Is the Best that has been devised for Safely, Economically and Comfortably warming Modern Dwellings of the best class, Greenhouses, Hospitals, Schools, and other Public and Private Buildings.

SEND FOR CIRCULARS.

DETROIT HEATING AND LIGHTING CO.,

MANHOLE B

STEP

Round ITON
Galvanized.

Recent Sever Construction

WEST BAY CITY MIGH

Mervenngon ENGINEER

Vertical Section on Line A B

MICHIGAN ENGINEERING SOCIETY.

Papers and Discussions at the Eleventh Annual Convention, held at Detroit, January 21-23, 1890.

SEWERAGE OF WEST BAY CITY.

DURING the years 1888-89, a system of sewers was designed and constructed by the Board of Public Works, a short description of the same being attached.

The outlet is into the Saginaw River, and lying back from the river is a low, marshy tract of ground running parallel to and about two thousand feet from it. Between this bayou and the river is a sand ridge upon which the business part of the town stands. The principal object sought after was to drain the bayou and in connection therewith to establish a system that would meet the requirements of drainage for all time to come. The Board of Public Works divided the city into districts and made plans for a main sewer.

The

The main sewer is constructed of double rings of brick, and all district and lateral sewers of socket tile. outlet is a box 5x5 feet inside, made of 6x6 inch Norway drift, bolted together with a 4 inch top and bottom spiked to the sides. The box is about 175 feet long, and at the lower end the bottom is 18 inches under ordinary water level. When solid ground was found, the brick-work was started and excavations made, by the use of pumps in keeping out the water, as the bottom was below the surface of the river, and the soil sharp sand. A wood invert was provided to shape the sides and bottom of the trench, and the brick laid thereon for a distance of about 600 feet, when clay was found of sufficient hardness to be shaped by lines and templets to receive the brick. The sewer from the river to the bayou is 5 feet inside, round, a distance of 3000 feet, built on a grade of 1 foot in 2000 feet. In this distance there are two curves of 80 foot radius and there

I

is practically no change in the velocity around them. At the bayou there was no bottom solid enough to build on, and piles were driven 24 feet, sawed off and timbers laid thereon for a foundation. After intersecting the bayou, the size and shape was changed from round to egg shape, 36x54 inches, and this size continued on a grade of 1 foot in 1000 a distance of 2900 feet, where, after making another angle and crossing the bayou a second time, the size was again reduced to 28x42 inches which size was continued 2500 feet. The average depth of the large sized sewer was 19 feet; in some places being as deep as 23 feet and in sand. Manholes are built at intervals of about 300 feet, or at every crossing.

The main district sewers will be 18 inches in diameter with 12 inch laterals and 6 inch house connections, and will be on a grade of from I foot to 3 in 100, which I think will be sufficient to be self-cleansing.

The brick were hard burned and tested for lime, etc., by being immersed in water until thoroughly wet, and then laid by experienced men with Buffalo cement and sharp sand in proportion of 1 to 2.

The entire cost of main sewer was about $50,000.00, for which bonds of the city were issued.

H. C. THOMPSON,

City Engineer, in charge of Sewer Construction.

SURVEYS MADE

-FOR

Railroads, Water Supply, Sewerage

AND MUNICIPAL PUBLIC WORKS.

H. C.

THOMPSON,

Civil Engineer and Surveyor. County Drain Commissioner.

WEST BAY CITY, MICHIGAN.