divided into twelve districts, each with its chief who was responsible to the government for the good conduct of the inhabitants. A native commissioner, resident at Buluwayo, was placed in charge of these local administrators. A report of the causes of the revolt was made to the government by Sir Richard Martin in February 1897. He declared that the native commissioners were guilty of forcing the inhab itants to labor for them, and he blamed the company for its mistaken policy toward the cattle question. The company disclaimed all blame for the occurrence.

British Central Africa is the official name of the land lying north of the Zambesi and south of German East Africa and Congo Free State, with an area of about 251,000 square miles and a native population of 650,000. Settlements have been formed near lakes Tanganyika and Mweru, and near Bangweolo. The British Central African Protectorate is distinct from the company's territory and is under a government commissioner.

RICHEBOURG, JULES EMILE, French novelist, died in Paris, January 26, 1898. He was born at Mouvy, Haute-Marne, April 23,1833. After working a short time in a mercantile house, he was given a position on the staff of the Figaro; he wrote both prose and verse with little success and in 1857 published his first romance, Contes Enfantins; in 1862 he wrote in collaboration with Leon Pournin a fairly creditable five-act drama, Les Nuits de la Place Royale, and the next year he was still more successful in his one-act comedy Un Ménage à la Mode. Richebourg wrote a large number of stories of passion, adventure, and intrigue, many of which appeared in the Petit Journal. They were widely read in France by the common people.

RICHTER, Hans, musical conductor, born in Raab, Hungary, April 4, 1843, where his father was capellmeister of the cathedral. He studied in the Conservatory of Vienna, and for a time played the horn in the orchestra of the Kärnthnerthor Opera. He lived with Wagner at Lucerne and copied the score of Die Meistersinger. He was conductor in Munich and Pesth and attracted attention by his conducting of an orchestral concert in Vienna in 1875. In 1876 he conducted the rehearsals and performances of The Nibelungen Trilogy in Bayreuth. In 1875 he was made conductor of the Court Opera Theatre in Vienna which he held until 1898. He is now conductor of the Manchester Philharmonic Society. Since 1879 he has frequently conducted orchestral concerts in London. He is the greatest authority on Beethoven and Wagner, and has received many honors for his musical scholarship.

RIMSKI-KORSAKOFF, NICOLAI ANDREYEVICH, composer, born in Tikhvin, Russia, in 1844. He left the navy to become a musician, and in 1871 he was made professor of composition and instrumentation in the Conservatory of St. Petersburg. His works include operas, of which Snegorutchka (Snowdrop), first represented in St. Petersburg in 1882, is very popular; symphonies, orchestral works, chamber-music, piano music, songs, etc. His works are becoming very popular in Europe and America. See MUSIC.

RITCHIE, ANNE ISABELLA THACKERAY, author, born in London. She is Thackeray's eldest daughter and in 1898-99 was engaged in editing his works with valuable prefaces and annotations. Of her novels Old Kensington (1873) and Miss Angel (1875) are best known.

RITUALISM. See ENGLAND, CHURCH OF (paragraph Ritualistic Controversy). RIVER, ALPHONSE PIERRE OCTAVE; born at Lausanne, Switzerland, November 9, 1835; died July 21, 1898. Since 1867 he had been professor of international law in the University of Brussels, and was recognized as a high authority on the subject.

ROBERTS, JOSEPH, Brigadier-General, U. S. A. (retired, 1877), died at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, October 18, 1898. He was born in Delaware in 1814; was graduated at West Point in 1835. He engaged in the Creek War (1836), the Florida War (1836-37), the Seminole War, the Mexican War, and the Civil War. In the last-named he was chief of artillery of the Seventh Corps, and was brevetted Brigadier-General in March, 1865. General Roberts wrote A Handbook of Artillery.

ROBERTSON, WILLIAM H., jurist and politician, died December 7, 1898. He was born at Bedford, Westchester county, New York, October 10, 1823; educated at the Union Academy and afterwards taught school. Having studied law he was admitted to the bar in 1847 and continued for many years in practice at White Plains. He was elected to the Assembly in 1848, to the State Senate in 1853 and as county Judge in 1855, holding the last named office for three terms. In 1864 he was a member of the national Republican convention and in 1866 was elected to the XLth Congress. In 1871 he was again returned to the State Senate and was reëlected four successive times. He is best known in connection with his appointment to the collectorship of the port of New York, an appointment which led to a split in the Republican party and the starting of the "Stalwart" movement under the leadership of Roscoe Conkling. He had incurred the enmity of Conkling by refusing to obey the

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instructions issued by the State convention of New York that the New York delegation should vote as a unit at the national convention. These instructions had been voted at the instance of Conkling, who was heading a movement to nominate General Grant for a third term. The New York delegates, under the leadership of Judge Robertson, disregarded the instructions and Garfield was nominated by the Republican party. When Mr. Garfield, acting on the advice of Mr. Blaine, appointed Judge Robertson collector of the port of New York, Conkling resigned his seat in the Senate together with his colleague Thomas C. Platt and from that time the division of the party into the "Stalwart" and "Half-breed" factions led to constant internal strife. Judge Robertson was reëlected to the State Senate after his retirement from the collectorship and served until he retired on account of age.

ROD, EDOUARD. See FRENCH LITERATURE (paragraph Fiction).

RODIN, AUGUSTE, sculptor, born in Paris in 1840. He is a pupil of Barye, and Carrier-Belleuse. His first exhibited work, a bust of M. Garnier, was exhibited at the Salon in 1875. L'Age d'airain (1877), reproduced in bronze, gained him a thirdclass medal, and was placed in the Luxembourg, where there are other examples of his works. He was decorated with the Légion d'Honneur in 1888. His statue of Balzac (1898), occasioned much discussion. See SCULPTURE.

ROENTGEN RAYS IN MEDICAL DIAGNOSIS. Prof. Küttner of Tübingen has found it rarely possible to take satisfactory photographs on account of the difficulty of bringing patients into proper positions. Splinters of bone and bullets which have penetrated into soft parts of the body can not be distinguished from each other; deeplying masses of pus can not be located; injuries to the nervous system and the peripheral nerves are not discernible by the Roentgen rays. Yet in so many instances of fractures, foreign bodies, etc., he has found skiagraphy of use that he advocates equipping fixed hospitals, in time of war, with the X-ray apparatus. In the Royal Institute, London, a photograph of a brain in relief was shown, which enabled the operator to see the foreign body and also to measure correctly its distance from the outer wall of the cranium. Abbe, of New York, reports that he is using the Roentgen rays frequently in private and hospital work, as an aid to diagnosis, especially in obscure cranial conditions, possible presence of renal calculus, suspected fracture of the neck of the femur, etc. He has never seen the faintest "burn," after taking many hundred Roentgen ray pictures, with exposures frequently up to three-quarters of an hour. He always has the tube placed at a distance of 12 or 15 inches from the surface of the person photographed. The Roentgen rays enabled Prof. H. C. Bumpus and W. C. Cannon to count the number of vertebræ and locate the pelvis in 100 specimens of Necturus, and also to obtain figures showing the shape of the stomach during digestion. For the latter purpose a cat was used, and by mixing subnitrate of bismuth with the animal's food the wavy motions of the pyloric portion of the stomach were made clearly visible. E. B. Bronson, of New York, says that the X-ray injuries are not burns. He has seen nerves and even bones affected in some cases; in others he has seen deep, gangrenous inflammation as a result of exposure to Roentgen rays. The active agent, he claims, is not ozone, nor an electrical current, nor the bombardment of the tissues by minute particles of platinum, as suggested by Nicola Tesla. The injury takes place first in the deeper tissues as a result of the action of the rays themselves. The nerves are first involved, and there is also a grave involvement of the vascular system. S. D. Powell, of New York, claims to have cured several cases of Roentgen ray "burns" by cutting down through the affected part, excising the altered tissue, disinfecting with carbolic acid and then dressing the wound so that it shall granulate from the bottom. Tesla finds that these X-ray injuries can be avoided if an aluminum screen is used, provided that it is grounded. At the January, 1898, meeting of the Roentgen Society, of London, Major J. Battersby, who has charge of the Roentgen ray apparatus in the Soudan, reported that skiagraphy had proved of great practical value in the detection and location of bullets, when the erratic course taken by these missiles after entering the body rendered their discovery by ordinary means exceedingly difficult if not impossible. After the battle at Omdurman there were 21 cases of gunshot wounds in which the bullets could not be found or their absence proved by ordinary methods. In 20 of these 21 cases an accurate diagnosis was reached with the help of the rays, the remaining case of a soldier shot through the lung-being too ill for examination. In many other cases the use of the rays prevented much suffering, which the patients would have experienced from probing, exploring with the finger or enlarging the wounds in the ordinary search for bullets, as the skiagraphs at once located their position. The necessity for an apparatus which could be packed in small compass in panniers, or on either side of a mule's back in a pack saddle, was emphasized. The most serious difficulty seems to be the method of generating the primary electrical current for charging the storage batteries. In the Soudan a small dynamo, driven by means of a tandem bicycle, proved efficient and was readily transported by rail or boat, but was

unsuitable for transportation by mule, camel or human carrier. Major Battersby suggested that an ideal apparatus would consist of a modification, for example, of Wimshurst's statical, or friction, machine, whereby the focus tube could be excited direct. For the effect of Roentgen rays upon plants see BOTANY (paragraph Plant Physiclogy). See also the article PHYSICS.

ROGERS, WILLIAM AUGUSTUS, Ph. D., an American scientist of wide reputation, was born at Waterford, Connecticut, in 1832; died at Waterville, Maine, March 1, 1898. In 1896 he became professor of physics and astronomy in Colby University, Waterville, in which position he remained to the time of his death.

ROLLINS, Mrs. ALICE WELLINGTON, American writer, was born in Boston, Massachusetts, June 12, 1847; died at Bronxville, New York, December 5, 1897. She was a literary critic of considerable merit, being for many years a regular contributor to the Critic. She travelled extensively, and, her husband being a merchant in the South American trade, she lived for a time in Brazil. The reflection of her travels is found in some of her books; e. g., The Story of a Ranch and From Palm to Glacier, the latter being an account of travels in South America, Bermuda, and Alaska. She wrote several books for children, among which are Little Page Fern and the Finding of the Gentian. She published a number of poems, the best of which is probably The Story of Azron; her first volume of poems, The Ring of Amethyst, appeared in 1878. Among her other works are Dealing in Futures, a dramatic colloquy; the booklets, Unfamiliar Quotations and Aphorisms for the Year; and Uncle Tom's Tenement (1888), a novel written in the cause of tenement house reform. ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH. The history of the Roman Catholic Church in America for 1898 is marked by its entering largely into politics, and its discussion of the life and influence of Father Hecker, founder of the Paulists. The report for 1898 gives 9,856,622 Roman Catholics in the United States, outnumbering all other denominations; 14,675 churches; 77 bishops, 10,911 priests; 97 seminaries, 16 universities; 215 colleges and 3,873 students. The Roman Catholic hierarchy in the United States is as follows: Apostolic Delegation, Sebastian Martinelli, Abp. Ephesus, Washington, D. C., Rev. Donatus Sbaretti, Auditor, Washington, D. C.; F. Z. Rooker, Secretary, Washington, D. C. Archbishops: James Gibbons (Cardinal), Baltimore, Md.; John J. Williams, Boston, Mass.; Patrick A. Feehan, Chicago, Ill.; William H. Elder, Cincinnati, O; John Hennessy, Dubuque, Iowa; Frederick Katzer, Milwaukee, Wis.; P. L. Chapelle, New Orleans, La.; M. A. Corrigan, New York; Patrick J. Ryan, Philadelphia, Pa.; John J. Kain, St. Louis, Mo.; John Ireland, St. Paul, Minn.; and Patrick W. Riordan, San Francisco, Cal. The Sees of Portland, Ore., and Santa Fé, New Mexico, are vacant.

Bishops: Thomas M. Burke, Albany, N. Y.; James Ryan, Alton, Ill.; J. Janssen, Belleville, Ill.; F. J. Glorieux, Boisé City, Idaho; John Brady, Boston, Mass.; C. E. McDonnell, Brooklyn, N. Y.; James E. Quigley, Buffalo, N. Y.; J. S. Michaud, Burlington, Vt.; H. P. Northrop, Charleston, S. C.; Thos. M. Lenihan, Cheyenne, Wyoming; 1. F. Horstmann, Cleveland, Ohio; J. A. Watterson, Columbus, Ohio; J. F. Cunningham, Concordia, Kansas; C. P. Maes, Covington, Ky.; Edward J. Dunne, Dallas, Tex.; H. Cosgrove, Davenport, Iowa; N. C. Metz, Denver, Col. ; John S. Foley, Detroit, Mich.; James McGoldrick, Duluth, Minn.; Tobias Mullen, Erie, Pa.; John Shanley, Fargo, N. Dakota; J. Rademacher, Fort Wayne, Ind.; N. A. Gallagher, Galveston, Tex.; H. J. Richter, Grand Rapids, Mich.; Sebastian Messmer, Green Bay, Wis.; Theodore Meerschaert, Guthrie, Oklahoma; M. Tierney, Hartford, Conn.; J. B. Brondel, Helena, Montana; S. F. Chatard, Indianapolis, Ind.; John J. Hogan, Kansas City, Mo.; James Schwebach, La Crosse, Wis.; P. Verdagner, Laredo, Texas; L. M. Fink, Leavenworth, Kan.; Thomas Bonacum, Lincoln, Neb.; Edward Fitzgerald, Little Rock, Ark.; G. Montgomery, Los Angeles, Cal.; William J. McCloskey, Louisville, Ky.; O. M. Bradley, Manchester, N. H.; John Vortin, Marquette, Mich.; Edward P. Allen, Mobile, Ala.; Thomas S. Byrne, Nashville, Tenn.; Thomas Heslin, Natchez, Miss.; Anthony Durier, Natchitoches, La.; Edward J. O'Dea, Nesqually, Wash.: W. M. Wigger, Newark, N. J.; John M. Farley, New York; Henry Gabriels, Ogdensburg, N. Y.; Richard Scannell, Omaha, Neb.; J. L. Spaulding, Peoria, Ill.; E. F. Pendergast, Philadelphia, Pa.; R. Phelan, Pittsburg, Pa.; S. A. Healy, Portland, Me.; M. Harkins, Providence, R. I.; A. Van de Vyver, Richmond, Va.; B. J. McQuaid, Rochester, N. Y.; John Moore, St. Augustine, Fla.; James Trobec, St. Cloud, Minn.; M. F. Burke, St. Joseph, Missouri; Thomas Grace, Sacramento, Cal.; Lawrence Scanlan, Salt Lake City, Utah; J. A. Forrest, San Antonio, Texas; Thomas A. Becker, Savannah, Ga.; William O'Hara, Scranton, Pa.; Thomas O'Gorman, Sioux Falls, S. Dakota; Thomas D. Beaven, Springfield, Mass.; P. A. Ludden, Syracuse, N. Y.; James A. McFaul, Trenton, N. J.; P. Bourgade, Tucson, Arizona; Alexander Christie, Vancouver, Washington; P. J. Donahue, Wheeling, W. Va.; J. J. Hennessy, Wichita, Kan.;

John J. Monaghan, Wilmington, Del.; Leo Haid, Wilmington, N. C.; and Joseph B. Cotter, Winona, Minn.

ROMAN FORUM. See ARCHEOLOGY (paragraph Italy).

ROMERO, Don MATIAS, Mexican Ambassador to the United States, died in Washington, D. C., December 30, 1898. He was born in Oaxaca, Mexico, February 24, 1837; was educated in his native city and in the City of Mexico, receiving there a diploma in law. He entered the foreign office in 1855 and two years later, when Comonfort compelled President Juarez to leave the capital, Romero accompanied the latter to Vera Cruz. He came to Washington in December, 1859, as First Secretary of the Mexican legation, becoming Charge d'Affaires in the absence of the Minister, in August, 1860. Returning to Mexico in 1863 he participated in the war against the French, being appointed colonel by President Juarez and becoming chief of staff to General Porfirio Diaz. In the latter part of the year, however, he went again to Washington, as minister, remaining until 1868, when, in his own government, he became Secretary of the Treasury. On account of ill health he retired in 1872, but in 1877-78 was again Secretary of the Treasury, and in 1880 served as PostmasterGeneral. In March, 1882, he returned to Washington as minister and remained in that position until 1898, with the exception of ten months, in 1892, when he was again called to the portfolio of the treasury. Early in December 1898, the Mexican government advanced Minister Romero to the rank of ambassador. Señor Romero was recognized as a man of great ability and his strong influence was always used toward bringing about closer and more friendly relations between the American republics, and especially between Mexico and the United States. In the fall of 1898 he published a large work entitled Mexico and the United States; the book deals with the political, industrial, and social relations of the two countries, and is probably the best work on present conditions in Mexico. See MEXICO (paragraph Romero's "Mexico.")

ROMULUS, TOMB OF. See ARCHEOLOGY (paragraph Italy).

ROOSEVELT, THEODORE, Governor of New York, was born in New York City, October 27, 1858. After his graduation from Harvard, in 1880, he passed some time in European travel and Alpine climbing, and on his return began the study of law, but in 1881 was sent to the State Assembly and was returned in 1883, 1884 and 1885. He introduced important reform measures and his entire legislative career was made conspicuous by the courage and zeal with which he assailed political abuses. He was a delegate to the national Republican convention, at Chicago, in 1884, and, though he opposed the nomination of James G. Blaine, he refused to join the Republican Independents in supporting Mr. Cleveland. In 1886 Mr. Roosevelt was the Republican candidate for Mayor of New York against Mr. Henry George (Labor), and Mr. Abram S. Hewitt (Democrat); the last named was elected by a plurality of about 22,000. In 1884 he established a ranch in Montana and for a number of years subsequent passed his summers there in hunting; in this way he acquired a wide and accurate knowledge of life among the cowboys and hunters. The amount of his literary work is remarkable for a man whose attention has been given so largely to other matters. His publications, which are chiefly historical and political, amount to about ten volumes. Among them are The Naval War of 1812 (1885); Hunting Trips of a Ranchman (1885); New York (1891); The Wilderness Hunter (1893). His works are characterized by vigor of thought and clearness of expression.

In 1888 Mr. Roosevelt was appointed a Republican member of the United States Civil Service Commission, which position he filled with great ability and strict integrity until he resigned, May 1, 1895, to accept the appointment by Mayor Strong to the position of President of the Board of Police Commissioners of New York City. Through his admirable fearlessness and administrative power, the demoralized police force was greatly improved. This position, also, he resigned in 1897 to become Assistant Secretary of the Navy, and it is said that his influence and energy had much to do with the speedy equipment of the navy in 1898. After the outbreak of the Spanish-American War his patriotism and love of active life led him to resign his portfolio and enter the volunteer army. As a lieutenant-colonel of volunteers, he recruited the First Volunteer Cavalry, the regiment popularly know as the Rough Riders. The men were recruited largely from the cowboys of the far West and Southwest, but there were also many young college-bred Easterners and young men of high social standing, anxious to see service, who joined the regiment. Since no horses were transported to Cuba, this regiment, along with the rest of the cavalry, was obliged to serve on foot. Colonel (afterwards General) Leonard Wood was first in command, but was succeeded by Lieutenant-Colonel Roosevelt, who was promoted to the colonelcy. The regiment distinguished itself in the Santiago campaign, and Colonel Roosevelt became famous for his bravery in leading the charge up the San Juan Hill in the fight of July 1. He was an efficient officer and won the love and ad- ́ miration of his men. On August 3, Major-General William R. Shafter, commanding