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those cities is large, the number of vessels leaving those ports for direct return passage to South America is very small. This is apparently explained by the fact that since our exports to Europe so greatly exceed our imports from that part of the world, vessels touching at our eastern ports are always able to obtain freights for Europe; while those for a direct return trip from Europe are not always at hand; and as a result, the vessels bringing coffee, rubber, hides, and other South American products to the eastern ports of the United States reload at those ports for Europe, and after discharging their freight there take new cargoes from those ports to South America, thus making the voyage a triangular one, and by this process greatly reducing the facility for direct shipment from our eastern ports to South America. This condition is so strongly marked that persons shipping goods from our eastern coast cities to South America frequently find it advantageous to send them via Europe.

The fact that the easternmost point of South America extends 2,600 miles farther east than New York, and that the sailing distance from that point to New York is actually greater than to the cities of southern Europe and but slightly less than to the principal commercial cities of England and Germany places the European cities practically as near to those of South America as are the eastern coast cities of the United States, and adds to the list of causes for the present system by which the commerce between our eastern ports and those of South America is carried on by this process of triangular voyages. With the opening of an isthmian canal the western coast of South America can be reached by sailing almost due south from the eastern coast of the United States, and with encouragement to American shipping similar to that which all successful commercial nations of Europe are now giving to their shipping, commerce between the United States and South America should, and doubtless will, show the same prosperity now enjoyed by other countries of the world.

O. P. AUSTIN, (Chief, Bureau of Statistics, Treasury Department), Washington, D. C.

VIRCHOW, RUDOLPH.-The eightieth birthday of Professor Virchow was celebrated in Berlin, October 12, 1901. The opening ceremonies took place in the Pathological Institute, and many distinguished officials participated. Among them were Count von PosadowskiWeimer, Secretary of the Imperial Home Office; Baron von Richthoff, the Secretary for Foreign Affairs; Herr Thielen, the Minister of Public Works; and Herr Moeller, the Minister of Com

merce.

The

Germany is proud of her grand old savant. and indeed there is no nation, and no civilized city, in which he is not revered. All fields of medical science have been influenced by his work, and all physicians are his debtors. eightieth anniversary of his birth found him sound in body and mind, receiving congratulations from the delegates of societies in many countries. On entering the hall Professor Virchow received an ovation. He made a speech lasting two hours which was devoted mostly to pathological science. Surgeon General

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by learned men, some of them speaking eloquently in classic Latin. The festivities came to an end at 1 o'clock on the morning of the 13th, closing with a reception.

Rudolph Virchow was born at Schivelbein, Pomerania, Prussia, October 13, 1821. Educated in the Prussian schools, he made rapid progress, in 1849-56 became a professor at Würzburg, and since 1856 at Berlin. He is a power in German politics; has been a member of the Prussian Landtag since 1862, and of the German Reichstag since 1880. He was long one of the leaders of the Progressist and later of the German Liberal party. In the field of science he has attained great eminence in the departments of anatomy, physiology and anthropology. He was the founder of cellular pathology and has published many technical works.

WU TING FANG, the Chinese Minister at Washington, is said to have incurred suspicion at home, because of his popularity abroad. A cablegram from Pekin, dated Nov. 2, stated that he would be recalled and given a position on the new Board of Foreign Affairs, where his linguistic and legal attainments might be utilized under the eye of the government.

The minister's service during the Boxer outbreak and the succeeding international negotiations were of incalculable advantage, not

WU TING FANG.

only to his own government, but to the United States.

His progressive attitude is said to have embittered the conservatives, who have waited for an opportunity to degrade him. This could not be done while the negotiations with the powers were in progress, and when there was need of such an able official as Mr. Wu at the most important western capital to look out for China's interests.

During the summer of 1900 Wu Ting Fang undoubtedly preserved his country from destruction. He stood practically alone. One philosophical Chinaman against an infuriated Caucasian world. He recognized the fact that unless intelligence of the safety of envoys could be obtained from Pekin an army of such proportions would be landed and war would commence so bitterly from the start that the devastation and dismemberment of China would be inevitable.

This polished Chinese diplomat recognized the danger to his country. He knew that unless an authentic message from the envoys could be assured there would be formal declarations of war from every nation represented at Pekin. It was Minister Wu himself who suggested to Secretary Hay the idea of sending to Minister Conger a message in the State department cipher requesting an answer.

This message was forwarded by Wu Ting Fang himself to personal friends in China. It was forwarded by them to Pekin as a personal enterprise, and the answer came back through the same channels. Mr. Wu's suggestion that the message be sent and returned in cipher was an inspiration, for it proved that Minister Conger had been alive and able to use the cipher books. The diplomats of Europe doubted at first, but the evidence of the cipher could not be controverted.

The pending declarations of war were recalled, and the military expedition to Pekin became a rescue party and not an army of vengeance, whirling through the country with fire

and sword. It is the opinion of experts that Minister Wu's personal act in forwarding the cipher message was a triumph for diplomacy, which in any other country but China would insure him the highest honors.

Mr. Wu was born in the province of Kwang. tung, China. He was educated partly in Canton and afterward studied at Hongkong, where he learned a little English. In 1874 he went to England and studied law, being admitted to the bar after taking the prescribed course. Afterward he made the tour of continental Europe, and returned to his own country in 1877 by way of the United States.

Upon his return to Hongkong he began the practice of law and soon built up a large business among the Chinese inhabitants of that English colony. Being successful he decided to remain there instead of accepting the position of consul-general at San Francisco, which was offered him by Mr. Chen Lan Pin, the Chinese Envoy to the United States. In 1882 he went north and became legal adviser and deputy for foreign affairs to the Viceroy, Li Hung Chang. In connection with this office he held successively the positions of President of the Kaiping Railway Company, Director of the Railway Bureau and first President of the Imperial University, established at Tientsin.

At the conclusion of the war with Japan he accompanied the first peace mission of Messrs. Chang Yen-hoon and Shao Yu-lin to Japan as First Secretary to the Embassy, he also filled the same position in the second peace mission under Viceroy Li.

Mr. Wu represented the Imperial Government as plenipotentiary, when the treaty of peace was ratiied between China and Japan, May, 1895. In the later negotiation of a treaty of commerce and navigation between the two countries he was enabled to render valuable assistance to the Chinese commissioners.

In 1896 Mr. Wu was appointed Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to the United States, Spain and Peru, and he entered upon his duties in May of the following year.

As the representative of China he negotiated and concluded the first treaty of friendship and commerce with Mexico. This treaty was signed at Washington in 1900, by the plenipotentiaries and afterward confirmed by their respective governments.

In February of 1900 the degree of Doctor of Laws was conferred upon him by the University of Pennsylvania.

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YALE UNIVERSITY, BICENTENNIAL OF.The celebration of the two hundredth anniversary of the founding of Yale began October 20, 1901.

The ceremonies at New Haven were attended by a host of illustrious guests, both from America and foreign lands. The President of the United States and members of his Cabinet, Justices of the Supreme Court, officers of the army and navy, and many prominent churchmen were among the honored guests.

A host of scholars came from the universities of the world, the leading educational institutions of Great Britain and continental Europe, of Australia, of Syria and Chile, of China and Japan being appropriately represented by members of their faculty.

ARTHUR T. HADLEY.

President Yale University.

Nearly twelve thousand of Yale's alumni are still living and a goodly proportion of her sons came back to greet their alma mater, and celebrate her achievements during two centuries of collegiate existence. It was claimed that not only every State and territory were represented, but also nearly every city of any size in the civilized world.

The undergraduates who felt that they were to some extent the hosts of the alumni numbered 2,400.

It was, an impressive scene in Battell Chapel on Sunday, when the bicentennial was inaugurated with divine service. On the rostrum sat President Arthur Twining Hadley, Rev. Joseph H. Twichell, senior fellow of the corporation, Timothy Dwight, the former President of Yale and others, all of whom wore the gowns of their offices. Below in the choir stalls sat a picked choir of students. The central body of the chapel was filled with delegates and guests from abroad. The seats of the side aisles were assigned to Yale graduates while the three galleries were reserved for women. The host of American scholars on either side were accustomed to the plain black gowns and unadorned "mortar boards," even in connection with their president and professors, but the central portion of the house was illumined with the many hued robes and elaborate caps of men from Oxford and Cambridge-from the universities of Scotland and Ireland-of Germany, France, Sweden, South America and Asia. These foreign scholars were clothed in scarlet and gold and purple, their silken gowns were underlaid with velvet, and plumes took the place of tassels on the caps.

The exercises opened with a chant from the choir, followed by the Lord's Prayer. President Hadley read a scripture lesson and after the Te Deum, the vast congregation sang Psalm LXV. Rev. Dr. Twichell preached the bicentennial sermon. The closing hymn was "I Love

Thy Kingdom Lord," which was composed by Timothy Dwight, D. D., LL. D., the President of Yale College from 1795 to 1817. The benediction was pronounced by Rev. Timothy Dwight, who was President of the University from 1886 to 1899. He is the grandson of the old American scholar, whose hymn had just been sung.

Special bicentennial services were held in other churches of the city, and in the afternoon Professor George P. Fisher delivered an address in the chapel on the topic, "Yale In Its Relation to Christian Theology and Missions."

On Monday, October 21, Yale's record in medicine for the last two centuries was reviewed by Professor William H. Welch of Johns Hopkins University. Thomas Thatcher, head of the New York alumni, followed, speaking of Yale's relations to the law and the deeds of her lawyers and statesmen.

It was on this day also, that Yale extended formal welcome to her returning sons, to official visitors and to the distinguished guests from other institutions of learning, both in this country and across the seas. The welcome was voiced by President Hadley and responses to the greeting were given in behalf of the city, state and nation, and of the universities of Great Britain and continental Europe. Delegates from thirty foreign, and from one hundred and twenty-five American institutions filled the chapel at this meeting.

One of the important features of the day was the dedication of the memorial gateway, erected by the alumni of 1896, in memory of the two members of their class who gave their lives for their country in the Spanish-American war. An appropriate address was made by President Hadley.

The evening was made memorable by a torch light procession, which was arranged by the students. Seven thousand men took part in this parade, and all the periods of the history of Yale were symbolized from the Pequod Indian

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garb of the seniors, to the caps and gowns of blue worn by the graduates. All along the line were floats and transparencies bearing legends descriptive of the various classes. With bugles and horns and the wildest of cheers the graduates rivaled the students in the noisy demonstration.

The parade was reviewed by Secretary of War Root, who acted for President Roosevelt.

Dr. Cyrus Northrop, President of the University of Minnesota, was chosen to make the review of Yale's national life, and his speech consisted largely of tribute to the greatness of many of her sons. In the educational field he showed that one hundred and five of her graduates had become presidents of colleges, and more than 600 of her alumni had been college professors.

Another important feature of the 22 inst. was the address of ex-President Daniel C. Gilman, of Johns Hopkins University, on "Yale's Relation to Science and Art." This was a eulogy in similar strain of the leaders which she had furnished in belles-lettres and original scientific research.

Afterward there was a presentation of the "Hora Novissima," a fine oratorio composed by one of the alumni. The Dramatic Association gave in pantomine, a series of scenes from Yale's history, and three hundred students took part in the production.

The principal athletic feature of the celebration was the football games which attracted about 8,000 visitors, and the day's program closed with an illumination of the campus and a festival of Yale songs, led by a brass band of a hundred pieces and sung by thousands.

The last day of the great celebration was marked with solemn ceremonies, the procession of the faculty with their principal guests being one of the most impressive features of the day. The notable cortège was led by President Hadley of Yale with the President of the United States. They wore the black silk gowns and mortar board of the university, and behind the two came the foreigners resplendent in gold and scarlet, and the Americans whose purple velvet was nearly covered with heavy black silk. There were over 500 scholars in the parade-a procession such as never before was seen on American soil.

In the line, after the Governor and other State officers, walked Chief Justice Fuller of the Supreme Court of the United States and Justice Brewer of the same court, Senators Hawley and Platt, Archbishop Ireland of St. Paul and the Marquis Ito of Japan, Secretary of State Hay and Ambassador to England Choate, Seth Low of New York and Whitelaw Reid, ex-Secretary of State Olney and Professors Ko Kuhara and Murakoka of the Tokio University, Japan, and other foreign scholars.

Then came the long line of college presidents. professors and leading educators of America. This procession marched from Alumni Hall through the campus to the Hyperion Theater, where the honorary degrees were conferred. There were sixty-five of them presented, including one to the President of the United States. When at last the tumultuous applause which had greeted his name had subsided, President Hadley said: "Theodore Roosevelt, while you were yet a private citizen, we offered

you most worthily the degree of LL. D. Since in His providence it has pleased God to give Theodore Roosevelt another title, we give him on that account a double portion of welcome."

Replying to these words, the President said: "President Hadley, I have never worked at a task worth doing but that I have found myself shoulder to shoulder with sons of Yale.

"I have never yet been in any struggle for righteousness or decency that Yale men have not been on hand to give me strength and courage.

"As we walked hither this morning we passed by a gateway which was raised to the memory of a young Yale lad who was hurt to death beside me, as he and a great many others like us marched against the gun fire of the heights, and with those memories quick in my mind, I thank you from my heart for the honor you have done me, and I thank you doubly, for you planned to do me that honor while I was yet a private citizen."

Those who were given the honorary degree of LL. D. were:

John Harvard Biles, professor of naval architecture in Glasgow University.

John Shaw Billings, director of the New York Public Library.

Charles William Dabney, President of the University of Tennessee.

David White Finlay, professor of the practice of medicine in Aberdeen University.

Hollis Burke Frissell, principal of Hampton Institute.

Jacques Hadamard, adjunct professor in the faculty of science at the University of Paris. Samuel Pierpont Langley, secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

Albert Abraham Michelson, professor of physics in the University of Chicago.

William Osler, professor of medicine in Johns Hopkins Medical School.

Henry Smith Pritchett, President of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Ira Remsen, President of Johns Hopkins University.

Ogden Nicholas Rood, professor of physics in Columbia University.

Wilhelm Waldeyer, professor of anatomy in the University of Berlin.

Frank Carter, for many years President of Williams College.

Horace Howard Furness, editor of the variorum edition of Shakespeare's works.

Basil Lanneaw Gildersleeve, professor of Greek in Johns Hopkins University.

William Watson Goodwin, professor of Greek literature in Harvard University.

Caspar Rene Gregory, professor of New Testament Exegesis in the University of Leip sic.

William Rainey Harper, President of the University of Chicago.

Charles Lustis Harrison, provost of the University of Pennsylvania.

John Hay, Secretary of State. John Ireland, Archbishop of St. Paul. John La Farge, President of the Society of American Artists.

Charles Eliot Norton, professor of the history of art, emeritus, in Harvard University. Francis Landey Patton, President of Princeton University.

Henry Lee Higginson, fellow of Harvard University.

William Peterson, principal of McGill University.

Seth Low, for many years President of Columbia University.

Fedor Fedorovic Martens, professor of international law, emeritus, in the University of St. Petersburg.

John Bassett Moore Hamilton Fish, professor of international law in Columbia University. Richard Olney, former Secretary of State. Whitelaw Reid, editor of the New York Tribune.

William T. Sampson, Rear Admiral of the United States navy.

Jacob Gould Schurman, President of Cornell University.

James Bradley Thayer, professor of law in Harvard University.

James Williams, fellow and bursar of Lincoln College, Oxford.

Marquis Hiroboumi Ito, former Prime Minister of Japan.

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Henry Codman Potter, Bishop of New York. James Ford Rhodes, author of the history of the United States from the compromise of 1850. Knut Henning Gezelius von Scheelle, Bishop of Gotland, and a member of the Swedish Parliament.

Benjamin Ide Wheeler, President of the University of California.

James Burrill Angell, President of the University of Michigan.

James Coolidge Carter, for many years PresiIdent of the New York Bar Association.

Joseph Hodges Choate, Ambassador of the United States at the Court of St. James.

Melville Weston Fuller, Chief Justice of the United States.

Kazuo Hatoyama, professor of law in the University of Tokio.

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GEO. W. CABLE.

Who received degree of Litt. D.

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The honorary degree of Litt. D. was conferred upon the following:

Thomas Bailey Aldrich, for many years editor of the Atlantic Monthly.

George Washington Cable, author of "Old Creole Days," and other Southern stories.

Samuel Langhorne Clemens, author of the "Adventures of Huckleberry Finn," "Innocents Abroad," and other stories.

Richard Watson Gilder, editor of the Century Magazine.

William Dean Howells, for many years editor of the Atlantic Monthly, author of "The Rise of Silas Lapham," and other works.

Brander Matthews, professor of literature in Columbia University.

Thomas Nelson Page, author of "Red Rock." "Chronicle of Reconstruction," and other Southern stories.

Woodrow Wilson, professor of jurisprudence and politics in Princeton University.

The following were given the honorary degree of D. D.:

Alexander Veits Griswold Allen, professor of

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