brought him on the deck. The sailors instantly came to carry him down to the cock-pit; but he very calmly took his handkerchief from his pocket, and bound it round the wound, saying, Stop, my lads, reach a chair; as I can't stand, I must sit.' This,' added he, clapping

his hand to the place, 'may spoil my dancing, but not my stomach for fighting."

6

Another specimen of his spirit will be acceptable: "Keppel's (ship) was full of water, and he thought he was sinking; a sudden squall emptied his ship, but he was informed all his powder was wet: 'Then,' said he, 'I am sorry I am safe.' They came and told him a small quantity was undamaged- Very well,' said he, then attack again."" Our readers may like to hear a little more of the Dey; and, to let him appear in his own curious colours, we quote from two documents of his composition. The first was in answer to certain peremptory requisitions which the captain had made while the dispute pended. It is in these words :

To the Hon. Commodore Keppel, Commander in Chief of his Britannic Majesty's squadron, now at anchor in this Bay of Algiers.

Peace be with you. You require justice from us on the affair in question; but as it is what never yet happened, we are ignorant what to say further on this head, than to tell you, you may expect no return, nor that anything will be done more than what has already been done. And we must needs say that we plainly see, by your proceeding and behaviour, that your study is how to create a difference between this government and the King of England, our good friend. The custom ever was here, upon the arrival of any of his Majesty's ships, that our castles welcomed every such with twenty-one guns. We ordered the same number to be fired for you, on your anchoring in the Bay; which was accordingly done. We expected you would have complied with custom on your side. Instead of which, twenty guns were fired from the ship you were on board of, with powder only, and one gun, the very last, with a shot, which, added to the red flag you wear on your maintopmast head, we look upon as a mark of your being on no good design, but rather threatening us with war and blood. Be it known that our government extends from hence to the borders of Tunis, to the eastward, and from hence westward to Terara; and up this our coast we have always admitted any of his Majesty's subjects to trade, and they do frequently carry off all sorts of provisions, &c. the produce of this regency; and for further proof of our regard to his Majesty and his subjects, there is now loading at Port Estore sundry English vessels, which is a liberty we allow to no other nation-all occasioned from the long, and we hope will still be, lasting friendship subsisting between his Britannic Majesty and this regency. But if your design is to create a difference between us, we must tell you that we will acquaint his Majesty of all your proceedings: and if, after forty-six years of peace, our treaties have stood good in regard to returning all slaves that may desert from us, while any of his Majesty's ships lay at anchor in this Bay, contrary to which you have, by coming so near the town, not customary, given us suspicion that you design to protect and carry off any slaves that may get aboard the ships now under your command; and VOL. 11. (1842.) No. III.

BB

your so doing will not only convince us of your being willing, but also that you are resolved to break the peace. When so, look to what you do. God Almighty, we hope, will protect us; and as to any return of the money taken out of the vessel in question, entertain no further thoughts about it, for it will never be given up. If you are willing to remain here any time you are master. Thank God, we have plenty of all sorts of provisions; and for to tell you to go we shall not. As we are friends, think of all that is passed; and as you are a person of sense, by that we advise you to govern. Peace be with you.

From MAHOMET, Bashaw and Dey of Algiers in the West. The other specimen exhibits the Dey in a more accommodating mood:

Having received your letter by the Zeveque, I have to let you know in answer, that one of our frigates, being on a cruise, met with five English vessels whose passes the captain was dubious were not good. He put three or four Moors on board each ship, in order to bring them to Algier, to be examined, and took a like number of Englishmen out of the said ships. On his arrival here, I immediately found the captain in a very great fault, which tended to embroil me with my chiefest and best friends; wherefore I immediately sent the people to the consul, and seized the captain, and would have strangled him, but for the intercession of the Mufti, and principle people of my court; but he never more shall serve me by sea or land, nor ever more set his foot at the marine. Wherefore, as we are the best and oldest friends, I hope the king your master will look upon this accident as the action of a fool or madman, and I shall take care that nothing of that nature shall happen again, and that we may be better friends than ever.

We are tempted to cite one curious passage more, which displays the Dey to a nicety: it is entered in Keppel's journal.

Was informed by Mr. Owen that, yesterday John Dyer (who entered at Mahon) deserted from the long boat, and fled for sanctuary to a Marabut, and turned Moor. By further information, found that he had, five years ago, turned Moor, and had a wife and family here. On which I sent to the Dey to demand he might be sent on board the Centurion, to receive the punishment he had incurred as a deserter, which was death. In answer to which, the Dey said, "It was contrary to his laws to give up people who turned Moors: but as he had turned backwards and forwards so often, he was neither fish nor flesh, and fit for neither of us: therefore, as the punishment on our side was death, and that of a renegado flying from his country was death likewise, he, to split the difference, would take off his head if I had no objection:" to which I assented, to put an end to a dispute in which I thought his Majesty's honour was no ways concerned, and that such a villainous fellow might not escape the punishment he had deserved by his actions.

We shall do little more now than allude to some of the incidents which form the principal topics in these volumes. A few years later than Keppell's celebrated embassy to the States of Barbary, he served with the unfortunate Bradock in America. He was with

the squadron off Brest at the period of Byng's disasters in the Mediterranean; and sat on the court-martial held to try the ill-fated admiral. He afterwards used his most strenuous exertions to save Byng, of which efforts a good notion may be obtained from the testimony in one of the elder Pitt's most heroic speeches. "May I perish," said the statesman, "when I refuse pity to such a suit as Mr. Keppel, justifying a man who lies in captivity and the shadow of death! I thank God I feel something more than popularity, I feel justice."

Keppel was in the affair against Rochfort, and the principal in the expeditions against Goree and Belleisle. He had established the blockade of the western coast of France on the accession of George the Third. He received at the siege of Havannah the rank of commander, and, on account of distinguished services performed almost immediately afterwards, was made rear-admiral. The ministry which came in when the Regency was formed, made him a junior lord; and now he begins to occupy a political position in our annals. He voted for Wilks; and subsequent to his promotions as vice-admiral of the blue, and vice-admiral of the red, we find him refusing to serve against America. But the most memorable passages of his life were connected with the indecisive results of the action off Brest. Still, the victory which he gained by an acquittal on the court-martial that followed, and which the Whigs, and indeed the popular mind of the country, construed into secret enmity entertained by the King and the Tory party, was the most distinguished in his career. Of this court-martial Burke thus expressed himself: -"With what zeal and anxious affection I attended him through that agony of glory. I partook of the honour with several of the first and best and ablest in the kingdom; but I was behindhand with none of them; and I am sure that if, to the eternal disgrace of this nation, and to the total annihilation of every trace of honour and virtue in it, things had taken a different turn from what they did, I should have attended him to the quarter-deck with no less good will and more pride, though with far other feelings, than I partook of the general flow of national joy that attended the justice which was done to his virtue."

Keppel has been much lauded for his gentlemanly character; and it has been set down to the fine qualities of his nature that he trusted too much to the generosity and honour of inferior minds. It has been alleged that he did not see sufficiently into the character of George the Third by persons who have charged the monarch with being in the habit of dealing duplicitly with his servants whenever they differed from him, provided such craftiness served a purpose at the time, and also of being capable of cherishing without ceasing the most bitter virulence secretly towards any one who once happened to offend him. But we must refer our readers to the well-written life

itself for the full particulars of this first authentic memoir of the author's illustrious kinsman; having said and shown enough to prove its title to rank among the biographies of our old admirals,-a species of literature of which no other nation, ancient or modern, can furnish a parallel. We conclude with the conclusion of the memoir, and a reference to Burke's eulogy.

In the latter pages of the "Letter to a Noble Lord." the eulogist labours to convince the Duke of Bedford that his deceased uncle, Lord Keppel, would not have supported the Whigs in their efforts to establish a peace with those whom he calls the "Regicides of France." But of all inen of his time, Burke was, perhaps, the least qualified to pronounce what would have been the conduct or the sentiments of another at a crisis, which, like the close of the last century, confounded the ordinary distinctions of party. In that philosophic intuition which discerns the moral of the past, and the unembodied form of the future, Burke had no equal in his own, no superior in any former age; but in practical statesmanship he had neither the intense sagacity of Chatham, nor the intrepid vigour of Fox. The sterling virtues, the manly sense, which Burke describes as the characteristics of his departed friend, were more likely to have resisted, than to have embraced, his splendid, but frequently unreasonable, denunciations; and the examples of Fox and Erskine were at least as powerful with their contemporaries as the more eccentric and passionate course of the great seceder from the Whigs. It is more probable that the calm and candid temper of Keppel, while it recoiled from the atrocities of the " Reign of Terror," would have read in the excesses of men newly emancipated, the condemnation of the system which had debased them; and that the same temper, confirmed by his previous habits of obedience and command, would have enconraged in him the faith that, from the chaos of revolution, new elements of order would arise, and eventually develop themselves in a government based on the sole legitimate source of power-the consent of the governed.

ART. IV.-The Heraldry of Fish. By THOMAS MOULE. Van Voorst.

HERALDRY, considered as an art, is that of armoury and blazonry; or the knowledge of what relates to the bearing of arms, and the laws and regulations thereof. It likewise comprehends what relates to the marshalling of solemn cavalcades, processions, and ceremonies at coronations, instalments, creations of peers, funerals, nuptials, &c.

Heraldry, according to its more modern and extended signification, includes not only the art of armories and their blazons, but the knowledge of everything pertaining to the several military marks of honour and dignity, regularly composed of certain figures and tinctures, borne upon shields, ensigns, crests, surtouts, &c., which have been assumed by sovereigns, appropriated to communities and high offices, or, according to the laws of arms, have been either taken, and authorized to be retained, or originally granted by potentates or such as they have duly authorized for that purpose, as hereditary

tokens, by which families and persons of ancient and worthy descent are not merely illustrated, distinguished, and differenced among themselves, but separated and known from the ignoble and common rank of people, who are not entitled to use such badges of honour and respect.

No antiquarian subject has given rise to greater diversity of opinion than the origin of "the art armorial," "the art of blazon," and,, the art noble." In the 16th and 17th centuries, antiquaries were generally infected with such an enthusiasm in the pursuit and cultivation of this curious branch, as to claim an extravagant consideration for it, and to maintain not only that the art was founded upon scientific and systematic principles, but that it had been framed by the first masters of science among mankind; and, in fact, practised in a manner little different from that of their own times, by the most polished nations of antiquity. Other writers followed, however, who brought into contempt the dreams of the enthusiasts, which at length appeared to be nearly exploded; when again some of the most ridiculous of the fanciful notions were revived, and defended with such imposing learning, as to lead to re-investigations that have resulted in some doctrines which must prove satisfactory to sober understandings. The ingenious and erudite dreamers put forth such opinions as the following:

Some have traced the origin of armories to the antediluvian world, and even to the posterity of Seth, who are said to have been thus distinguished from the children of Cain. Yet this is hardly going so far back as Mr. Sylvanus Morgan did, who commences his treatise with a description of the armorial bearings of the first parents of our race. It has also been argued, to come down to a period subsequent to the Deluge, that Joseph received "an honourable augmentation to his coat, in consequence of his being invested with the family order of Pharaoh king of Egypt;" and indeed it has been learnedly maintained that the use of armorial bearings was the invention of the ancient Egyptians. In support of this opinion two passages from Diodorus Siculus are alleged, in the first of which it is said, that "Anubis and Macedon, the sons of Osiris, were the first who carried in war marks of distinction, taken from certain animals symbolic of their valour;" and in the second, that "the Egyptians, observing that their troops were liable to be scattered in battle, invented certain signs, by which they might be able to recognize each other. And that making use of the figures of animals for this purpose, such a veneration was by degrees conceived for these images, that the animals themselves came to be considered as saered and inviolable beings."

Again, Rabbinical writers allege that the divine command signified to the children of Israel, in the second year after their entrance into the wilderness, that they should pitch their tents every