for which posterity will thank our foresight. We do better by so arranging our labours, that posterity may enter into them, and enlarge and complete what we have attained.

1. 34. some of the philosophers. The Schoolmen. 'Plastic nature' or 'plastic virtue' is a phrase intended by them to express the generative or vegetative faculty.

P. 201, 1. 15. take their opinions, &c. Chiefly the comedians, e. g. the ridicule of Molière against medicine, of Steele against law.

1. 23. those who are habitually employed, &c. By continually looking upwards, our minds will themselves grow upwards; and, as a man by indulging in habits of scorn and contempt for others is sure to descend to the level of what he despises, so the opposite habits of admiration and enthusiastic reverence for excellence impart to ourselves a portion of the qualities which we admire.' Dr. Arnold, Preface to Poetry of Common Life.

1. 31. complexional = constitutional, as at p. 293, 1. 18.

1. 33. quadrimanous activity, i. e. monkey-like, wantonly destructive. Helvetius had remarked, in his peculiar way, on the monkey-like necessity for perpetual activity in children, even after their wants are satisfied. 'Les singes ne sont pas susceptible de l'ennui qu'on doit regarder comme un des principes de la perfectibilité de l'esprit humain.'

1. 34. paradoxes of eloquent writers. Burke follows Bishop Warburton in treating all writers who had hinted at revolutionary ideas as mere paradox-mongers. Cardan seems to have been the first: after him comes Bayle, whose opinion that neither religion nor civil society were necessary to the human race is treated as a pleasant paradox by Warburton, Divine Legation, vol. i. p. 76. The immediate allusion is to Rousseau, whose 'misbegotten Paradoxes' had been long ago exposed by Warburton in the 2nd Book of the Alliance between Church and State.' Burke here maintains the opinion expressed thirty years before in the Annual Register, in reviewing Rousseau's letter to D'Alembert. He thought the paradoxes it contained were, like his own Vindication of Natural Society, intended as satire. He charges him with a tendency to paradox, which is always the bane of solid learning. . . . A satire upon civilized society, a satire upon learning, may make a tolerable sport for an ingenious fancy; but if carried farther it can do no more (and that in such a way surely is too much), than to unsettle our notions of right and wrong, and lead by degrees to universal scepticism.' Mr. Lecky says of Rousseau, 'He was one of those writers who are eminently destitute of the judgment that enables men without exaggeration to discriminate between truth and falsehood, and yet eminently endowed with that logical faculty which enables them to defend the opinions they have embraced. No one plunged more recklessly into paradox, or supported those paradoxes with more consummate skill.' Hist. of Rationalism, vol. ii. p. 242.

P. 202, 1. 7. Cicero ludicrously describes Cato, &c. In the Preface to the Paradoxa. See also the Oration Pro Muraena.

1. 12. 'pede nudo Catonem. Hor. Ep. i. 19. 12-14:
Quid? si quis vultu torvo ferus, et pede nudo,
Exiguaeque togae simulet textore Catonem,

Virtutemne repraesentet moresque Catonis?'

I. e. the apparel does not make the philosopher, as the cowl does not make the monk. Video barbam et pallium-philosophum nondum video.' The bearing of the allusion on the matter is more recondite than is usual with Burke.

1. 12. Mr. Hume told me, &c. Burke seems to err in taking this statement of Rousseau to Hume, whatever its exact purport may have been, as a serious disclaimer of the ostensible ends of his writings. If ever a man was the serious dupe of his own errors, it was surely Rousseau. 'It is not improbable,' says Mackintosh, that when rallied on the eccentricity of his paradoxes, he might, in a moment of gay effusion, have spoken of them as a sort of fancy, and an experiment on the credulity of mankind.'

1. 25. I believe, that were Rousseau alive, &c. This is likely enough from some passages in his writings. The following, for instance, on the metaphysical reformers, might have been written by Burke himself: 'Du reste, renversant, détruisant, foulant aux pieds tout ce que les hommes respectent, ils ôtent aux affligés la dernière consolation de leur misère, aux puissants et aux riches le seul frein de leurs passions; ils arrachent du fond des cœurs le remords du crime, l'espoir de la vertu, et se vantent encore d'être les bienfaiteurs du genre humain. Jamais, disent ils, la vérité n'est nuisible aux hommes1. Je le crois comme eux; et c'est, à mon avis, une grande preuve que ce qu'ils enseignent n'est pas la vérité.'

...

P. 203, 1. 31, correctives . . . aberrations. The allusion is to the use of the compass in navigation, as is implied in the next page.

P. 204, 1. 2. In them we often see, &c. Often repeated by Burke, after Aristotle.

1. 20. like their ornamental gardeners. The Jardin Anglais, with its mounds, shrubs, and winding walks, had by this time scarcely become popular on the continent, though the model of Kent was not unknown. The French mechanical style to which Burke alludes was the invention of Le Nôtre, who laid out the gardens of Versailles.

1. 28. regularly square, &c. Burke errs in stating that such a geometrical division and subdivision ever took place. Such plans were discussed, but all the new divisions were limited by natural boundaries. Burke did not see fit to correct the error when pointed out, not considering it material.

P. 205, l. 13. on the system of Empedocles. The allusion seems to be to this philosopher's obscure notion of four successive stages of generation. See Ritter and Preller, Hist. Philos. No. 175.

1 The allusion is to the maxim of the Abbé de Fleury; 'Les lumières philosophiques ne peuvent jamais nuire.'

1. 14. and Buffon. Alluding to the subordination of orders, genera, and species, applied to the animal world by Buffon, e. g. the order of carnivorous animals includes several genera, e. g. the genus felis, which includes several species, e. g. the lion, the tiger, and the cat. The application of such a principle in politics is directly contrary to Burke's conception of a state, which regarded the political division as lateral, and running as it were in strata over the whole extent of the land.

1. 31. dividing their political and civil representation into three parts. It is right to notice that Mr. Pitt, in arranging the new representation of Ireland, in 1800, adopted two of these bases, those of population and of contribution, considering that these, taken together, formed a better ground of calculation than either separately, though he did not pretend that the result of the combination could be considered accurate.

P. 206, 1. 3. third for her dower. Alluding to the legal dower, of a third of the husband's real property, to which a widow is entitled.

1. 15. But soft, by regular degrees, not yet (by regular approach). Pope, Moral Essays, Ep. iv. l. 129.

P. 210, 4. as historians represent Servius Tullius, &c. Burke had probably read the sceptical comments of Beaufort, which were developed by Niebuhr, on the early Roman History.

P. 215, 1. 25. Hominem non sapiunt. Martial, x. 4. 10:

'hominem pagina nostra sapit.'

P. 216, 1. 9. such governments do exist, &c. Burke alludes to America, Holland, and Switzerland.

1. 12. the effect of necessity. In escaping in each case from external tyranny.

1. 19. treat France exactly like a country of conquest. This bold and original observation is true enough. A conquest had been achieved, and it was intended to be consolidated.

P. 217, 1. 26. facies Hippocratica. The old medical term for the appearance produced in the countenance by phthisis, as described by Hippocrates -the nostrils sharp, eyes hollow, temples low, tips of ears contracted, forehead dry and wrinkled, complexion pale or livid. It was held a sure prognostic of death. So in Armstrong's Satire ‘Taste':

'Pray, on the first throng'd evening of a play
That wears the facies Hippocratica,' &c.

1. 28. the legislators, &c. I suspect that this paragraph was written by the younger Burke. See footnote, p. 131.

P. 218, 1. 2. metaphysics of an undergraduate. It must be noticed that in 1790 this implied in Oxford (apparently alluded to) something very different to what it does at the present time. See an amusing account of the progress formerly necessary to a degree: 'doing generals,' answering under-bachelor,' 'determining,' 'doing quodlibets,' doing austins,' &c., in Vicesimus Knox's Essays, No. 77. See also a metaphysical Parody, by Porson, in Watson's Life of Porson.

1. 7. they were sensible, &c. These views are summed up in the opinions of Aristotle.

P. 219, l. 15. troll of their categorical table. The French politicians, however, set small store by the Aristotelian logic. I cannot think that Burke would have penned this trivial repartee.

P. 220, 1. 5. if monarchy should ever again, &c. How accurately these remarkable presages were to be fulfilled, was soon understood under Bonaparte.

P. 222, 1. 7. a trustee for the whole, and not for the parts. In its domestic policy, however, the unreformed House of Commons acted like a trustee for the agricultural interest.

1. 9. several and joint securities. Cp. the extract, p. 311, 1. 2. 9.

1. 21. Few trouble their heads, &c. Cp, however, note to p. 205, 1. 31,

ante.

1. 23. on different ideas. Referring rather to the means by which candidates were returned, than to the basis on which representation was distributed. Burke always attacked the corrupt sale and purchase of the constituencies, which was so thoroughly established in general opinion that Pitt's Reform Bill was based on the principle that the nation should buy from the boroughs the right to redistribute the seats.

P. 224, 1. 7. Limbus Patrum. The border or outside ground between paradise and purgatory, as defined by Thomas Aquinas. Cp. Mr. Hales' note to Milton's Areopagitica, p. 13, 1. 6.

1. 11. like chimney-sweepers. Chimneys were cleansed by sending a child up them. As the child grew to be a man, of course he became disqualified for his trade. See Sydney Smith's Essay on the subject, 1819.

P. 226, 1. 32. They have reversed the Latonian kindness, &c. Oras et littora circum. Alluding to the Greek legend that Delos was a wandering island, fixed in its place at the instant when Latona gave birth to Apollo and Diana. Virg. Aen. iii. 75:

Quam pius arcitenens, oras et littora circum
Errantem, Gyaro celsa Myconoque revinxit.'

P. 227, 1. 6. holy bishop. Talleyrand, Bishop of Autun.

1. 9. not a good, &c. Burke, however, was certainly both a good and an old farmer. He was devoted to agriculture, and farmed his own lands at Beaconsfield up to the time of his death.

1. 15. encouragement-in the objective sense= hope.

1. 16. Diis immortalibus sero. Burke follows the track of Bolingbroke in alluding to the beautiful sentiment of Cicero, de Senect. vii. 25. Death holding an handle of the plough is an embellishment of Burke's.

1. 34. Beatus ille. The well-known Epode of Horace, with its humorous conclusion, thus happily imitated by Somervile (1692-1742):

Thus spoke old Gripe, when bottles three

Of Burton ale, and sea-coal fire,

Unlock'd his breast; resolved to be
A gen'rous, honest country 'squire.
That very night his money lent
On bond, or mortgage, he called in,
With lawful use of six per cent;
Next morn-he put it out at ten.'

P. 228, 1. 25. in the Mississippi and the South Sea.
P. 230, 1. 32. falls = makes to fall.

See post, p. 287.

P. 231, 1. 23. Serbonian bog. Par. Lost, ii. 592. Cp. vol. i. p. 196, 1. 23. P. 232, l. 31. hackled cut small. Dutch, hakkelen.

=

P. 233, l. II. instead of being all Frenchmen, &c. Burke's surmise has not been justified. The French certainly glory in the unity implied in their national name, and the Savoyard and Alsatian share the enthusiasm.

1. 16. We begin our public affections, &c. Cp. ante, p. 55, and vol. i. p. 84, 1. 9. There is here also an allusion to the beautiful lines of Pope, cited before.

P. 234, 1. 28. Never, before this time, &c. I do not know whether the dîμos σxaтos of Aristotle was ever realized, but the idea was certainly formed by him.

Cp. vol. i. p. 34, l. 10.

P. 238, 1. 26. your supreme government, &c.
P. 239, 1. 31. attack them in the vital parts. Cp. p. 15, l. 18.

P. 243, l. 13. sed multæ urbes, &c. Juv. x. 284.

1. 14. He is now sitting, &c. In October, 1790, when this pamphlet was published, Necker was no longer sitting on the ruins of the French monarchy, having resigned office on the 9th of September.

P. 245, l. 15. were not wholly free, &c. See this amply illustrated in Voltaire's amusing ‘Histoire du Parlement de Paris,' published in 1769.

1. 34. the vice of the antient democracies, &c. See footnote, p. 147.

P. 246, 1. 3. it abated the respect, &c. The difference between French and English political sentiment has been epigrammatically stated as follows: the French respect authority and despise law: the English respect law and despise authority.

P. 249, 1. 9. on good appointments, i. e. if well supplied with all necessary equipment.

1. 12. wolf by the ears. The famous expression of Tiberius, lupum se auribus tenere,' Suet. Tib. 25. The image was more than once used by Burke with striking effect in a Parliamentary debate.

1. 17. M. de la Tour du Pin. He was a man of moderate views, and strongly attached to the monarchy. Necker had appointed him war minister about the middle of 1789. He resigned, together with all the rest of the ministry, except Montmorin, shortly after Burke's book was published.

1. 32. Addressing himself, &c. The allusions to the extract which follows are to the mutinies of the regiments of Metz and Nancy. See Carlyle's Hist. of the Rev., book ii.