eight years by certain electoral bodies. The Lower House, or Folkething, is composed of 114 members, elected for three years by universal suffrage. The reigning king is Christian IX. HISTORY. The parliamentary history of 1900 is the record of a struggle between the crown and cabinet on one side and the Opposition in the Folkething, or Chamber of Deputies, on the other; and though the social forces at work in Denmark influenced in a measure the position of parties in the Rigsdag, the great source of contention was the question whether or not the ministry should be made responsible to the popular house of the national Diet. Parliamentarism is not fully developed in Denmark; and even if the king may be forced to dismiss a minister or a ministry whom the legislature will not endure, it does not necessarily follow that he must form a ministry from the leaders of the majority or even appoint such as are entirely acceptable to that majority. In fact, for nearly thirty years the cabinet has invariably consisted of men of the Right, though the Folkething for a number of years has been overwhelmingly Left. That the Landsthing, or Senate, is conservative, and is willing to join hands against the Radicals and Socialists in the lower chamber, acts, of course, in favor of the crown. But since all financial measures, according to the constitution, must originate in the Folkething, the wisest ministers have taken care not to antagonize it, and by mediating between the Deputies and the Senate have carried on the affairs of the state. In 1900, however, the policy of conciliation became impracticable; the bitter strike of the preceding year had strengthened the Socialists and made the Radicals bolder; and the consciousness of the class struggle made party lines sharp and rigid. On the question of the annual budget and financial reform the Senate and the Folkething clashed. The Hoerring ministry had formu lated an elaborate scheme of fiscal legislation, and different features in its programme were intended to please the different parties. The presence of Bramsen in the cabinet, with his leaning toward socialism, tended to make the general character of the innovation very liberal. It was proposed, in the first place, to distribute a large part of the state's revenue from the land tax among the communes; a measure which appealed greatly to the peasant proprietors, who constitute a very considerable fraction of the Left. To counterbalance the decrease in revenue so created a tax on fortunes and incomes was devised; by the terms of this bill the fortunes of private persons and the capitals of societies domiciled in Denmark, with the exception of charitable corporations, were to be taxed three-hundredths of 1 per cent. ; and 11⁄4 per cent. was to be levied on all incomes above 700 kronor in Copenhagen, above 600 kronor in other towns, above 500 kronor in the rural districts. The Socialists especially received this proposal with delight. The free-traders, who are very strong in the ranks of the Opposition, were to be won over by a reduction in the customs; but this proved very distasteful to the agrarian element in the Senate. Lastly, a tax on alcohol was suggested; and this the Conservatives received with satisfaction, because they argue that drunkenness is one of the chief causes of idleness, poverty, crime, and strikes in Denmark. The Left, on the contrary, vehemently objected to the proposed tax, for they regarded it as an infringement on the personal liberty of the poor man, and feared for the effect of such a law on their electors. This conglomerate programme, therefore, came to grief, its liberal provisions being embraced by the popular party, while its conservative side was rejected. The budget, too, had to suffer; the ministry was specially anxious for generous military and naval appropriations, and the Folkething, consequently, proceeded to cut down the estimates. On March 22, when all progress was despaired of, Hoerring announced that with the close of the session the ministry would resign, owing to the deadlock between the popular chamber and the Senate. On April 27 the king accepted the resignation of Hoerring, and named a new ministry, again, however, from members of the Right. Schested was made premier and minister of foreign affairs; Goos, minister of justice; Rysensteen, of public works; Frijs, of agriculture; Scharling, of finance; Middelboc, of navy; Bjerre, of worship. Schnack, who had the war department, and Bramsen, the interior, in Hoerring's cabinet retained their positions. The new cabinet presented merely a change in personality, and not in policy, enjoying the support of the Landsthing, but opposed by the Folkething. The Left was greatly disappointed that the king had not chosen his ministers from among them, but the king took this action because of their alliance with the Socialists. The Schested ministry adopted a new system of tactics. It abandoned the attitude of conciliation, and with the aid of the Senate openly attacked the Folkething. The budget committee of the Folkething, by its power over finance, is the virtual ruler of the country and should not have been defied; but a member of the cabinet declared that if supplies were refused and legislation blocked, the ministry would still persist in office and content itself with the performance of details of administration. The Opposition grew bitter, attacked the ministers individually and the ministry as a whole; but the 297 Denmark. latter found the Senate behind them, and remained firm. Finally, a compromise was DENTAL ASSOCIATION, NATIONAL, formed 1897, is composed of delegates, permanent members, and honorary members, and has an active membership of about 500. General meeting for 1901, Milwaukee, Wis., August 13-16. President, G. V. Black, Jacksonville, Ill.; corresponding secretary, Mary E. Gallup, 711 Boylston Street, Boston, Mass. DEPARTMENT STORES. See POLITICAL AND SOCIAL SCIENCE, AMERICAN ACADEMY OF. DERMATOLOGICAL ASSOCIATION, AMERICAN, organized in 1876, had Next annual meeting, Chicago, Ill., May 30-June 1, 1901. 43 members in 1900. President, Francis J. Shepperd, Montreal, Canada; secretary, Frank Hugh Montgomery, 100 State Street, Chicago. DÉROULEDE, PAUL. See FRANCE. DESCHAMPS, GASTON, the French littérateur and critic, was born at Melle, His publications department of Deux-Sèvres, in 1861. He studied at the Ecole Normale, Paris, and the Ecole Française of Athens; joined the staff of the Journal des Débats; and in 1893 succeeded Anatole France as literary critic of Le Temps. include La Grèce d'Aujourd'hui (1892, crowned by the Academy); Sur les Routes d'Asie (1894); La Vie et les Livres (1894-97), collections of the Temps articles; and Le Malaise de la Démocratie (1899). M. Deschamps is announced to follow MM. Brunetière, Doumic, Rod, and Regnier as lecturer before the French Circle of Harvard University, and will deliver a series of lectures throughout the United States. DESIGN, NATIONAL ACADEMY OF, founded 1826, in 1901 had 92 academicians and 62 associate members. The academy maintains a free art school, besides classes in etching, medal designing, and die cutting. It has a library of works on art, and holds an annual exhibition of painting and sculpture. In 1899 the school was moved to a temporary building on the new site, corner Amsterdam Avenue and One Hundred and Ninth Street. President, Frederick Dielman; secretary, Harry W. Watrous, 58 West Fifty-seventh Street, New York City. DEVELOPMENT. See BIOLOGY and FISH AND FISHERIES. DE WET, CHRISTIAN, the Boer general, has made himself famous during the last months of the year by his obstinate refusal to surrender to the British forces and his continued outwitting of Lord Kitchener and Lord Roberts. With his He is about two thousand poorly equipped horsemen he repeatedly eluded and confused the British. Unlike General Cronje and General Botha, De Wet is a Boer of no education, and is as opposed to the English language as he is to the English race. 40 years of age, and a native of Orange Free State, where he was until recently the manager of a prosperous farm near Bloemfontein. As a member of the Volksraad he made himself conspicuous by his abuse of the English. He was one of the members of his state who disobeyed President Brand's proclamation of neutrality, and joined the people of the Transvaal in the revolt against Britain in 1880. With Joubert he fought at Schanz's Hoogte and Laing's Neck, and he was one of the fifty who first volunteered to make the famous ascent of Majuba Hill. During the recent guerilla warfare General De Wet has proven a well-chosen leader, and in rapid manœuvres with a small and mobile force has shown military skill of a high order. DEWEY, GEORGE, for whom the title of admiral was revived, again became prominent in April, 1900, by announcing himself a candidate for the Presidency of the United States. The announcement was made to the New York World, which had persistently advocated the admiral's nomination since his return to the United States in the fall of 1899. At that time the admiral had scouted all notion that he would be a candidate; saying in effect that he was a sailor, not a statesman, and that only those who understood affairs should conduct them. In his statement in April, however, he said that the study which he had since given to the matter, and the many assurances that he had received that his nomination would be favorably regarded by the people, had sufficed to alter his opinion. And he concluded, as reported by the World, with the following sentence, which was quoted in all sections of the country: "Since studying the subject, I am convinced that the office of the President is not such a very difficult one to fill, his duties being mainly to execute the laws of Congress." The press generally characterized this statement as affording ample proof that the admiral was, as he had said, a sailor, not a statesman. In his announcement, as first made, Admiral Dewey did not seem inclined to attach himself to either political party, expecting apparently a nomination by the people in general on the platform of the Constitution and the Flag. Later, however, he stated that he was a Democrat. But the Democrats were at that time quite as fully committed to Mr. Bryan as the Republicans were to President McKinley. And it was generally felt that there was no room for a third candidate, even though there were otherwise no political objections to him. It was said that if the admiral had announced his candidature in 1899, before the various public receptions and parades accorded him had given full vent to the enthusiastic admiration of the people, he would have been a formidable candidate in either party. But not only had the shouting and tumult died away by April, 1900, but the admiral had apparently committed himself to a flat contradiction in his political opinions. For the report of the Philippine Commission, of which he was a member, made very short work of the alleged ability of the Filipinos to govern themselves; whereas the admiral had said personally that from observation of them he was convinced that they were more capable of selfgovernment than the Cubans. This contradiction tended to alienate the Anti-Imperialists in the Democratic party, who alone would have been naturally inclined to support him for the Presidency. The overwhelming political odds thus arrayed against the admiral, and the fact that he had declined in the first place to consider a nomination, lent color to the widely expressed opinion that he was over-persuaded by certain unwise advisers to announce himself as a candidate. Previous to his trip to the Northwest the admiral had hoped to carry the Democratic convention by taking advantage of the two-thirds rule. He stated, however, in a Washington interview of June 14 that he no longer considered himself a factor in the Presidential race. DEWEY, JUSTIN, judge in the Massachusetts Superior Court, died at Springfield, Mass., March 16, 1900. He was born at Alford, Mass., in 1836, graduated at Williams College in 1858, and was admitted to the bar in 1860. He was elected to the lower house of the Massachusetts Legislature in 1862 and 1877 and to the State Senate in 1879. In 1886 Governor Robinson appointed him to the Superior Circuit Court. DIALECT SOCIETY, AMERICAN, organized in 1889 to investigate dialects in the United States and Canada, has now a membership of 300. Publishes Dialect Notes. President, Professor George Hempl, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich.; secretary and treasurer, Professor O. F. Emerson, Western Reserve University, Cleveland, O. DIDON, HENRI, a prominent French preacher and writer, died March 13, 1900. Born March 17, 1840, at Touvet (Isère), he studied at Grenoble Seminary, entered the Dominican Order, and completed his studies at Minerva College, Rome. In 1868 attention was attracted to his sermons at St. Germain des Prés, Paris, depicting democracy as a result of Christianity. After the Franco-Prussian War he became prior of the Dominicans at Paris, where he delivered lectures on the reconciliation of science and religion, and on divorce. His arguments did not meet the approval of the archbishop, and the head of the Dominicans banished him to a monastery in Corsica for a year and a half. After the expiration of this period he studied at the 299 District of Columbia. universities of Berlin and Leipzig, his experiences there affording material for his Les Allemands (1884). A journey to Palestine resulted in his well-written and much-read La vie de Jésus (two vols., 1890). Soon afterward he was appointed director of the college Albert le Grand at Arcueil, and from 1891 to the time of his death he preached in the Paris pulpits. DIET. See FOOD. DIPHTHERIA. Besides the scattered cases of the disease usually seen during the autumn and winter, epidemics of diphtheria of varying severity occurred in Massachusetts in September, 1900, and in Michigan, Illinois, Indiana, and Wisconsin in October. An epidemic of the disease visited Edinburgh, Scotland, in June, and an outbreak of special severity was reported in Leicester, England, in October. It has been definitely decided during the past year that membranous angina may be caused by streptococcus pyogenes, by the micrococcus of sputum septicemia and by oidium albicans, as well as by the Klebs-Löffler bacillus, the last only causing true diphtheria. Microscopic examination of a culture can alone decide the matter. The physical disturbances caused by the streptococcus and the micrococcus mentioned may produce death. See SERUM THERAPY. This re DISCIPLES OF CHRIST, CAMPBELLITES or CAMPBELLITE BAPTISTS. ligious sect, strongest in western and southwestern United States, has enjoyed a notable growth since organization in 1827, its gain in membership during the past decade alone amounting to nearly one-third. Reports for 1900 assign to the Disciples 1,149.982 members, 10,528 churches, with 6528 ministers. Of regular denominations, it is one of the most progressive in efforts directed toward sectarian education and church extension. As a result, its missionary work has been successful over a wide field and its colleges and seminaries are numerous and of considerable reputation. Congregational in church government, the Disciples make their particular aim the unity of all Christians by a restoration of ordinance and doctrine as outlined by the Apostles in the New Testament. The annual congress of the denomination, held at Indianapolis, March 27-29, gave notable attention to biblical and social problems, the two great topics of current interest. The national convention in October received reports of church work which indicated a period of progress; during the year an orphanage was opened at San Juan, Porto Rico; a new mountain mission in Kentucky was founded; and six additional missionaries were sent out. The American Missionary Society reported receipts of $60,000, while the Foreign Board succeeded in raising over $200,000. The convention of 1901 will meet at Minneapolis. DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA. The District of Columbia is the seat of the government of the United States, and is coextensive with the city of Washington. It was formed March 30, 1791, by the cession of land by the States of Maryland and Virginia, and formerly comprised two counties-viz., Alexandria and Washington. Alexandria County was re-ceded to Virginia, July 9, 1846, and in 1874 the county government of Washington County was abolished. For the present form of government, see below. The total land area of the district is approximately 60 square miles. According to the United States census, the population in 1890 was 230,392, and in 1900, 278.718, an increase for the decade of 48,326, or 20.9 per cent Commerce. During the fiscal year ended June 30, 1900, the imports of merchandise at the United States customs district, Georgetown, aggregated in value $206,730, an increase in a year of $14,316. There were no exports. Banks. On October 31, 1900, there were 12 national banks in operation and 7 in liquidation, and the combined active capital was $3,027,000; circulation outstanding, $1.471,705; deposits, $18,446,523; and reserve held, $5.939.205. The loan and trust companies, September 5, 1900, numbered 4, and had capital, $4,148,750; deposits, $10,719,937; and resources, $16,047,722. There were also, June 30, 1900, 4 stock savings banks, with capital, $220,000; depositors, 3360; deposits, $421,313; and resources, $1,132,017. The exchanges at the clearing house at Washington for the year ending September 30, 1900, aggregated $131,528,901, a gain over the previous year of $14,144.616. Finances. The total bonded debt of the city of Washington at the close of 1900 was $15,000,000, and the total assessed valuation of taxable property was $192,000,000. The value of real property of the United States in the city of Washington is nearly as great as the valuation of private property, and Congress appropriates approximately, as the general government's share of the municipal expenses, nearly as much as is derived from the tax on private property. Education.-In 1899 the enrolment in the public schools was 45.560, and the average daily attendance, 34,032. There were 1159 teachers, 119 buildings used as school houses, and public school property valued at $5,000,000. The total revenue for the year was $1,148,850; total expenditure the same; expenditure for teachers' and superintendents' salaries, $801,016. There were 5 public high schools, with 128 Dormiol. 300 teachers and 3316 students; 19 private secondary schools, with 118 teachers and 737 students; 2 public normal schools, with 19 teachers and 170 students; and 2 private normal schools, with 8 female teachers and 43 female students. The 7 colleges reported 184 professors and instructors, 1281 students, and a total income of $441,528. The professional schools comprised 4 theological schools, with 24 instructors and 167 students; 6 law schools, with 55 instructors and 695 students; and 4 medical schools, with 114 instructors and 445 students. National Guard.-The National Guard of the District of Columbia consists of generals and staff, 14; artillery, 43; and infantry, 1213. The total number authorized is 3320. The total number liable to military service in the district is 50,000. The appropriation for military purposes is $31,325. Government.-By act of Congress approved June 11, 1878, the government of the District of Columbia is vested in three commissioners, two of whom are appointed by the President of the United States from citizens of the District having had three years' residence therein immediately preceding their appointment and confirmed by the Senate. The third commissioner is detailed by the President of the United States from the Corps of Engineers of the United States Army, and must have lineal rank senior to captain, or be a captain who has served at least fifteen years in the Corps of Engineers of the army. The commissioners appoint the subordinate officers of the government. The present commissioners are: H. B. F. Macfarland (Rep.), John W. Ross (Dem.), whose terms expire May 2, 1903; and Captain Lansing H. Beach (non-partisan), who holds office during the pleasure of the President. The secretary is William Tindall. Municipal Utilities.-The total street mileage in Washington in 1900 was 279.32, of which 211.65 miles were improved. There were 370.09 miles of water mains; the daily capacity of the water system was 76,500,000 gallons; and the daily consumption of water, about 50.905,000 gallons, or 183 gallons per capita. The total length of the sewerage system was 405 miles. The following shows the appropriations to be used in defraying the expenses of the various municipal departments during the year to end June 30, 1901: Street cleaning, $155,000; street lighting, $241,000; police, $644.140; fire department, $306,220. The annual cost of the water-works system, exclusive of improvements, is about $271,000. Street Railways.-On July 1, 1900, the length of the underground conduit electric road was: Double track, 36.32 miles; single track, 6.77 miles; total, 43,09. Overhead electric road: Double track, 28.80 miles; single track, 2.07 miles; total, 30.87 miles; total mileage of all electric roads, 73.96. Finances.-The total funded debt on June 30, 1900, was $15,094,570. The assessed valuations of property were: Real estate, $179.351,811; personal property, $10,326,585; street railways (taxed on gross receipts), $1,371,348; total, July 1, 1900, $191,049,744. DJEVAD, PASHA, former grand vizier of Turkey, who died August 10, 1900, first distinguished himself in the war between Russia and Turkey. After being in diplomatic service for a time he was promoted to the governorship of Crete, and from 1891 to 1895 was chief adviser of the sultan. He was the author of a military history of the Ottoman Empire. DOMINICA, a West Indian island belonging to Great Britain, is the largest of the Leeward Islands (q.v.), and constitutes a presidency of that colony. Dominica, the loftiest of the Lesser Antilles, is about 29 miles long and 16 broad, and has an area of 291 square miles, of which nearly 30 per cent. is under cultivation. A large majority of the inhabitants, who number upward of 27,000, speak a French patois, but the use of English is increasing. The capital is Roseau (population about 4500), and the second town in importance is St. Joseph. The government is directed by an administrator (H. J. Hesketh-Bell in 1900) and a council of six official and six non-official members, all nominated by the governor of the colony. The public debt in 1899 was £70,900. Other statistics of finance and statistics of commerce are: Revenue. Expenditure. Imports. Exports. The principal products are cacao, sugar, molasses, rum, coffee, lime-juice, fruit, spices, and cabinet woods. The aggregate entrances and clearances in foreign shipping in 1898 were 456.998 tons. DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. See SANTO DOMINGO. DORMIOL. A recent hypnotic in which increased interest has been taken in 1900 is dormiol. This is a compound of chloral with amylen-hydrate, occurring as a colorless liquid with an odor like that of menthol and a similar taste. Kétly, in |