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use, or sell for profit, are all sorts of Apparel and Utensils for Husbandry and Building and Household Stuff. And because I know how much People are apt to fancy things beyond what they are, and that Immaginations are great flatterers of the minds of Men; To the end that none may delude themselves with an expectation of an Immediate Amendment of their Conditions, so soon as it shall please God they arrive there: I would have them understand, That they must look for a Winter before a Summer comes; and they must be willing to be two or three years without some of the conveniences they enjoy at home: And yet I must needs say that America is another thing than it was at the first Plantation of Virginia and NewEngland: For there is better Accommodation, and English Provisions are to be had at easier rates: However, I am inclin'd to set down particulars, as near as those inform me, that know the place, and have been Planters both in that and in the Neighbouring Colonys.

1st. The passage will come for Masters and Mistresses at most to 6 Pounds a Head, for Servants five Pounds a Head, and for Children under Seven years of Age fifty Shillings, except they suck, then nothing.

Next being by the mercy of God arrived safely in September or October, two Men may clear as much Ground by Spring (when they set the Corn in that Country) as will bring in that time twelve month 40 Barrels, which amounts to two Hundred Bushels.... So that the first year they must buy Corn, which is usually very plentiful. They may so soon as they are come, buy Cows, more or less, as they want, or are able, which are to be had at easy rates. For Swine, they are plentiful and cheap; these will quickly increase to a stock. So that after the first year . . . they may do very well, till their own Stocks are sufficient to supply them and their Families, which will quickly be and to spare, if they follow the English Husbandry, as they do in New-England and New-York. . .

To conclude, I desire all my dear Country-Folks, who may be inclin'd to go into those Parts, to consider seriously the premises, as well the present inconveniences, as future ease

and Plenty, so that none may move rashly or from a fickle, but solid mind, having above all things, an Eye to the Providence of God, in the disposal of themselves. .

Postscript:

...

William Penn

Whoever are desirous to be concern'd with me in this Province, they may be treated with and further Satisfied, at Philip Fords in Bow Lane in Cheapside, and at Thomas Rudyards or Benjamin Clarks in George Yard in Lumbard-street.

One of the most enthusiastic advertisers of Penn's colony was a very cultivated German lawyer, Francis Daniel Pastorius, who emigrated to Philadelphia in 1683 as the agent of a group of Frankfort pietists who had purchased 15,000 acres of land in the new province. Pastorius lived in Germantown, as its chief citizen, till his death in 1719 or 1720. In his "Circumstantial Geographical Description of Pennsylvania," published at Frankfort and Leipzig in 1700, after describing the discovery of the province and the grant of the charter to Penn, Pastorius continues:

On November 1, 1682, William Penn arrived in this province with twenty ships, having spent six weeks upon the voyage. Even while they were yet far from the land there was wafted to them as delightful a fragrance as if it came from a freshly blossoming garden. He found on his arrival no other Christian people save those alone who on the discovery of the province had been put there. Part of them dwelt in New-Castle, and part upon separate plantations. Penn was received as their ruler by these people with especial tokens of affection, and they most willingly discharged their obligation of submission

1 This is an error. There were English, Dutch, French, Swedes, and Indians in the province when Penn arrived. They had come especially from the Dutch and Swedish settlements on the Delaware.

to him.1 All that he required of them in return was: A temperate life and neighborly love. On the other hand, he promised to protect them in both spiritual and temporal matters.

Firstly, no one shall be disturbed on account of his belief, but freedom of conscience shall be granted to all inhabitants of the province, so that every nation may build and conduct churches and schools according to their desires.

2. Sunday shall be consecrated to the public worship of God. The teaching of God shall be so zealously carried on that its purity can be recognized in each listener from the fruits which arise from it.

3. For the more convenient bringing up of the youth, the solitary farmers living in the province shall all remove to the market-towns, so that the neighbors may help one another in a Christlike manner and praise God together, and that they may accustom their children also to do the same.

4. The sessions of the court shall be held publicly, at appointed times, so that everyone may attend them.

5. Justices of the peace shall be appointed in the rising cities. and market-towns, to ensure the observance of the laws.

6. Cursing, blasphemy, misuse of the name of God, quarrelling, cheating, drunkenness, shall be punished with the pillory. 7. All workmen shall be content with their stipulated wages. 8. Each child, that is twelve years of age, shall be put to some handicraft or other honorable trade.

The Governor William Penn laid out the city of Philadelphia between the two streams de la Ware [Delaware] and Scolkis [Schuylkill] and gave it this name, as if its inhabitants should lead their lives there in pure and simple brotherly love. . . .

My company consisted of many sorts of people. There was a doctor of medicine, with his wife and eight children, a French captain, a Low Dutch cake-baker, an apothecary, a glass-blower, a mason, a smith, a wheelwright, a cabinet-maker, a cooper, a hatmaker, a cobbler, a tailor, a gardener, farmers, seamstresses, etc.,

1 On landing from the ship Welcome at New Castle, Penn received the symbols of his feudal lordship of the province- turf, twig, and water, signifying dominion over the soil, the products, and the ways of travel in the land.

in all about eighty persons besides the crew. They were not only different in respect to age . . . and in respect to their occupations, but were also of such different religions and behaviors that I might not unfittingly compare the ship that bore them hither with Noah's Ark, but that there were more unclean than clean [rational] animals to be found therein. In my household I have those who hold to the Roman, to the Lutheran, to the Calvinistic, to the Anabaptist, to the Anglican church, and only one Quaker....

On the 20th of August we arrived at evening, praise God, safely at Philadelphia, where I on the following day delivered to William Penn the letters that I had, and was received by him with amiable friendliness. Of that very worthy man and famous ruler I might properly write many things; but my pen (though it is from an eagle, which a so-called savage lately brought to my house) is much too weak to express the high virtues of this Christian for such he is indeed. He often invites me to his table, and has me walk and ride in his always edifying company. . . . He heartily loves the Germans, and once said openly in my presence to his councillors and those who were about him, I love the Germans and desire that you also should love them. . . . On October 24, 1685 [1683] I, Francis Daniel Pastorius, with the good will of the governor, laid out another new city, of the name of Germanton, or Germanopolis, at a distance of two hours' walk from Philadelphia, where there are a good black fertile soil and many fresh wholesome springs of water, many oak, walnut, and chestnut trees, and also good pastorage for cattle. The first settlement consisted of only twelve families of forty-one persons, the greater part High German mechanics and weavers, because I had ascertained that linen cloth would be indispensable.

I made the main street of this city sixty feet wide, and the side streets forty: the space or ground-plot for each house and garden was as much as three acres of land, but for my own dwelling twice as much. Before this I had also built a little house in Philadelphia, thirty feet long and fifteen wide. Because of the scarcity of glass the windows were of oiled paper. Over the house-door I had written :

Parva Domus, sed amica Bonis, procul este profani

[A small house but friendly to the good: depart ye profane]

22. The First Navi

gation Act, 1660

[70]

Whereat our Governor, when he visited me, burst into laughter, and encouraged me to keep on building.

I have also acquired for my High-German Company fifteen thousand acres of land in one piece, on condition that, within a year, they shall actually place thirty households thereon. . . .

It would therefore be a very good thing if the European associates should at once send more persons over here for the common advantage of the Company: for only the day before yesterday the governor said to me that the zeal of his HighGermans in building pleased him very much, and that he preferred them to the English, and would grant them special privileges.

THE COLONIES IN THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY

"The design in the settlement of colonies," remarked the French political philosopher, Montesquieu, "was the extension of commerce and not the foundation of a new empire." The British Navigation Acts furnish ample proof of the truth of this statement. Rivalry with the Dutch for the colonial carrying trade of the world led the English Parliament, about the middle of the seventeenth century, to begin a series of enactments for the strict regulation and control of English commerce, with the purpose of securing all the colonial trade for the mother country. One of the most important of these acts was passed in the year of the Restoration of the Stuarts (1660), and is known as the First Navigation Act.

AN ACT FOR THE ENCOURAGEING AND INCREASING

OF SHIPPING AND NAVIGATION

[I] For the increase of Shiping and incouragement of the Navigation of this Nation, wherin under the good providence. and protection of God the Wealth Safety and Strength of this Kingdome is soe much concerned Bee it Enacted by the Kings most Excellent Majesty and by the Lords and Commons

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