of Regular Baptists (North, South, and Colored), however, are distinct, not in ecclesiastical differences, but in administration, each maintaining separate activities. The denomination, with over four and one-half millions of members, ranks, in the United States, next to the Roman Catholic and Methodist churches. According to the latest statistics published by Dr. H. K. Carroll, in the Christian Advocate, the strength of the various Baptist bodies is as follows: Regular Baptists (North), 7,537 ministers, 9,305 churches, and 1,005,613 communicants; Regular Baptists (South), 12,599 ministers, 19,799 churches, and 1,674,108 communicants; Regular Baptists (Colored), 9,916 ministers, 15,195 churches, and 1,590,802 communicants; Six-principle Baptists, 8 ministers, 12 churches, and 828 communicants; Seventhday Baptists, 122 ministers, 116 churches, and 10,104 communicants; Free-will Baptists, 1,436 ministers, 1,522 churches, and 86,535 communicants; Original Free-will Baptists, 120 ministers, 167 churches, and 12,000 communicants; General Baptists, 484 ministers, 423 churches, and 24,775 communicants; Separate Baptists, 113 ministers, 103 churches, and 6,479 communicants; United Baptists, 25 ministers, 204 churches, and 13,209 communicants; Baptist Church of Christ, 80 ministers, 152 churches, and 8,254 communicants; Primitive Baptists, 2,130 ministers, 3,530 churches, and 126,000 communicants; Old-Two-Seed-in-the-Spirit Predestinarian Baptists, 300 ministers, 473 churches, and 12,851 communicants. The figures for

the three Regular bodies are estimates (Dr. Carroll notes), as the returns for 1901 were not ready.

National anniversaries of the Northern Baptists, at Springfield, Mass., May 20-28, were marked by features commemorative of the first meeting of the century. A report from the joint committee appointed in 1900 in the interests of a union of the agencies of some of the various societies and consolidation of their work was heard, and led to the reference of the problem to future conferences. From the various activities of the church, home and foreign missions, including the work of the women's auxiliaries, the educational and publishing interests, statements of progress were received. About $500,000 is expended on home missions among 20 nationalities of this country; a notable work in this department is that of the chapelcar service, an institution of 10 years' standing, and now representing an investment of $100,000, which has been effective in organizing a number of churches and Sunday-schools, and also in philanthropic work. There are now six of these cars, each containing a chapel and parsonage, which are hauled and kept in repair by the railroad companies, though built and owned by the church. The publication society, under the auspices of which this last branch is conducted, reports an income of $887,472. The American Baptist Missionary Society received nearly one million dollars for its work (including over $490,000 from native churches) which embraces foreign fields in Burma, Assam, Southern India, West Africa, China, Japan, and the Philippines, in which fields there are 472 missionaries and 3,482 native helpers, 927 churches with 105,212 members, and 36,335 scholars in mission schools; and domestic missions in Alaska, Porto Rico, Cuba, Mexico, and among the Indians and negroes, in which are engaged 1,199 missionaries and teachers. There are also missions on the continent of Europe, and a large number of self-supporting churches in Asia and Africa, the missionary work of the church being directed toward establishing the independence of the churches that are organized. At the forty-sixth session of the Southern Baptist convention, in New Orleans, some dissatisfaction was expressed with the amount of offerings, as not proportionate to the members and wealth of the denomination; the discussion led to a consideration of the report of the committee on cooperation, one of the noteworthy features of the meeting. The Southern Baptist Missionary Conference reports 102 missionaries, 41 ordained and 130 unordained native helpers, and 127 churches in the several fields, which include China, Japan, Africa, Italy, Mexico, and Brazil. The twenty-first annual session of the National Baptist convention, held in Cincinnati, was noteworthy as one of the most successful in the history of the organization. Much interest was shown in the fact that during the past year $129,000 had been realized for education. The Ethics of Gambling was a prominent topic at the nineteenth annual Baptist conference for the discussion of current questions, held in November, 1901, in New York City. A notable publication of the year 1901, in connection with the Baptist denomination, has been A Century of Baptist Achievement, edited by A. H. Newman, D.D., LL.D., recently elected president of Baylor University, Waco, Tex.

BAPTIST YOUNG PEOPLE'S UNION OF AMERICA, founded in 1891, is a denominational organization of the various young people's societies in the Baptist churches, the object of which is to stimulate activity along spiritual and missionary lines and to promote biblical and denominational education. A prominent feature of its methods is the work of the Christian Culture courses. The eleventh international convention, in Chicago, Ill., July 25-28, 1901, was marked by spirited addresses on current topics of interest; the meeting of 1902 will convene July 10-13, in Provi

dence, R. I. The Baptist Union represents the interests of the society. President, John H. Chapman; headquarters, 324 Dearborn Street, Chicago.

BAR ASSOCIATION, AMERICAN, organized in 1878, is composed of the leading lawyers in the United States who meet annually to discuss matters of importance to the profession and to the community at large. Each State is represented by one vice-president. Membership, 1,700. President, V. M. Rose, Little Rock, Ark.; treasurer, Francis Rawle, Philadelphia, Pa.; secretary, John Hinkley, 215 North Charles Street, Baltimore, Md.

BARATIERI, General ORESTE, Italian soldier, died at Sterzing, in the Austrian Tyrol, August 8, 1901. He was born at Cordino, November 13, 1841, and saw service first with Garibaldi in the expedition to Sicily in 1860. In 1866 he was with Garibaldi again against the Austrians, and at the conclusion of that war joined the regular army and went to the Red Sea as colonel of Bersaglieri in 1888. He acted as governor of Erythrea, Italian East Africa, from 1892 to 1896, leading several successful expeditions against the Abyssinians until, just before he was recalled, he met with the disastrous defeat at Adowa, in March, 1896, at the hands of King Menelek, the Italian loss being 10,000 killed. For this he was court-martialed, on the charge of attacking an impregnable position under conditions rendering defeat inevitable, but was acquitted.

BARBADOS, a West Indian island constituting a British colony, has an area of 166 square miles and its estimated population in 1900 was 195,000. The colony is administered by a governor, Sir Frederic M. Hodgson, in 1901; legislation is effected by an appointed council and an elected assembly. The revenue and expenditure in 1899 were £216,022 and £207,883 respectively; in 1900 the revenue amounted to £185,475, of which over 75 per cent. was derived from customs and excises, while the expenditure was £182,866. The public debt, which has been incurred for the construction of public works, chiefly water supply, amounted to £416,850 at the end of 1900.

In 1899 the imports and exports amounted to £998,006 and £845,590 respectively; in 1900 the imports were valued at £1,045,251, of which nearly half came from Great Britain, and exports amounted to £919,011, of which £694,038 represented the produce of the colony, mainly sugar and its products. The sugar export, valued at £485,736 in 1900, goes mainly to the United States. In his annual report in 1901 the colonial secretary said: "The colony has thus far paid its way well, and the administration has every reason to be satisfied with the results of the year; but it must be remembered that this result has only been obtained by the imposition during seven and a half months of 1900 of a tariff which doubtless pressed somewhat hardly on trade."

In October, 1901, a landslip extending over 500 arces occurred in the Boscobel district; many houses were wrecked, 85 being swept into the sea, roads and landmarks were effaced, and 400 people left homeless.

BARBIER, PAUL JULES, French librettist and playwright, died in Paris, January 17, 1901. He was born March 8, 1825. Besides writing the libretto for Gounod's Faust (1859), which is his best-known work, M. Barbier produced libretti for operas by Ambroise Thomas, Massenet, Meyerbeer, and others, and many original comedies. His principal works, aside from Faust, are libretti for Gounod's Philemon et Baucis (1860), Roméo et Juliette (1867), Thomas' Mignon (1866), Hamlet (1868), and Françoise di Rimini (1882), and the dramatization of Néron (1885), an original tragic poem, to music of Rubinstein. In collaboration with M. Carré he wrote numerous libretti for the Opera Comique, the most successful being the book for Massé's Paul et Virginie (1876). M. Barbier also published a volume of patriotic verse and two volumes of poems. He was an officer of the Legion of Honor from 1865.

BARLEY. As reported by the United States Department of Agriculture, the barley crop by countries in 1900 was as follows:

The imports of barley into the United States in 1900 were 189,612 bushels (valued at $91,040), of which nearly the whole were exported from Canada. In 1901 the imports amounted to 171,004 bushels (valued at $84,073), of which 170,512 bushels (valued at $83,705) came from Canada. In 1897 the imports were 1,271,787 bushels (valued at $394,749). The exports in 1900 were 23,661,662 bushels (valued at $11,216,694) and in 1897, 20,030,301 bushels (valued at $7,646,384). The exports in 1901 amounted to 6,293,207 bushels (valued at $2,883,565); the principal part was sent to Great Britain (4,880,573 bushels, valued at $2,180,524); Belgium took 436,321 bushels (valued at $202,401). The other countries receiving important shipments of barley are Germany, the Netherlands, and Hawaii. In the United States the acreage in 1900 was 2,894,282 acres, the yield 20.4 bushels an acre, the farm price 40.8 cents a bushel, and the farm value of the crop $24,075,276. The results of 10 years' experiments in sowing barley at different dates at the Canadian Experimental Farms have uniformly resulted in favor of the sowing made about one week after the ground is in such condition that sowing is practicable. Barley has been successfully matured during the past three years at the agricultural experiment stations at Sitka and Kenai (in Cook Inlet), Alaska, and also in 1901 at Ramport in the Yukon Valley.

At the Ontario Agricultural College and Experimental Farm, Laritz reports that Manchury barley has been compared with the widely cultivated common 6-rowed barley for 12 years, and the results show an average yield of 66.8 bushels of grain and 1.6 tons of straw an acre for the Manchury and 57.6 bushels of grain and 1.6 tons of straw for the common 6-rowed. The average results for several years show that the best 2-rowed barley yielded about 14 bushels an acre less than the best 6-rowed variety. The Manchury variety, which was introduced into the United States from Asia by the Wisconsin Experiment Station, is now grown over a wide range of territory in this country and has been of great financial benefit to the farmers producing this crop. Von Seelhorst and N. Georgs have reported the results of an important pot experiment on the influence of different fertilizers and the water content of the soil upon the form and composition of the barley plant. They found that supplying the element or elements of plant food which are present in the soil in only minimum quantities, favors the development of the roots as well as of the parts of the plant above ground, and that the increase of organic substance in the soil due to the development of the roots has a beneficial effect on the succeeding crop. It was noticed that the low-water content of the soil induced a greater development of the root system, and attention is called to the fact that an increase in root development means a withdrawal of plant food from the other parts of the plant. The application of nitrogenous fertilizers when only a small amount of nitrogen was present in the soil, together with a high soil humidity, favorably influenced the stooling of the plant. An increase in the humidity of the soil without the application of nitrogen increased the strength of the stalk, shortened the heads and reduced their weight, but when nitrogen was used at the same time that the humidity of the soil was increased stronger stalks and longer and heavier heads were produced. Examination of the grain led to the conclusion that on dry soils nitrogenous fertilizers tend to increase the nitrogen content of the grain, but that there is less danger of producing barley too rich in nitrogen for brewing purposes by the use of nitrogen in fertilizers when the soil is moist.

An examination of the weight of the grain of barley, oats, rye, and wheat as related to the climate of the region in which the crop was grown was made by Jensen in Denmark on the basis of samples received from the United States and twelve European countries. He found that the grain weight was greater in regions with a coast or insular climate and also that it increased with increasing temperature.

BARNARD COLLEGE, New York, organized 1889, a woman's college, being an integral part of Columbia University (q.v.).

BAR OF THE CITY OF NEW YORK, THE ASSOCIATION OF THE, organized in 1869 and incorporated 1871, had, at the last report of the executive committee, 1,663 members. The association has had, during its existence, the following_presidents: William M. Evarts, 1870-79; Stephen P. Nash, 1880-81; Francis N. Bangs, 1882-83; James C. Carter, 1884-85; William Allen Butler, 1886-87; Joseph H. Choate, 1888-89; Frederick R. Coudert, 1890-91; Wheeler H. Peckham, 1892-94; Joseph Laroque, 1895-96; James C. Carter, 1897-99; John E. Parsons, 1900-01. The association owns and occupies a commodious building at No. 42 West Forty-fourth Street, New York City, and has a valuable law library of over 53,000 volumes. The admission fee is $100, and the annual dues for resident members $50 and for members nonresidents but having offices in the city $25. A member who does not reside and has no office in New York is exempt from the payment of annual dues. President, John E. Parsons; recording secretary, S. R. Brownell; treasurer, S. Sidney Smith.

BARON DE HIRSCH FUND, a trust fund created in 1889 by Baron Maurice de Hirsch for the benefit of Jewish Russian-Roumanian emigrants to America;

capital, $2,500,000; annual income, $100,000. The main scope of the work is: To provide for the reception of emigrants and assist them in getting a start in life; to teach habits of thrift and self-support in this country; provide day and night schools for children and adults; furnish mechanics with tools and teach them how to use them; make advances by way of loans and furnish transportation to centres of employment. The fund also maintains the Baron de Hirsch English day school in the Educational Alliance building, 193 East Broadway, N. Y., an evening English school at the same address for Russian men and women who work during the day, and the Baron de Hirsch trade school at East Sixty-fourth Street, where young men are taught useful mechanical trades-machine work, plumbing, carpentry, electrical construction, sign and house painting, etc.-under E. G. Yalden, superintendent. The Jewish Colonization Society is in active cooperation with the fund. Attendance at the English schools, both day and night, is about 650. President, Myer S. Isaacs; treasurer, Emanuel Lehman; general agent, A. S. Solomans; headquarters, 45 Broadway, New York City.

BARTON, EDMUND, Australian statesman, was appointed premier of the new Australian commonwealth and minister for foreign affairs in 1901. He was born at Glebe, Sydney, New South Wales, January 18, 1849, and was educated at the Sydney grammar school and university, being called to the bar of that city in 1871. He was first elected to the legislative assembly in 1879, and from 1883 to 1887 served as speaker, afterwards entering the legislative council. In 1889 he was attorney-general, being reelected in 1891, and was a member of the federal convention which met at Sydney. From that time forward he was one of the most active supporters of the federation scheme, going as the senior representative to the convention of 1897, and taking the leading part in the proceedings until the Federal Constitution bill was adopted. For a time he was the leader of the opposition in the New South Wales parliament, but resigned that post to devote himself entirely to the cause of federation. In 1900 he went as a delegate to England to support the constitution bill, where he attracted notice by his able advocacy of the cause. Upon the failure of Sir William Lyne, who had been called upon by the new governor, Lord Hopetoun (q.v.), to form a ministry, Mr. Barton was selected to create a cabinet. He is a protectionist in politics, and an ardent supporter of nationalism. See AUSTRALIA, COMMONWEALTH OF (paragraphs on History).

BARYTES. The production in the United States in 1900 amounted to 67,680 short tons, valued at $188,089, as against 41,894 tons, valued at $139,528 in 1899. The increase in production was due to the development of new properties in Tennessee. The average price, however, declined from $3.33 in 1899 to $2.78 in 1900. The imports had a total value of $32,461. Barytes is used in the manufacture of mineral paint.

BASEBALL. Mismanagement in professional baseball, which was notorious in 1899 and 1900, and became even worse in 1901, threatens to destroy popular interest in the national game. In the National League contests, the games won, the games lost, and the percentages respectively, were as follows: Pittsburg, 90, 40, 647; Philadelphia, 83, 57, 592; Brooklyn, 79, 57, 580; St. Louis, 76, 64, 544; Boston, 69, 69, 500; Chicago, 53, 86, 381; New York, 52, 85, 379; Cincinnati, 52, 87, 373. Similar figures for the American League were: Chicago: 83, 53, 610; Boston, 79, 57, 581; Detroit, 74, 61, 548; Philadelphia, 74, 62, 544; Baltimore, 68, 65, 511; Washington, 61, 72, 459; Cleveland, 54, 82, 397; Milwaukee, 48, 89, 350.

In contrast with professional baseball in 1901, college baseball flourished in all sections, with honors divided between Princeton and Harvard. These teams did not meet. The remainder of the first twelve teams may be ranked: 3, Pennsylvania; 4. Yale; 5, Brown; 6, Cornell; 7, Dartmouth; 8, Amherst; 9, Williams; 10, Lafayette; 11, Wesleyan; 12, Lehigh. Princeton won 19 games and lost 2; Harvard won 18 and lost 2; Yale won 20 and lost 8. Yale and Princeton played three games, in which Princeton made 28 runs and Yale 16; Harvard v. Yale's two games resulted: Harvard 10 runs and Yale 3; Harvard v. Pennsylvania's two games resulted: Harvard 21 and Pennsylvania 6. In the Triangular League-Amherst, Williams, and Wesleyan-Amherst won 5, lost 3; Williams won 4, lost 4; Wesleyan won 3, lost 5. West Point played Annapolis for the first time and won by a very narrow margin. The University of Pennsylvania defeated Cornell, 14 to 4; Georgetown, 8-4; Brown, 8-2 and 4-3; but lost to Harvard, 3-11.

A uniform effort on the part of the faculties of Harvard, Yale, and Princeton, and the Intercollegiate Association of the South, sensibly diminished the number of players on college teams, who have become quasi-professionals by accepting board and other expenses for playing during the summer vacations.

BASKERVILLE, CHARLES, professor of chemistry in the University of North Carolina, announced in 1901 the discovery of a constant unknown impurity found in monazite, to which, in case it should prove a new element, he has provisionally as

signed the name of "Carolinium" (see CHEMISTRY). Dr. Baskerville was born in Noxubee County, Miss., June 18, 1870, and studied at the universities of Mississippi and Virginia, graduating from the latter in 1890. Subsequently he pursued graduate studies at the University of Berlin, from which he received the degree of Ph.D. in 1893. In 1891 he became connected with the teaching staff of the University of North Carolina, and in 1900 was made professor of chemistry and director of the laboratories. He has served as secretary of the council and general secretary of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, being an active member of the section of chemistry. He is a member of the leading chemical societies of the world.

BASKET BALL. The championship in basket ball in 1901 was won by the Pratt Institute (Brooklyn) team. The game was played in 1900-01 by the universities of Princeton, Pennsylvania, Columbia, Harvard, and Yale, and by numerous schools and teams of the Y. M. C. A., with whom it is a favorite gymnasium game. BASUTOLAND, an inland colony of Great Britain lying between Natal, Cape Colony, and the Orange River Colony. It has an estimated area of 10,293 square miles and an estimated population of 250,000. No Europeans are allowed to settle in Basutoland without the permission of the government. There are four government schools and 177 private schools, with over 11,000 pupils, of whom about 90 per cent. are educated under the supervision of the French Protestant mission. The principal products are grain, wool, and cattle. In the fiscal year 1900 the revenue and expenditure amounted to £69,769 and £59,492 respectively, and the exports were valued at £133,861 and the dutiable imports at £85,527.

BATCHELDER, RICHARD NAPOLEON, brigadier-general U. S. A. (retired), died in New York City, January 4, 1901. He was born at Lake Village, N. H., July 27, 1832, and at the outbreak of the civil war entered the volunteer service as first lieutenant in the First New Hampshire regiment. Soon afterwards transferred to the quartermaster's department, he remained there throughout the war, being brevetted brigadier-general, March 13, 1865. Later he entered the regular service as captain and assistant quartermaster, and rose to be quartermaster-general, with the rank of brigadier-general, retiring in 1896. During the war General Batchelder was present at many important engagements, and was awarded a medal of honor for his services as quartermaster with the Army of the Potomac. While quartermaster-general he instituted many innovations and reforms, to the great improvement of the service. BATH HOUSES, MUNICIPAL. See MUNICIPAL BATH HOUSES. BATTERSON, JAMES GOODWIN, American builder, died at Hartford, Conn., September 18, 1901. He was born at Bloomfield, Conn., February 23, 1823, and was trained in his father's business, that of stone-cutting. As head of the New England Granite Works, Mr. Batterson erected many notable monuments and public buildings, including the national monument at Gettysburg, the statue of Alexander Hamilton in Central Park, New York City, soldiers' monuments at Antietam and Galveston, and the Halleck monument at San Francisco. The most notable of the buildings erected by him are the Congressional Library at Washington and the Connecticut State Capitol at Hartford. In 1858-59 he was in Egypt with Brunel, and became interested in engineering problems, geology, and Egyptology, and was a recognized authority in this last subject, being honorary secretary of the Egyptian Exploration Fund.

BATUM PIPE LINE. See RUSSIA.

BAUXITE. The production of bauxite, which is used in the production of aluminum, in 1900 amounted to 23,184 long tons, valued at $89,676, as compared with 35,280 long tons, valued at $125,598 in 1899. The deposits in the Georgia-Alabama district are rapidly giving out, while Arkansas, which began producing in 1899, promises to be of great importance. C. W. Hayes (The Bauxite Deposits of Arkansas, United States Geological Survey 21st Annual Report, part III.) states that the Arkansas deposits are confined to an area of 20 by 5 miles lying southwest of Little Rock. He estimates that in the outcrops alone there are 608,500 long tons of bauxite in sight, while the total quantity under cover is 43,711,200 long tons. Several of the companies that have been operating in Georgia have moved to newly purchased bauxite property in Arkansas. See ALUMINUM and CRYOLITE.

BEACH, WILLIAM WITHER BRAMSTON, British legislator, died in London, August 3, 1901. He was born in Hants, England, December 25, 1826, and was educated at Eton and Oxford. Elected first a Conservative member of parliament in 1857, he sat continuously as a representative for North Hants until the redistribution of seats in 1885, when he was sent from Andover. Mr. Beach was made a privy councillor in 1900, and since 1899 he was known as the "father of the House of Commons."