are raised annually and although this territory has as good water power as any in the country and an inexhaustible supply of coal, yet the wool is chiefly shipped abroad, as are also the hides of the immense herds on the plains. Excluding cultivated land, mountainous districts inaccessible to flocks, and land grants, there are 55,000,000 acres in New Mexico peculiarly adapted to sheep pasturage. The industry is owned entirely by permanent residents, and it supports a larger proportion of the people than any other except agriculture. Nearly 3,000 men having families are constantly employed in tending the flocks, which thus support more than 15,000 persons.

Manufactures.-Notwithstanding her vast stores of natural treasures and raw materials, New Mexico as yet has developed few manufacturing industries. The rapid growth of the sheep and wool industry, however, has resulted in the establishment of another home enterprise, that of wool pulling and tanning. There are at Las Vegas two wool pulling plants, one of which is also engaged in tanning leather. The beet sugar industry in the Pesos valley has incited widespread interest in the cultivation of sugar beets.

Transportation.-In 1898 the railroads comprised the Atchison, Topeka, and Santa Fé, the Denver and Rio Grande, the Pesos Valley and Northeastern, the Union Pacific, Denver and Gulf, the Southern Pacific, the Alamagordo and Sacramento Mountain, the Santa Fé Pacific (formerly the Atlantic Pacific), and the Silver City, Deming, and Pacific roads. The total mileage was reported at 1,502.07.

Banks.-On Oct. 31, 1898, there were 6 national banks in operation and 9 in liquidation. The active capital aggregated $600,000; circulation, $402,673; deposits, $2,785,391; reserve, $748,341. Territorial banks numbered 6, with capital, $231,700; deposits, $796,370; resources, $1,079,893. There was also one stock savings bank, with capital, $30,000; deposits, $67,457; resources, $98,326.

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New South Wales

Education. At the end of the school-year 1896-7 there were 48,924 persons of school age in the Territory, of whom 24,155 were enrolled in the public schools, and 19,349 were in daily attendance. There were 523 public school districts; 492 schools; 605 teachers; public school property valued (1895-6) at $264,430; and expenditures, $155,955, of which $124,015 was for teachers' salaries. There were also 60 sectarian schools, with 135 teachers, 3,600 pupils, and property valued at $313,600. For higher education there were 7 public high schools; 3 private secondary schools; a public normal school; a university; school of mines; college of agriculture and mechanic arts; and a military institute. The percentage of illiteracy in the total population in 1898 was 21. The agricultural college at Mesilla Park, endowed by Congress, received from the federal government $22,000 in 1897 and $23,000 in 1898. In the last year there were 57 periodicals, of which 5 were dailies, and 47 weeklies.

Finances. The equalized assessed valuations for 1897 aggregated $39,478,119; receipts of the treasury from Nov. 30, 1896, to May 28, 1898, $540,488; expenditures in same period, $462,876; tax rate for 1897, $10.80 per $1,000; bonded debt, Sept. 1, 1898, $1,066,800, outstanding militia warrants, $600,000.

Population. On Oct. 1, 1898, Gov. Otero estimated the white population at 257,000, and the Indian, comprising the Pueblos, Jicarillas, Mescaleros, and Navajos, at 25,900-in all, 282,900.

Legislation.-An important bill was passed in the House of Represesentatives on May 25, granting 1,500,000 acres of land to the Territory of New Mexico for common school, college, and university purposes, and also for charitable institutions, public buildings, irrigation, and improvements along the Rio Grande river. This bill was intended to convey a partial grant of the lands to which the Territory would be entitled on its admission into the Union. Its passage occasioned a speech from Mr. McMillan, a Democratic Representative from Tennessee, in which he denounced the refusal of statehood to New Mexico as a political move on the part of the Republicans. The principal law of universal interest was regarding the insurance question. An act was passed on March 17, 1897, by the New Mexico Territorial legislature, providing that all insurance companies doing business in the Territory shall deposit $10,000 in cash or in municipal or territorial bonds at par as a guarantee of the payment of losses. Senator Davis introduced a bill disapproving of the act, and the Senate committee decided to postpone indefinitely a bill to annul it.

The Governor's Report.—In his annual report to the Secretary of the Interior, Gov. Miguel A. Otero recommended the admission of New Mexico as a State. He pointed out that with the exception of Dakota, none of the Territories lately admitted have been as populous as New Mexico, and the assessed valuation is $40,000,000, $10,000,000 more than that of Idaho or Wyoming. The report laid special stress on the possibilities of irrigation and called attention to the fact that great numbers of windmills were being erected throughout the Territory by individual enterprise. This report also contained a letter from Col. Roosevelt, dated Santiago de Cuba, July 25, commending the behavior of the New Mexicans in the "Rough Riders" regiment. Officers. Representatives in Congress, Hervey B. Ferguson (Dem.), from Albuquerque; Miguel A. Otero (Rep.), Governor (he was elected with a plurality of 2,063); George H. Wallace (Rep.), Secretary; S. Eldodt (Dem.), Treasurer; M. Garcia (Dem.), Auditor; W. H. Whiteman (Rep.), Adjutant-General; E. L. Bartlett (Rep.), Solicitor-General; M. C. de Bacca (Rep.), Superintendent of Education. Chief Justice, William J. Mills; Associates, John R. McFie, J. W. Crumpacker, F. W. Parker, and C. Č. Leland; and Clerk, José D. Sena. All are Republicans. The Territorial legislature has 7 Democrats and 29 Republicans.

NEW SCHOOL AND OLD SCHOOL PRESBYTERIANS. See PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH OF THE UNITED STATES (NORTH), AND PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH OF THE UNITED STATES (SOUTH).

NEW SOUTH WALES, a British colony in southeastern Australia with an area of 3,107,005 sq. m. and a population in 1898 estimated at 1,335,800. The capital is Sydney with a population estimated in 1896 of 410,000, including the suburbs. Agriculture and sheep-raising are the main occupations. The chief crops are wheat, maize, barley, oats, potatoes, hay and tobacco, and the chief fruit culture is that of oranges. There are also a large number of vineyards, the production of wine in 1897 amounting to 790,256 gallons. The great produce of the country is wool, which is the staple export, being valued in 1896 at £9,897,332. The coal-fields of New South Wales are extensive and the seams of great thickness. In 1896, 3,909,517 tons valued at £1,125,281 were taken out. The colony is rich in gold, the production of which from the time of its discovery in May 1851, down to the close of the year 1896 was valued at £43,399,958. The greater part of the commerce of New South Wales is with the United Kingdom and its colonies, the trade with the United Kingdom itself being almost equal to that with the Australian colonies and the other British possessions. In 1896 out of a total trade valued at £23,010,349, £2,064,964 was with the United States and £3,674,348 with other foreign countries, all the rest be

ing with the United Kingdom and British colonies or other possessions. On June 30, 1897, there were 2,639 miles of government railways open for traffic. The government controls education, which is compulsory for children between the ages of 6 and 14 years. There is freedom of religious worship, all sects being on the same footing. As to the form of government, the executive authority in New South Wales is vested in a Governor, who is aided by a Cabinet of ten Ministers. In 1898 the Governor was the Rt. Hon. Viscount Hampden and the Premier was the Rt. Hon. George Houstoun Reid, who was re-elected in the general elections at the close of July 1898. The legislative authority is_vested in a bicameral parliament, the upper House being known as the Legislative Council and the Lower as the Legislative Assembly. The members of the former are appointed by the crown for life and of the latter are elected by the male resident population 21 years of age or over.

Events in 1898.-The chief political question before the people of New South Wales in 1898 was the question of federation an account of which is given in the article AUSTRALIA (q. v.). The constitution drafted at the convention at Melbourne was submitted to popular vote in the colonies. As the mother colony, the decision of New South Wales was specially important. Queensland did not vote, preferring to await the action of the parent colony. Of the four colonies voting, New South Wales was the only one whose vote fell below the required minimum for the adoption of the measure. The vote was taken on June 2, 1898, and showed 70,990 for federation and 65,619 against it, the majority being 5,371. The required minimum was 80,000 and thus the vote, though it gave a majority for federation, fell below the necessary limit. The total number of the electorate in New South Wales was 293,000, so despite the importance of the question, a comparatively small number of qualified electors registered their votes. The adverse decision in New South Wales was a serious check to the federation movement. The reason for the opposition to the proposed union in this, the oldest of the colonies, is said to have been the fear that the other colonies would out-vote New South Wales, especially in tariff matters. The New South Wales Parliament was opened on June 21 and the Governor announced at that time that the administration was framing proposals for the alteration of the constitution in such a to meet the requirements of New South Wales. The chief points in which the instrument was to be altered were the making of a bare majority vote at the joint session of both houses of the federal legislature decisive, instead of a three-fifths majority; the recasting of some of the financial provisions; the remodeling of appellate jurisdiction; the adoption of the Canadian plan, somewhat modified, in regard to the seat of government; the withdrawal from the Senate of the right to amend money bills; and the protection of the territorial rights of the States. In the general election which was held toward the close of July, the federation question remained the chief issue. The opposition to the government charged it with insincerity in its attitude toward union and with offering amendments to the proposed constitution which it knew that the other colonies would not accept. The government, on the other hand accused the opposition of aiming at a settlement which was injurious to the interests of New South Wales. The opposition gained as a result of the elections, and three members of the cabinet were defeated but the government secured a majority. The party in power now proceeded to amend the constitution in such a way as to make it acceptable to the people of New South Wales, and resolutions endorsing these changes were carried by a small majority.

way as

Official statements indicate that great progress took place in agriculture and dairy farming during the year, that mining and manufactures had steadily advanced and that the condition of the colony on the whole was prosperous. The revenue and expenditure for the year 1898 was estimated at £9,433,000 and £9,681,000, respectively. It was proposed by the government to meet the deficit by the imposition of certain new customs duties.

NEWTH, SAMUEL, D. D., English mathematician and Biblical scholar, died February 1, 1898. He was born in 1821. At the age of thirty-four he became a member of the faculty of New College, London, the well known Non-Conformist institution, and in 1872 was made principal, assuming at the same time the professorship of New Testament Exegesis, in which positions he remained until he was succeeded in 1889 by the present principal, the Rev. R. Vaughan Pryce, M. A. Dr. Newth, who was an able scholar and instructor, published a number of works, but will be best remembered perhaps for his success in preparing students for the ministry. He was an important member of the New Testament Revision Committee and in 1880 was Chairman of the Congregational Union of England and Wales. His grave is in Abney Park Cemetery near that of his friend and co-worker, Dr. Henry Allon.

NEW YORK, a Middle Atlantic State of the United States, has an area of 49,170 sq. m. Capital, Albany.

Mineralogy. In 1897 New York maintained its rank as the first salt-producing State in the country, with a total output from 43 works of 6,805,854 barrels, value,