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Old age not the only source of

weakness.

And it

should be resisted.

functions of a king. Active exercise, therefore, and temperance can preserve some part of one's former strength even in old age.

11. Bodily strength is wanting to old age; but neither is bodily strength demanded from old men. Therefore, both by law and custom, men of my time of life are exempt from those duties which cannot be supported without bodily strength. Accordingly not only are we not forced to do what we cannot do; we are not even obliged to do as much as we can. But, it will be said, many old men are so feeble that they cannot perform any duty in life of any sort or kind. That is not a weakness to be set down as peculiar to old age it is one shared by ill health. How feeble was the son of P. Africanus, who adopted you! What weak health he had, or rather no health at all! If that had not been the case, we should have had in him

a second brilliant light in the political horizon; for he had added a wider cultivation to his father's greatness of spirit. What wonder, then, that old men are eventually feeble, when even young men cannot escape it? My dear Laelius and Scipio, we must stand up against old age and make up for its drawbacks by taking pains. We must fight it as we should an illness. We must look after our health, use moderate exercise, take just enough food and drink to recruit, but not to overload, our strength. Nor is it the body alone that must be supported, but the intellect and soul much more. For they are like lamps: unless you feed them with oil, they too go out from old age. Again, the body is apt to get gross from exercise; but the intellect becomes nimbler by exercising itself. For what Caecilius means by "old dotards of the comic stage are the credulous, the forgetful, and

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Appius
Claudius
Caecus.

the slipshod. These are faults that do not attach to old age as such, but to a sluggish, spiritless, and sleepy old age. Young men are more frequently wanton and dissolute than old men ; but yet, as it is not all young men that are so, but the bad set among them, even so senile folly-usually called imbecility-applies to old men of unsound character, not to all. Appius governed four sturdy sons, five daughters, that great establishment, and all those clients, though he was both old and blind. For he kept his mind at full stretch like a bow, and never gave in to old age by growing slack. He maintained not merely an influence, but an absolute command over his family: his slaves feared him, his sons were in awe of him, all loved him. In that family, indeed, ancestral custom and discipline were in full vigour. The fact is that is respectable just as long as

old age

activity.

it asserts itself, maintains its proper rights, and is not enslaved to any one. For as I admire a young man who has something of the old man in him, so do I an old one who has something of a young man. The man who aims at this may possibly become old in body-in mind he never will. I am now engaged in composing the seventh book of my Origins. I collect all the Intellectual records of antiquity. The speeches delivered in all the celebrated cases which I have defended I am at this particular time getting into shape for publication. I am writing treatises on augural, pontifical, and civil law. I am, besides, studying hard at Greek, and after the manner of the Pythagoreans to keep my memory working order-I repeat in the evening whatever I have said, heard, or done in the course of each day. These are the exercises of the intellect, these the training grounds of the mind:

in

(3) The deadness of

the passions

is not a point

against old age.

while I sweat and labour on these I
don't much feel the loss of bodily
strength. I appear in court for my
friends; I frequently attend the Senate
and bring motions before it on my
own responsibility, prepared after deep
and long reflection. And these I
support by my intellectual, not my
bodily forces.
And if I were not

strong enough to do these things, yet
I should enjoy my sofa-imagining the
very operations which I was now un-
able to perform. But what makes me
capable of doing this is my past life.
For a man who is always living in
the midst of these studies and labours
does not perceive when old age creeps
upon him. Thus, by slow and im-
perceptible degrees life draws to its
end. There is no sudden breakage ;
it just slowly goes out.

age

12. The third charge against old is that it LACKS SENSUAL PLEASURES. What a splendid service does old age

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