at 188,500 square miles and the population 950,000. Though Italy has been conspicuously unsuccessful in Africa colonization, she seems intent on further enterprise. It is certain that she covets Tripoli and Benghazi, which she hopes to transform into a kind of Italian Algeria. During 1901, and especially toward the close of the year, a Franco-Italian agreement was rumored, whereby French influence would dominate the Tripolitan hinterland and Italian rule would be instituted in Tripoli and Benghazi proper. This alleged agreement occasioned no little surprise, since the attitude of the Sultan of Turkey, in whose dominions the country is included, was apparently left out of the question.

Spanish Africa consists principally of Rio d'Oro, on the Atlantic south of Morocco, and a small district on the Gulf of Guinea. The area of the latter is stated at 1,000 square miles, and of the former 243,00 square miles. The actual area of Rio d'Oro, however, will doubtless prove to be much smaller when the boundary determined by the Franco-Spanish convention of 1900 is finally demarcated. The population of Spanish Africa is estimated at only a little over 100,000. See FERNANDO PO.

Turkish Africa comprises Egypt and Tripoli, including Benghazi. The total estimated area is about 799,000 square miles and the population upwards of 11,000,000. Though not nominally, Egypt is practically a British protectorate.

Events of 1901.-As in 1900 the most striking events in Africa in 1901 were connected with the Anglo-Boer war, which is treated in the article TRANSVAAL. But other military operations of more or less importance were carried on during the year. A punitive expedition on the part of the British, who were for a time assisted by French troops, was carried out in Gambia. British punitive expeditions also took place in both Northern and Southern Nigeria, in British East Africa, and in Somaliland, where a joint Anglo-Abyssinian campaign was carried on against the "Mad Mullah." In the French Soudan the French suppressed the uprising of an Arab tribe near Lake Tchad and defeated the remnant of Rabah's forces. In the Ogowe region of French Congo, a revolt of some 18,000 Pahuins took place, and in Wadai a rebellion broke out resulting in the assassination of the native sultan of that state. Uprisings occurred in the Congo Free State, in Algeria, and in Morocco.

A considerable number of exploring and surveying parties were at work in 1901. More accurate surveys, even in the better known parts of Africa, are a recognized need. During 1901 the region between the Sobat and Lake Rudolf was explored by Majors Austin, Bright, and Garner. The expedition, which proceeded across British East Africa, reaching Mombasa in September, suffered severely from the want of water and supplies. The frontier of the Egyptian Soudan was surveyed by Major Gwynn. In the Galla region south of Abyssinia work was carried on by Baron von Erlanger and Herr Oskar Neumann, who have added considerably to the geographical knowledge of that part of Africa. Corrective surveys of Victoria Nyanza have been made, and in Uganda Sir Harry H. Johnston made a number of journeys which resulted in important zoological discoveries (see MAMMALOGY). A German-Belgian expedition conducted surveys in the region of Lake Kivu, and districts further to the west were explored by Commanders Siffer and Sillye. Explorations were also carried on in West Africa; MM. Huot and Bernard were at work in northeastern French Congo and M. Lesieur nearer the coast. In northern Cameroon expeditions were conducted by Captain Ramsay and Captain Schimmelpfennig, and in the southeastern part of the territory by Lieutenant von Stein. In southern Morocco there were expeditions under Professor Fischer and under Mr. Bishop, and in Tripoli under M. Malthuisieulx.

For details of the various parts of Africa, see the articles on the several countries; also CAPE-TO-CAIRO RAILWAY, and, for commerce with the United States, UNITED STATES (paragraph Commerce).

AFRICAN METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH. See COLORED METH

ODISTS.

AFRICAN METHODIST EPISCOPAL ZION CHURCH. See COLORED METHODISTS.

AFRICAN TRANSCONTINENTAL TELEGRAPH LINE. See CAPE-TOCAIRO RAILWAY AND TELEGRAPH.

AGARDH, JACOB GEORG, Swedish botanist and for many years a professor in the University of Lund, died January 17, 1901. Professor Agardh was born at Lund in 1813, and was educated at the University in that town, where he became professor in 1874. He was one of the greatest phycologists, authorities on sea-weeds, the great work of his life being the Species, Genera, et Ordines Algarum, which, begun in 1848, was finished in 1876. He was also the author of Till Algernes Systematik (1872-1890), and numerous other valuable works dealing with sea-weeds.