Colliery Explosion at Tyldesley; five killed. Meeting of the London County Council; Dis- Opening of Inquiry into the East London Water Opening of Congress of Railway Servants at News received of the Death of Bishop Maples of 2. Opening of Leeds Musical Festival. Formation of New Mi istry in Austria, with News received of successes gained by Govern- 3. Meeting of the London School Board; Resignation of Lord George Hamilton, Chairman; Discussion on the Religious Question. Conclusion of inquiry into the Iona Disaster; Verdict of "Death by misadventure." Kiamil Pacha appointed Grand Vizier. 4. Details published of the Despatch from the United States Secretary of State to the American' Ambassador in London on the Venezuelau Boundary Question. Close of the National Temperance Congress at Close of the Assembly of the Congregational Close of the Congress on the Law of Nations. Close of the Congress of Railway Servants. 5. Rev. Dr. Talbot appointed Bishop of Rochester. Meeting of the Executive of the National Union of Teachers to protest against Mr. Riley's Declaration re Promotion. COLONEL SIR WALTER WILKIN, The New Lord Mayor. (Photograph by the Stereoscopic Company.) 6. Opening of Socialist Congress at Breslau. Commemoration at Dublin of the Anniversary of Mr. Parnell's Death. Railway Accident near Ottignies, Belgium; seventeen killed. 7. Opening of the Assembly of the Baptist Union at Portsmouth. Parnellite Convention at Dublin. Opening of the Congress of the National Free Opening of the National Protestant Congress at 8. Opening of Dairy Show at Islington. News received of the Capture of Antananarivo Meeting of the Londen County Council: Dis- Massacre of Armenians at Trebizond. Reply of the Porte to the Collective Note of the Murder of a Manufacturer at Mulhouse, Alsace, 9. Meeting of the Incorporated Law Society opened at Liverpool. Close of the National Free Labour Congress. Fall of a Factory at Bocholt on the Rhine; 10. Manifesto issued by Mr. John E. Redmond on behalf of the Independent Irish Party. 11. Close of the Baptist Union Assembly. Close of the Meeting of the Incorporated Law News received of Collision off Schleswig-Holstein; loss of the Livonia and fourteen lives. French Capture of the Hova Works at Farafatra. Terms of Peace between France and Madagascar published. Evacuation of the Churches in Constantinople by Armenian Refugees. Resignation of Mr. C. T. Ritchie, Chairman of the Moderate Party of the London County Council; and election of the Earl of Onslow to fill his place. Close of the Dairy Show. The Agrarian Programme rejected by the Soci 1 Democratic Congress at Breslau by 153 to 6 votes. Conference of Railway Presidents in New York. Strike in the Shipbuilding Trade at Belfast. SIR HERBERT H. MURRAY, (Photograph by Russell, Baker Street.) LORD LAMINGTON, (Photograph by Rus:ell, Baker Street.) COLONEL GERARD SMITH, Western Australia. 12. The Periyar Irrigation Works, India, opened by Lord Wenlock. Close of the Socialist Congress at Breslau. News received of Disturbances in Korea. 14. Formation of New Coalition Ministry in Norway. Meeting at the Mansion House to protest against the Slave Trade in Zanzibar and Pemba. Peerages conferred on Sir Algernon Borthwick. Mr. David Plunket, and Baron Henry de Worms. Formation of New Cabinet in Roumania with 15. Victorian Tariff Bill passed. Diocesan Conferences at Durham, Lincoln and Meeting of the London County Council; Dis- Testimonial from Women presented to Sir Strike Outrage at Carmux. THE LATE BISHOP MAPLES, OF LIKOMA, NYASSALAND. (Photograph by Elliott and Fry.) 16. Freedom of the Borough of West Ham conferred Meeting of the Central Council of the National 17. Proposed Armenian Reforms sanctioned by the Sultan. 23. Autumn Meeting of the Peace Society at Bir- Brewers' Exhibition opened at the Agricultural The Emperor Frederick Memorial Church The New Wear Valley Extension of the North Diplomatic relations between Italy and Portugal New Hungarian Church Laws passel. Annual Meeting, at Manchester, of the United Re-opening of the French Chambers. Railway accident at Paris; one killed. 23. Diocesan Conferences opened at York, St. Albans, Hereford, etc. Meeting at Southwark of the National Associa- Conference at Carlisle in connection with the Presentation to Lord Roberts of the Freedom of Exhibition of Wood-Turning opened at the 24. Diocesan Conferences opened at Ripon, St. David's, and Truro. Close of the Conference of Women Workers. Details published of Negotiations between the Interpellation in the French Chamber on the An Editor at Leipzig sent to prison for Lèse- Budget presented in the Austrian Reichsrath. Centenary of the Institute of France. Baron von Aehrenthal appointed Austrian 25. Settlement of the Dispute in the Shipbuilding Trade on the Clyde. Restrictions removed from the Empire Theatre. Trial of Jabez Spencer Balfour and others opened at the Law Courts. 26. End of the Debate on the Carmaux Strike in the French Chamber. Text of the Treaty between France and Madagascar published. Foundation Stone laid of New Imperial Courts of Justice at Leipzig. Full text published of Armenian Reforms Night March in the Metropolis of Guards and Conference of Assistant Teachers at Burton-on- Citizen Sunday in London. Meeting of the London School Board; Discussion of the Religious Question 27. Dedication of Selwyn College Chapel, Cam bridge. Further Massacre of Armenians near Baiburt reported. Diocesan Conference at Bristol. 28. 29. Resignation of the French Ministry after Defeat Betrothal of the Princess Maud of Wales to Dr. Lueger, Anti-Semite, elected Burgomaster Centenary of the School of Modern Oriental Council Meeting of the Liberation Society for Release of Miss Lanchester from Roehampton Gas Explosion in the Strand; four killed. Durham Election Petition withdrawn. 30. Chester Diocesan Conference at Stockport. Scottish Home Rule Association Meeting at Edinburgh. 31. Meeting, at the Mansion House, on the Neal of the Church in Australia. Conference at the Memorial Hall to consider French Aunexation of Huahine and Bolabola, New French Ministry with M. Bourgeois as News received of the Mahomedan Capture of News received of the Rejection of the British Marquis of Londonderry elected Chairman of the Opening of the Bulgarian Sobranye by Prince CHURCH CONGRESS AT NORWICH. Oct. 8. Congress opened. Inaugural address by the Bishop of Norwich. Rev. W. R. Finch on Federation for Schools. Bishop Barry on Home and Colonial Systems of THE LATE MRS. ALEXANDER. Mr. Athelstan Riley, on National and Religious Rev. Dr. Noyes on National Education in Rev. R. G. Fowell on National Education in Rev. M. Kaufmann on the Church and Social Dean of Ely on the Church and Trade Unionism. 9. I'rof. Sayce, Mr. T. Pinches, and Dr. M. R. James on Recent Archæology. 10. Mr. J. S. Holmes and others on the Financial Position of the Church. Prof. A. Robinson on the Christian Prophets. Archdeacon Sinclair on the Teaching of the Catacombs. Rev. Dr. Wace, Prebendary Meynell, and Rev. the Hon. Edw. Lyttelton on Religious Education in Schools and Colleges. Canon Scarth and Archdeacon Woosnam on the Archdeacon Thomas, Archdeacou Howell, Canon Discussion on Christian Unity, by Canon 11. Devotional Meeting on the Second Coming of Christ. Mr. J. Murray, Mr. F. Sherlock, Mr. G. F. SPEECHES. Oct. 2. Sir C. M. Kennedy, at Bristol, on Diplomacy and International Law. 3. Mr. George Alexander, at Leels, on Amateur Acting. Sir H. B. Poland, at Dover, on Criminal Law Mr. Justin McCarthy, at Bristol, on "Great 17. Mr. John Burns, at Battersea, on the London Water Question. Mr. Justin McCarthy, at Newport, on Home 18. Mr. Leonard Courtney, at Liskeard, on the Unionist Party. Lord Rosebery, at Scarborough, on the Government and the Liberal Party. Meeting of the Association of Municipal Cor- Bishop Temple, at St. Paul's, on the Church and Dr. W. S. Church, at St. Bartholomew's Mr. George Dixon, at Birmingham, on the Lord Ripon, at Cambridge, on the Education of Mr. Macnamara, at St. Jude's Institute, on Secondary Education. 19. 4. The Bishop of Chester, at Chester, on Temperance Legislation. 5. Prof. Caird, at Toynbee Hall, on Abraham Lincoln. Marquis of Ripon, at Halifax, on Conservative 6. Cardinal Vaughan, at the Pro-Cathedral, Kensington, ou Signor Crispi's Speech on the Рарасу. 7. Lord Halifax and others, at Norwich, on the Reunion of Christendom. Sir Edward Clarke, at Plymouth, on the Govern Mr. Thomas Graham, at the London Chamber Bishop Westcott, at Gateshead, on Temperance Professor Jebb, at Lincoln, on the Press and Sir J. Leese, at Accrington, on the Indian 22. Bishop Boyd Carpenter, at Birmingham, on Education. Slatin Pasha, at Vienna, on his Soudan Experi euces. 23. Mr. Brodrick, at Kingston, on the Navy. Mr. Curzon, at Kingston, ou the Government. 24. 25. Mr. Walter Long, at Edinburgh, on the Con- Lord Londonderry, at Scarborough, on Lord Admiral Colomb, at Fishmongers' Hall, on Lord Huntly, at Aberdeen, on Historical Re- 26. Mr. J. T. Thornycroft, at New Cross, on the Economy of Transit. Lord Londonderry, at New Seaham, on the Unionist Party. 28. Lord Russell, at Lincoln's Inn, on Legal Education. Mr. A. R. Colquhoun, at the London Chamber of Commerce, on the Nicaragua Canal. 29. Lord Rosebery, at Edinburgh, on Scottish History. Bishop Westcott, at Durham, on Temperance Reform. Mr. G. Peel, at Bristol, on Currency. Duke of Norfolk, at the Holborn Restaurant, on 30. Lord Salisbury, at Watford, on Political Topics. Duke of Devonshire, at Leeds, on the General Election, etc. Mr. E. Walter Maunder, at University College, 31. Duke of Devonshire, at Leeds, on Agricultural Education. OBITUARY. O.t. 3. Hon. Arthur Grenville Fortescue, 37. Robert Nightingale, artist, 80. 4. Prof. H. H. Boyesen, 47. 5. Miss Ada Cavendish, actress, NEW TOWN HALL, MORLEY, OPENED BY MR. ASQUITH ON OCTOBER 16TH. (From a photograph by Speight, Morley.) 5. Rev. Dr. Stuart Russell, author of "The Parousia." 6. W. W. Story, American sculptor and author, 75. 7. Admiral Sir James Drummond, "Black Rod," 83. 8. Mr. Justice Harrison, 72. 11. Admiral Sir L. T. Jones, 97. 12. Mrs. Alexander, 77. 14. Bishop Durnford,92. 17. Archdeacon Palmer, 71. 21. Henry Reeve, editor of the Edinburgh Review, 82. R. Blagrove, viola-player. Father Hirst, 52. Victor Rydberg, Swed ish author. 22. Daniel Owen, Welsh writer. Ruggiero Boughi, 67. 23. Marquis of Waterford. 25. Sir Charles Hallé, 76. 26. Dr. Robert Brown, 53. 29. InspectorGen. Sir W Mackenzie, 84. 30. Sir J. B. Patterson, of Victoria, 62. MR. HERBERT SPENCER. O thinker of our time has exerted a deeper, though often unrecognised, influence on thought in general than Mr. Herbert Spencer. To the historian of the future it is probable, indeed, that the second half of the nineteenth century will present itself mainly before the mental vision as the era of evolution. The evolutionary concept accomplished during those fifty momentous years its conquest of the world; before the century's end, the apostles of the development theory had established their right to be heard with respect in every art, every science, every department of historical or social research. Most people, it is true, connect this great revolution in thought mainly with the honoured name of Darwin; but in that belief they are, to a great extent, mistaken. Organic life alone was Darwin's sphere: the universe is his rival's. It is to Herbert Spencer that we owe distinctively the general doctrine of evolution as a whole: to Darwin we owe only the minor principle of the origin of species by natural selection. Not that I wish for a moment to belittle the great biologist of Down, a mighty and marvellous architect of thought in his own chosen line; he wisely confined his attention almost entirely to the vast field of plant and animal life, or to human origins viewed from the purely anatomical and physiological standpoint: whereas Herbert Spencer has taught us that still wider and deeper view of evolution which recognises its action in suns and worlds, in plants and animals, in minds and ideas, in the societies of men, and in all the various products of human organisation or human activity. There are diversities of gifts, and each of these profound thinkers is, in his own way, supreme and transcendent. How comes it, then, that while the name of Darwin is familiar to all, the name of Spencer looms larger to the philosophical and psychological student than to the man in the street" of our latter-day civilisation? I think there are two reasons for this curious fact. In the first place, Darwin's work, touching directly upon the origins of man and of life in general, caught the public attention at once, and roused, in particular, that special kind of religious opposition which is really the best possible advertisement for man, book, or system. He had the good luck to come into direct conflict with the first chapters of Genesis. In the second place, Darwin was also fortunate in finding his own name tacked on immediately to his particular views; everybody talked, from the outset, of Darwinism, Darwinians, the Darwinian theory. With Mr. Spencer, on the contrary, the man to a great extent has been merged in the work. He has effaced his personality. Few people have ever described themselves as Spencerians, still fewer ever speak of the Spencerian doctrine. It is Mr. Spencer's ideas that have conquered the world; it is his phrases and catchwords that are in everybody's mouth, not the name of their discoverer. No philosopher has ever been read and quoted so much in his own lifetime, no philosopher has ever seen his ideas so permeate humanity, yet none has ever received so small a meed of fame, proportionately to his merits, from his own countrymen. It is in foreign nations, above all, that he is known and respected; it is from after ages that he will gain at last his proper recognition in the roll of profound and epoch-making thinkers. Even at the present day he is far better BY ONE WHO KNOWS HIM. known in Russia and California than in London or Manchester.. If anybody doubts this supremacy of Herbert Spencer among the organising thinkers and teachers of our time, he has only to think of the numerous phrases which sum up, as it were, the current thought of our century, and he will find that almost every one of them bears on its very face Mr. Spencer's mint-mark. Evolution, evolutionism, are the facts of our age. Well, most people are not aware of it, but the use of those words, in their modern sense, is wholly and solely due to Mr. Spencer. Nobody employed them in that sense before him; whoever has employed them since has taken them straight out of the "System of Synthetic Philosophy." Once more, the man in the street talks glibly nowadays of "Survival of the Fittest." Probably he thinks the phrase is Darwin's. But it is not. It was invented by Mr. Spencer, as a better one than Darwin's Natural Selection." Again, everybody employs the words "adaptation to the environment" as a common locution of everyday life; few know that they are entirely and exclusively Mr. Spencer's invention. The fact is, our great philosopher has supplied our speech with all the current phraseology of evolution and the evolutionary concepts, just because he is a great philosopher, with a singular faculty for generalisation, and therefore for summing up the results of the process in a single neat and comprehensive formula. All the formulæ of evolutionism come straight from his workshop; he is the author, as it were, of the digest of modern concepts. Or, to put it in another way, the reason why Mr. Spencer gets less than his due share of recognition nowadays is simply this, that, unconsciously to ourselves, we are all Spencerians. The very success of his revolution has obscured to some extent the fame of the chief revolutionist. He has imposed his opinions upon us to so great an extent that most people now look upon them as their own, or, at least, as common property. Ideas which when Mr. Spencer began to write were startling heresies are nowadays so familiar that only special students of the history of thought ever dream of crediting them to their actual author. A character sketch of a man who has so profoundly, if often unobtrusively, influenced the course of human thinking throughout the civilised world must surely be of interest to those who have drunk so deeply at his fount who have repeated without knowing it his philosophical catchwords. I. HIS LIFE. Herbert Spencer belongs to the great generation of thinkers and writers of whom but a few last survivors still remain among us. Twenty years younger than the century, five years younger than the thunders of Waterloo, he was born at Derby in 1820, of a cultivated and scientifically minded ancestry. Time, place, and circumstances were all significant. As regards date, he belonged to the first race of evolutionary giants. Darwin was just eleven years his senior; Hooker and Lewes arrived three years before him on the scene; while Wallace and Huxley were respectively two and five years his juniors. Roughly speaking, therefore, he was well in the mid-line of the coming van of evolutionary thinkers, abreast of |