visional regiment of Porto Ricans for service in Porto Rico. The army will embrace fifteen regiments of cavalry, thirty regiments of infantry and one hundred and fifty-six batteries of artillery. The organization of the artillery by regiments is discarded and the artillery corps is divided into two branches, the field artillery of thirty batteries and the coast artillery of one hundred and twenty-six batteries, with an aggregate number of men not exceeding eighteen thousand nine hundred and twenty. There will be five new infantry regiments. The cavalry is increased with a view to scouting in the Philippines. The President is empowered to appoint volunteer officers to a large number of commands in this regular army, subject to an age limit of forty years and an examination, and to enlist two hundred additional surgeons for the Philippines. Thirty dental surgeons are added to the army service. With a view to equalizing the opportunities for desirable assignments and harmonizing the relations of officers in the army, Congress adopted Secretary Root's plan for permitting and regulating transfers from the line to the staff and from the staff to the line.

3. THE ARMY CANTEEN.-The subject of the sale of intoxicating liquors upon premises used by the United States for military purposes figured in the late presidential campaign. The national temperance organizations have made a persistent fight against the canteen. Certain army officers and others not at all interested in the liquor business have defended it on the ground that it reduces drunkenness and disorder by keeping the soldier away from unregulated resorts outside the lines. The Army Reorganization Act abolishes the canteen. Proposed amendments of the bill sought unsuccessfully to prohibit the licensing of saloons in Manila and the introduction of intoxicants into the Philippines.

4. WAR REVENUE REDUCTION.-The prospect of peace in the Philippines and the increase of internal revenue through growth of business activity, warranted a reduction of the taxes imposed at the outset of the Spanish War. The treasury showed a surplus of eighty million dollars. A bill for amendment of the act of June 13, 1898, that had been pending throughout the session, passed Congress in the March closing days. It cut down the revenue by about forty-one million dollars. The Senate proposed to reduce the tax on beer, tobacco and bank checks beyond the reduction already made by the House, but the House resisted these amendments successfully. The stamp taxes with which the American public had begun to be familiar were repealed; namely, those upon bank checks, bills of lading, telephone messages, certificates, ship-chartering, telegrams, insurance policies, leases, entry and clearance manifests, mortgages, powers of attorney, protests, warehouse receipts, proprietary medicines, perfumes, cosmetics and chewing gum. Following the recommendation of the President's message, philanthropic legacies were exempted from taxation. The totals of the reduction were about ten million five hundred thousand dollars on tobacco and cigars; ten million on beer; seven million on bank checks; four million on proprietary medicines and chewing gum; three million on insurance; five million

on notes and conveyances; and eight hundred thousand on telegrams, express receipts, etc. The law went into operation July 1, 1901. (See INTERNAL REVENUE, page 93.)

5. HAZING AT WEST POINT.-Charges of injuries to fourth class men, resulting in death, led to an investigation of hazing at West Point Military Academy, first by a committee of army officers and later by a committee of Congressmen. The growth of a system of brutal prac tices in recent years was brought out by the testimony of the cadets. The "scrapping committees" of the three upper classes "called out" new men and compelled them to fight against trained opponents with bare fists and to a finish. "Exercising," "bracing" and general fagging were the features of the so-called discipline imposed upon the "plebes." Public opinion ran strongly in condemnation of hazing. In response thereto the cadets gave out an address through their class chairman in which they bound themselves to discontinue the system. By a clause of the Army Bill, Congress has decreed that any cadet found guilty of hazing shall be expelled from the Academy without his pay, debarred from reappointment as a cadet and denied a commission in the army, navy or marine corps until two years after the graduation of the class of which he has been a member.

6. THE UNITED STATES AND CUBA.-While Congress was sittting at Washington, the Cuban Constitutional Convention was at work in Havana. The convention had been requested more than once to define the future relations between the United States and Cuba.. General Wood, governor of the island, had conveyed to the convention President McKinley's opinion that the United States should be given control of Cuba's foreign affairs and of her power to borrow men and should be granted four specified naval stations upon the island. But the convention had failed to make the desired definitions as late as the last week of the session. An extra session of the Fifty-seventh Congress to deal with insular affairs seemed probable. The necessity was obviated, however, by riders attached to the Army Appropriations Bill. By an amendment offered by Senator Platt the President is authorized "to leave the government and control of the island of Cuba to its people" so soon as the Cubans shall by constitution and by treaty with the United States exclude foreign powers from foothold in the island, limit the debt contracting power, give the United States the right to intervene in both external and internal affairs, validate all acts of the military occupancy, provide for sanitation, omit the Isle of Pines from the Cuban boundaries and grant coaling and naval stations to the United States. (For the full text of the Cuban resolutions, see article on CUBA, page 28.) The Cubans have decided to embody the Platt amendment in their constitution.

7. CIVIL GOVERNMENT FOR THE PHILIPPINES. -While the suppression of the Filipino insurrection was in process civil authority remained in abeyance. Such civil powers as were exercised in the Philippines were in subordination to the General in command at Manila and to the Secretary of War at Washington. A bill introduced by Senator John C. Spooner at the first session of the Fifty-sixth Congress looked

to the creation of a civil authority supreme over the military and along the lines of the government given to the Louisiana Territory in 1803. The very wording of his bill was in fact largely identical with the text of the Louisiana law. It delegated full and unlimited exercise of all the functions of government, executive, legislative and judicial, to the President of the United States. Mr. Spooner's proposal and others were discussed by the press and by Congress from time to time. The Schurman commission had made urgent recommendations in favor of a civil power. In response President McKinley, in the spring of 1900, appointed the Taft commission, consisting of William H. Taft, Dean C. Worcester, Luke E. Wright, Henry C. Ide and Bernard Moses, and bestowed upon it the legislative and appointive functions of the Philippine government. The executive branch remained with the Military Governor of the islands. The Taft commission arrived at Manila, June 3, 1900. It occupied itself with investigations until the first of September, the date set for the full exercise of its duties. About the first of December, 1900, it forwarded an extensive report of its operations to Washington. January 25, 1901, President McKinley transmitted the document to Congress in printed form, comprising more than three hundred pages. The report met with widespread and in the main with favorable comment for the accomplishments of the commission within the brief space of five months. Both in its report and in a dispatch sent to the Secretary of War, January 2, 1901, the commission set forth its difficulties under the military rule and asked for enlarged powers. The dispatch in part reads: "If you approve ask transmission to proper Senators and Representatives of following: Passage of Spooner bill at present session greatly needed to secure best results from improving conditions. Until its passage no purely central civil government can be established. no pu blic franchises of any kind granted, and no substantial investment of private capital in internal improvements possible. All are needed as most important step in complete pacification. Strong peace party organized with defined purpose of securing civil government under United States and reasonably expect civil government and relief for inevitable but annoying restraints of military rule long before subject can be taken up by new Congress. Time near at hand, in our opinion, when disturbances existing can better be suppressed by native police of a civil government with army as auxiliary force than by continuance of complete military control. Power to make change should be put in the hands of President to act promptly when time arrives to give Filipino people an object lesson in advantages of peace. Quasi-civil government under way; power most restricted and unsatisfying. Commission embarrassed in securing good material for judicial and other service by necessarily provisional character of military government and uncertainty of tenure. Sale of public lands and allowance of mining claims impossible until Spooner bill. Hundreds of American miners on ground and awaiting laws to perfect claims. More coming."

President McKinley and Secretary Root endorsed this request. Congress did not, however,

act until the closing days in March, when the Senate attached the Spooner bill, together with the Cuban resolutions to the Army Appropriation bill. In the House debate upon the measure, Albert J. Hopkins, a Republican leader, said: "The resolutions are predicated upon a law more than one hundred years old; a law that was framed by the fathers of the constitution for the purpose of extending liberty and the protection of law to our newly acquired possession, the Louisiana Territory. This law, as I have said, is a substantial reproduction of that. Mr. Speaker, as everybody familiar with history knows, President Jefferson appointed Governor Claiborne under the great powers contained in that law to take possession of that territory. I want to ask my Democratic colleagues to-day if they are not willing to admit that his administration of the law was beneficial to the newly acquired possession and to the people that lived thereon?

"Everybody knows that the people were unacquainted with our language, unfamiliar with our institutions, and that they hated our flag, and yet with legislation of that kind we developed these people until to-day they are among the most cultured and patriotic of the American citizens.

"So, sir, will it be with the Philippine Islands and the Filipinos themselves. We must give them to-day such legislation as their charac ter and their civilization warrant. The propcsed legislation in this bill is better adapted to govern and control these people than it would be possible for us to frame should we take months to do it, because it puts in the hands of the President to take trained men, familiar with the islands, familiar with the character of the people, to legislate for them in accordance with the varying degrees of their civilization."

James D. Richardson, leader of the Democrats, said: "We are called upon to make legislative provision for ten million people in the Philippine Islands. We send to govern them a commission composed of five men, or, what would be worse, a military governor who is to have no restraint placed upon him except his own sweet will-and the instructions of the Chief Executive of this nation.

"He is not required to support the constitution of the United States and such an obligation may not be put upon him here. The rights of these ten millions of people are wholly disregarded and they are to be governed indefinitely under the provisions of this bill. Some gentlemen justifying their action in voting for these Senate amendments may cite the Louisiana purchase. They may cite other precedents in our history and undertake to say they find something to warrant this far-reaching and unconstitutional legislation, but I deny it. I deny that there is anything comparable in the gov ernment of the Louisiana Territory in 1803 with the methods contemplated in this bill. Why, Mr. Speaker, if gentlemen are satisfied with the provisions as to the Louisiana purchase, let them present that here as a substitute for the pending provision for the Philippine Islands and there will be no division between the parties. If they are sincere in citing that as a precedent, let them tender the same plan for the government of the Philippine Islands.

"Mr. Speaker, under this bill there will be a

government set up in the Philippines over ten million people, who are denied every guarantee given by our constitution."

Senator Hoar succeeded in attaching amendments to the Spooner amendment forbidding the sale or lease of public lands and mining rights and limiting the granting of franchises. In general the law vests in the President of the United States "All military, civil and judicial powers to govern the Philippine Islands," to be by him delegated to such persons as he may choose. Full annual reports of its operations and of the condition of the people are to be made by the Philippine government to the President of the United States for transmission to Congress. (For text of the Philippine law, see article on the PHILIPPINES, page 134.)

8. LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION.-In the first session of the Fifty-sixth Congress the people of St. Louis asked for an appropriation to celebrate in 1903 the Centennial of Thomas Jefferson's purchase of the Louisiana Territory from Napoleon. Congress pledged five million dollars to the enterprise on condition that ten million dollars should first be raised and expended by St. Louis. The money having been subscribed, Congress passed the Exposition law, March 3, 1900. The exposition is placed in the hands of nine commissioners appointed by the President of the United States at annual salaries of five thousand dollars each. It must open not later than the thirtieth of May and close not later than the first of December, 1903. Articles for exhibition from foreign countries will be admitted to the United States free of duty. Ample provision is made for an exhibit by the national government in a building to cost two hundred and fifty thousand dollars. The gates must be closed on Sundays.

9. THE NATIONAL STANDARDIZING BUREAU is an amplification of the Treasury Bureau of Coinage, Weights and Measures. The bill creating it passed the House and Senate without opposition, having had at the committee hearings the strong indorsement of scientists, national and state officers, university faculties, railway officials, manufacturers of machinery and agriculturists. The functions of the bureau are: "The custody of the standards; the comparison of the standards used in scientific investigation, engineering, manufacturing, commerce and educational institutions with the standards adopted or recognized by the government: the construction, when necessary, of standards, their multiples and subdivisions; the testing and calibration of standard measuring apparatus: the solution of problems which arise in connection with standards; the determination of physical constants, and the properties of materials, when such data are of great importance to scientific or manufacturing interests and are not to be obtained of sufficient accuracy elsewhere. It has fourteen officers and employes. The director, Professor Samuel W. Stratton, receives a salary of five thousand dollars per annum. A preliminary appropriation is made for a building to cost two hundred and fifty thousand dollars. A visiting committee of five members from private life, serving without salary, will inspect the institution annually. The services of the bureau

are free to the national and state governments. and open to all other parties upon a schedule of fees approved by the Secretary of the Treasury. Not only the common yard, bushel and gallon, but a host of delicate instruments of advancing science, such as barometers, thermometers, pressure gauges and polariscopes. I will be submitted to the bureau for verification. For the want of such a judicial bureau, say those who advocated its creation, much money has been lost in disputes, instruments have gone across the Atlantic for testing in the European national bureaus, and the sale of American instruments has been hampered in international competition by the want of our government's stamp.

Besides the important measures noted above, Congress passed general legislation:

-To form new Federal judicial districts in West Virginia, Kentucky and Pennsylvania.

-To extend the national mining laws to public saline lands.

-To authorize the construction of railway and other bridges across the Red River of the North at Fargo; Rock River in Henry County, Illinois; the Arkansas at Pine Bluff; the Dela ware at Trenton; the Red River at Turnbull's Island, Louisiana, and Hook's Ferry, Texas; the Tombigbee below Demopolis, Alabama; the Mississippi at Burlington, Iowa; the Cumberland at Carthage, Tennessee; the Alabama at Montgomery, and other streams.

-To improve the grade crossings and elevate the railway tracks in Washington, D. C. -To permit the transportation of automobiles upon steam vessels.

-To prepare plans or designs for a memorial or statue of General U. S. Grant in Washington.

-To incorporate the United States Daughters of 1812, the General Federation of Women's. Clubs, and the Society of American Florists and Horticulturists.

-To shorten the time for the acquisition of homesteads in favor of soldiers and sailors serving in the war with Spain and in the Philippines.

-To codify the laws of the District of Columbia.

-To bestow bronze medals upon officers and men participating in engagements in the West Indies during the war with Spain.

-To give fifteen days leave of absence annually with full pay to naval employes and similar leave of absence to employes of the Census Office.

-To print, for distribution by the State Department and Congress, "A Digest of the International Law of the United States:" for distribution by the Census Bureau, "The History and Growth of the United States Census;" for distribution by Congressmen, "An Atlas of the Battlefields of Chickamauga and Chattanooga," "The Documentary History of the Constitution of the United States," "The Report of the Taft Commission to the Philippine Islands," "The Records, Briefs, etc., of the Supreme Court Decision Upon the Status of the Island Acquisitions," "The Review of the World's Commerce."

THE HAY-PAUNCEFOTE AND SPANISH TREAT

IES.-For three centuries the construction of a canal across the Isthmus of Panama has been the problem of statesmen. The probability of the construction and ownership of a canal by the United States to connect the Gulf of Mexico and the Pacific has grown almost to a certainty within the last decade. A commission appointed by the President in 1899 to examine the routes across the isthmus reported shortly before the adjournment of the Fiftysixth Congress. Meanwhile the House of Representatives had passed the Hepburn bill for the construction of the Nicaragua Canal, which the Senate had failed to act upon. It has been felt that an old agreement between Great Britain and the United States, with regard to the canal known as the ClaytonBulwer Treaty, ought to be modified or abrogated before the United States undertakes the work. This compact of April 19, 1850, provided that England and the United States should evercise joint control over any canal that might be built and guarantee its neutrality, that neither would ever maintain exclusive control over or fortify said canal, and that other nations should be asked to join in the agreement. A treaty prepared at Washington by Sir Julian Pauncefote, ambassador of Great Britain, and John Hay, Secretary of State for the United States, and signed February 5, 1900, proposed, "without impairing the 'general principle' of neutralization," to give the United States the right to own and manage the canal. No fortifications were to be erected upon its banks. All nations were to enjoy equally its privileges, alike in times of war and peace, and none were to injure or blockade it even though they might be at enmity with the United States. The Senate Committee on Foreign Relations reported the Hay-Pauncefote Treaty March 9, 1900, with an alteration known as the Davis amendment, but the Senate failed to act until December, 1900, when it ratified the treaty with radical changes. The amendments declared the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty to be superseded, gave to the United States the right to secure, "by its own forces the defense of the United States and the maintenance of public order" (the Davis amendment), and, out of regard for the Monroe doctrine, omitted the invitation to other powers to accede. Great Britain allowed the treaty to fail by the expiration of its time limit for complete ratification, March 4, 1901. Shortly thereafter Sir Julian Pauncefote aunounced to Secretary Hay Great Britain's inability to accept the Senate's amendments.

Certain small islands of the Philippine group, particularly Cogayan, Sulu, Sibitu and their dependencies having been omitted in the cession of the Philippines by the Treaty of Paris, December 10, 1898, Spain agreed to give them up for a consideration of one hundred thousand dollars. The Senate gave its consent and the treaty was proclaimed, March 23, 1901. The islands are situated in the extreme southwestern part of the archipelago.

MEASURES FAILING OF FINAL ACTION.-Every session of Congress leaves its wrecks behindbills that have passed one house and not the other; that have failed merely for the want of time to consider them; that have been debated hotly and have fallen under the ban of public

opinion. The work upon most of these is not wholly lost, but serves as a valuable basis for legislation by future Congresses.

No other measure of the past session excited more interest and party animosity than the socalled Ship-Subsidy Bill. The maritime transfer of American imports and exports has for a long period been in the hands of foreign shipowners. The authors of the Subsidy Bill claim that a bonus is needed to secure this carrying trade for American bottoms. The arguments, pro and con, run along much the same lines as the arguments for and against the doctrine of Protection. Senators Frye and Hanna were the most prominent advocates of the Ship-Subsidy. A bill imposing a tax upon oleomargarine, practically prohibitory for imitations of butter and moderate for the uncolored article, passed the House. It had memorials from State legislatures, support from dairying interests and opposition from live-stock associations. The subject has been before Congress for a long time. The general consensus seems to be that oleomargarine is not unhealthful, but that it should be sold for what it is, and not for something else. In the final hours of the Congress, Senator Carter signalized his departure from the Senate by defeating the great River and Harbor Appropriation Bill. It is often hard to say which is most disastrous, the failure or the success of this recurring measure. Other projects discussed without passage were the addition of new vessels asked for by the Secretary of the Navy; the ratification of a number of reciprocity treaties; the amendment of the international copyright law, and further monetary legislation.

CEREMONIAL OCCASIONS.-There were several ceremonial occasions of unusual interest in the brief course of these seventy days. The Centennial of the District of Columbia was celebrated in the Hall of Representatives, December 12, 1900, with the President and members of his Cabinet, the Supreme Court, the two houses of Congress, the ambassadors and ministers of foreign countries and the governors of States with their staffs assembled to hear eloquent historical addresses delivered by Representatives Richardson and Payne and Senators McComas, Daniel and Hoar. February 4, 1901, the centenary of John Marshall's accession to the Supreme Bench was celebrated throughout the country. The Senate observed Washington's birthday as usual by the reading of the farewell address. The counting of the electoral votes by the two houses, February 13, 1901, was a brief, good-natured formality. Senators Chandler and Caffrey and Representatives Richardson and Grosvenor, the tellers, found that William McKinley and Theodore Roosevelt had two hundred and ninety votes, as against one hundred and fifty-five for William J. Bryan and Adlai Stephenson.

Rights of MEMBERS.-Two parliamentary issues aroused attention near the close. The suppression of certain matter from the Congressional Record by Speaker Henderson brought the Speaker's power into conflict with the longstanding privileges of lay Representatives, and the holding of the Senate's floor for thirteen consecutive hours by Senator Carter renewed advocacy of the previous question for the Upper Chamber.

CHRONOLOGICAL HISTORY OF APPROPRIATION BILLS, SECOND SESSION OF THE FIFTY-SIXTH CONGRESS; ESTIMATES AND APPROPRIATIONS FOR THE FISCAL YEAR 1901-1902, AND APPROPRIATIONS FOR THE FISCAL YEAR 1900-1901.

[Prepared by the clerks to the Committees on Appropriations of the Senate and House of Representatives.]