Memorial Hall, Philadelphia, away from all knowledge and sight of public eyes. Through the generosity of President Morris K. Jessup, this famous collection containing the fin-back lizard, and hundreds of other specimens, large and small, was purchased and brought to New York, where it is gradually being prepared for exhibition. One of these creatures, unquestionably the most astonishing in appearance and structure of all these extinct beasts, was the carnivorous reptile naosarus, or fin-back lizard.

The most extraordinary and remarkable feature of this animal was the high bony fin on the back, spread out like a huge sail from head to tail. This fan-like construction of flesh membrane was attached to a series of nearly thirty elongated, or arrow-like, spines, the actual continuation of the vertebral col

umns, ranging from three inches to over two and one-half feet in height. Protruding out one-half inch or more, on each side of these, are rows of sharp bony spurs, or points. The whole forms a curious armored frill, perfectly rigid, used probably in

some manner as a means

of protection against the attacks of fierce adversaries who usually pounced upon the backs of their victims. In trying to account for some practical use of this puzzling and mysterious appendage, Professor Cope, the discoverer, advanced the following two theories, that perhaps the elevated armature or fin resembled the branches of shrubs then growing, and served to conceal the animal in a bushy region, affording a sort of protective covering and hiding place to screen him from sight when pursued by attacking enemies. Then again, he conjectures, the high fin may have been employed as a sail, at times when the creature took to water, furnishing a first class and ever ready motive power. It is believed that the carnivorous lizard, was the dominant and most formidable monster of his time. The specimen here pictured was nine feet long and nearly five feet high, possibly others were of greater proportions. He was a stiff, slow moving creature, with a small brain. The feet were supplied with sharp claws, five and one-half inches long. The head was comparatively small, being one foot and a half long, though the lower jaw had an opening of nearly twelve inches, sufficient to take in and crush the heads of the average sized existing animals. The legs were short, and the body did not extend very high above the ground. The hind feet were smaller than the fore, which is

just the reverse in modern lizards. In foraging for food the fin-back lizard was not a vegetarian, but whetted his appetite and waged constant warfare upon the other animals of his day, which varied in size from that of a salamander to a large Florida alligator. Many were long and eel-like, with minute limbs, or none at all.

His wide jaws had an extensive battery of teeth, with a total of more than one hundred; the front tusks, nearly three inches long, were well adapted for his flesh eating purposes. Some of the animals, however, like the eryops, were large, with broad flat heads, twenty inches long, and over a foot wide. One of these creatures, which, it is thought, were the chief prey of the lizard, is here shown. Much of Texas, at this early stage of the earth's development, was overspread by a a great inland

sea,

around the shores of which roamed hordes of fin-back lizards, while the large and small amphibians inhabited the vast water covered areas. These land and water animals declined and passed away in the latter part of the Permian period. Their extinction is due partly to their being attacked. and overshadowed by other more powerful reptiles who had entered their arena; partly to their being unable to adapt themselves to the new environment caused by the physical changes the earth was undergoing. The Red Beds of Texas, in which the ancient remains of this vertebrate and many fossil amphibians are found, range from 1,000 to 7,000 feet in thickness. Mr. Charles R. Knight has executed a model in clay under the direction of Professor Osborn, which is considered a perfect representation of the fantastic lizard, a fac-simile of which is here shown. Mr. Knight is universally recognized as the leading authority in this country in the restoration of extinct animals, which he has made more or less a life study. The external form was completed only after the most exhaustive research and the examination of the skeleton and its structure, and is, consequently, based upon scientific deduction, and not at all upon imagination. The lofty saillike fin on the back, and the out-cropping armored spurs are all strikingly shown and convey a realistic appearance of this remarkable animal, one of the first that ever walked the American continent. The restored naosarus shows what science and patience can accomplish.

ACK to nature is an admonition which obtains in the industrial as well as in the breakfast-food world. Nature wastes nothing; man is extravagant. So long as production was not the highly organized, highly competitive industry which the advance in transportation facilities has made it, manufacturers had less incentive to economize. Things were thrown away twenty-five years ago which now are utilized with a care not exceeded in the manufacture of the first products themselves. The scientific utilization of refuse often marks the difference be

tween successful and unsuccessful enterprise.

In the United States the prodigality of our resources long has made us wasteful of left-over products which in Europe have been utilized in various forms. In Germany especially has the art of making waste useful received the attention of manufacturers-and the industrial advance of Germany is one of the marvels of the century.

At the present time, so scientific has manufacturing become, that almost nothing is wasted which can by any means be made to have a value.. Old tin cans, once useful chiefly to the street urchin as ap

pendages to dogs' tails, now are used for buttons, for window weights, for sheathing trunks, and for "pewter" soldiers. Old rubbers and scraps of ieather are utilized in a dozen different ways. The dregs of port wine, rejected by the drinker in decanting the beverage, are made into Seidlitz powders for him to take the next morning. Broken glass is used to make artificial stone; and ashes, by a combination with potash and other alkaline ingredients, are similarly employed. The pith of cornstalks is used to protect vessels, forts, and other structures from the injurious effects of collisions or projectiles. The bones of dead animals yield the chief constituents of lucifer matches, and the offal of the streets and the washings of coal-gas reappear in the form of flavorings for blanc manges or as smelling salts. The clippings of the tinker, mixed with the parings of horse's hoofs, or cast-off woolen garments, make dyes of the brightest hue. Sawdust, once a problem to the millwright, who scarcely knew how to get rid of it, now forms the basis of a considerable independent industry, and commands a good price even

Even smoke, ap

in the back-woods. parently the most valueless of all "wastes," is worth money. At a charcoal-pit blast furnace in a Western state, enough has been saved from the smoke, by means of stills, to pay a large part of the running expenses. A cord of wood makes about 28,000 feet of smoke; and in the smoke of a hundred cords there are 12,000 pounds of acetate of lime, twentyfive pounds of tar, and two hundred gallons of alcohol.

The refuse of to-day is made a source of profit for to-morrow. Nothing in industry is more indicative of economic efficiency than the utilization of products which are residues of previous processes. Whenever a substance performs no function towards a useful end, it is simply because human ingenuity has not yet reached its highest development.

The creative force of science is nowhere more strikingly shown than in the endeavor to keep within the "circle of reproduction." The increase of the world's wealth is largely dependent upon new uses found for materials, and upon the turning of comparatively inexpensive