the two clearing houses established at Victoria and Vancouver in 1899 amounted to $32,038,700 and $46,161,432 respectively. The railway mileage of British Columbia at the end of the fiscal year 1900 was 1,307, as against 1,129 in 1899. (See below.) The telegraph offices numbered 30 in the same year and the total length of the lines was 691 miles, against 567 miles in 1899.

History.-Early in 1901 provincial legislation on the lines of the Natal Asiatics Immigration Law came into operation and resulted in the rejection of a number of Japanese immigrants. Chinese, whose prescriptions of entry were provided for by Dominion legislation, were enabled to evade the act. The provincial legislature was asked but failed to remove the restrictions, and the Dominion government was compelled to veto the obnoxious act. Considerable trouble was experienced on the Fraser River, the white fishermen refusing to work owing to the employment of Japanese fishermen by the canning firms. The Japanese were armed for eventualities and the provincial police patroled the river. The strike was settled by the whites' accepting the canners' proposals. The British Columbia government introduced a bill providing for the issue of a loan of $5,000,000 for railway subsidies and other public works of government ownership. The projected railway lines consist (1) of one from the coast to Kootenay, 300 miles, with a connection to Vancouver and New Westminster and by railway and ferry to Vancouver Island and Victoria; (2) the extension of the island railway to the north for 240 miles; (3) a line to connect Rock Creek with Vernon and the Canadian Pacific railway, 125 miles; (4) a line from Kitimat on the north mainland coast to Hazelton, 100 miles; and (5) a line from Fort Steele, on the Kootenay, to Golden, 150 miles. The bonus limit per mile was placed at $5,000; $500,000 was provided for a bridge over the Fraser River at Westminster. The province is to receive four per cent. of the gross earnings of the railways. The reorganization of a provincial cabinet took place in August. Mr. John C. Brown became provincial secretary, replacing Mr. J. D. Prentice, who was appointed finance minister in succession to Mr. Turner, who proceeded to London as agent-genral.

BRITISH EAST AFRICA. See EAST AFRICA, BRITISH.

BRITISH GUIANA, a colony of Great Britain on the northeastern coast of South America, has an estimated area of 120,000 square miles and an estimated population, at the beginning of 1900, of 287,288. The capital is Georgetown. The colony is administered by a governor (Sir Walter J. Sendall, since 1898), who is assisted by an executive council and, for legislative purposes, by committees (courts) of appointed and elected members. Revenue is derived chiefly from customs. For the fiscal year 1899 the revenue and expenditure amounted to £525,865 and £525.387 respectively; for 1900 £538,838 and £525,542 respectively. At the end of the latter year the public debt, including all local loans for which the colonial revenue is security, stood at £958,840. For the fiscal year 1899 the imports and exports were valued at £1,371,412 and £1,775,691; for 1900, the imports, which were mainly flour, rice, cotton, and woolen goods, were valued at £1,318,701, and the exports, of which seven-eights were made up of sugar, gold, and rum, at £1,927,959. In the latter year over half the imports came from Great Britain and over a quarter from the United States; while the exports were divided almost equally between the same countries. Of the total trade 52.9 per cent. was with Great Britain, 38.9 per cent. with the United States, and 5.9 per cent with British possessions. Gold production in 1900 was 112,789 ounces. There are about 75 miles of railway. In February, 1901, an electric tramway of some ten miles in length was opened in Georgetown. In February, 1901, the governor stated that, although the revenue remained stationary, there would be a favorable balance at the end of the fiscal year, "testifying to the most rigid economy of administration," and he noted a reduction in the public debt. There was promise, he said, of important developments in agriculture, especially the cultivation of sugar and ballata, in the diamond industry, and in gold mining. The final adjustment of the boundary dispute with Venezuela should lead to the investment of new capital in the gold district; and the most effective method for the general development of the interior, that is, the construction of railroads, was planned.

During the year the British press gave considerable attention to the great possibilities of development in British Guiana. Of the small population about 90 per cent. is confined to a strip along the coast, some 200 miles in length and rarely extending more than 30 miles inland, "so that nine-tenths of the population are congregated in about one-hundreth part of the territory." More than one-third of the inhabitants are East Indian immigrants or their descendants. Since labor is insufficient even in the more thickly settled districts, it is clear that the local resources of the colony are inadequate for any considerable development of the hinterland.

BRITISH HONDURAS, or BELIZE, a crown colony of Great Britain on the Caribbean Sea, directly south of the Mexican state of Yucatan and east of Guateinala, comprises 7,562 square miles and has a population, according to the census of

1901, of 37,479. Its capital and chief town is Belize, with a population of 9,113. The colony is administered by a governor (Sir David Wilson since 1897), who is assisted by executive and legislative councils. The revenue increased from $250,458 in 1899 to $289,728 in 1900, and the expenditure_decreased from $262,415 to $246,201. The dollar is the gold dollar of the United States, which was adopted as the standard unit of value in 1894. There is a paper currency (1899) of $100,704 and a subsidiary silver currency of $200,000 in circulation. The public debt is $168,815. The imports, two-thirds of which are furnished by the United States, amounted to $1,031,473 in 1899 and $1,198,772 in 1900. The exports increased from $1,018,044 in 1899 to $1,300,565 in 1900, the value of the exports to Great Britain falling in the same period from $860,378 to $613,565. The staple products are woods, principally mahogany and log-wood. The export of mahogany, the value of which is $40 to $50 per 1,000 feet, amounted to 7,994,378 feet in 1901. The colonial secretary in his last annual report called attention to the fact of the poor quality of the mahogany exported, which seemed to indicate a failure in the supply of the real Honduras mahogany; the only remedy, he thought, would be improved methods of transportation, which would make it possible to tap the forests remote from the coast. Sugar and fruits are also exported. About 15,000 acres are under cultivation. Gold and silver occur, but have never been worked. On February 1, 1901, a new tariff went into effect which provided for a considerable reduction in duties.

BRITISH NORTH BORNEO. See BORNEO.

BROCK, THOMAS, R.A., the British sculptor who was selected in 1901 to execute the memorial statue of Queen Victoria, was born at Worcester, England, in 1847, the son of a decorator in that city. He was educated first in the government School of Design at Worcester, then at the Royal Academy, London, where he won both a silver and a gold medal. After studying under J. H. Foley, the sculptor, he became his assistant, and upon Foley's death completed a number of the latter's unfinished works, including the O'Connell monument at Dublin. Among Mr. Brock's ideal creations are included "Salmacis," "Hercules Strangling Antæus," an equestrian group; "A Moment of Peril;" and statuettes of "Paris" and Enone." His "The Genius of Poetry" was exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1889. He has executed portrait statues of Richard Baxter, Sir Rowland Hill, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (for Westminster Abbey), Sir Richard Owen, Lord Derby, and others. In 1898 five of his sculptures were placed in the National Gallery of British Art, among them a statue of "Eve."

BROGDEN, CURTIS HOOKS, ex-governor of North Carolina, died January 4, 1901. He was born on a farm in Wayne County, N. C., December 6, 1816, and spent his youth there. From 1838 to 1857 he was in either the senate or the assembly of the State, and later was State comptroller, 1857-67, presidential elector, 1869, and collector of internal revenues, 1870. In 1872 he was elected lieutenant-governor, and upon the death of his chief in 1874, conducted the administration for the remainder of the term. He was a Republican member of Congress from 1877 to 1879. Governor Brodgen was active in the State militia and attained the rank of majorgeneral.

BROGLIE, JACQUES VICTOR ALBERT, Duc de, French statesman and historian. died in Paris January 19, 1901. He was born in that city June 13, 1821, and was educated at the University of Paris. In 1871 he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies and in the same year went to London as ambassador. While in the Chamber he organized a coalition of the monarchical parties, which caused the resignation of President Thiers (1873), and the election of Marshal MacMahon as his successor. As premier in the new cabinet, Broglie incurred the enmity of a part of the monarchists, who united with the conservatives to secure his downfall. He resigned May 16, 1874, with his colleagues, but two years later was elected to the Senate and became leader of the reactionary parties (1877). A new cabinet was formed (May), in which Broglie was premier and minister of justice. At the ensuing election (November), which was bitterly contested, the Republicans were victorious, and Broglie, thus defeated, made no further attempt to exercise leadership, retiring from the Senate to private life in 1885. While notable as a statesman, M. de Broglie achieved more as a publicist and historian. As an undergraduate he published articles in the Revue des Deux Mondes and Le Correspondant, which were afterward collected under the title Etudes morales et littéraires (1853). Other works were Questions de religion et d'histoire (1860); Le secret du roi: Correspondance secrète de Louis XV. avec ses agents diplomatiques, 1752-54 (1878); Marie Thérèsa impératrice (1888); Histoire et Diplomatie (1889); and Mémoires du prince de Talleyrand (1891). He devoted much of his writing to defending the temporal power of the Pope, and constitutional liberalism in politics. He became a member of the Académie Française in 1862, and succeeded to his title on the death of his father in 1871.

BROOKLYN INSTITUTE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES was organized in 1824, and has twenty-eight departments, viz.: Archæology, Architecture, Astronomy, Biology, Botany, Chemistry, Domestic Science, Electricity, Engineering, Entomology, Fine Arts, Geography, Geology, Law, Mathematics, Microscopy, Mineralogy, Music, Painting, Pedagogy, Philately, Philology, Philosophy, Photography, Physics, Political Science, Psychology, and Zoology. Courses of lectures in the arts and sciences are delivered through the year; monthly meetings of each of the departments are held regularly, and concerts and dramatic readings are given at stated periods. The institute, under authority from the legislature, commenced the erection of a museum building on ground leased from the old city of Brooklyn for a term of one hundred years. The first section was opened to the public June 2, 1897. The second section, authorized by the Board of Estimate under legislative authority, was commenced in 1899, and will, it is expected, be completed in 1902. The museum is open daily from 9 A.M. to 6 P.M.; on Thursday and Friday evenings, from 7.30 to 9.15, and on Sundays from 2 to 6 P.M. A children's museum, as an auxiliary to the main museum, is also provided, and there is a laboratory for biological research located at Cold Spring Harbor, L. I. President of board of trustees, A. Augustus Healy; treasurer, W. B. Davenport; secretary, George C. Brackett. Office, 502 Fulton Street, Brooklyn Borough, New York City.

BROSIUS, MARRIOTT, American lawyer and congressman, died at Lancaster, Pa., March 3, 1901. He was born at Colerain, Pa., March 7, 1843, and received a country school education. At the outbreak of the Civil War he joined the 97th Pennsylvania Infantry, and served until he was wounded in 1863. At the close of the war he studied for a time at the Millville, Pa., Normal School, and afterward studied law at the University of Michigan, graduating in 1868. He commenced to practice at Lancaster, and was elected to Congress as a Republican from that district, in 1890. He served there until his death, and during 1895-97 was chairman of the committee on reform in the Civil Service. As chairman of the committee on banking and currency during 1899-1901, he was officially responsible for the form of the present goldstandard law.

BROTHERHOOD OF ANDREW AND PHILIP. See ANDERW AND PHILIP, BROTHERHOOD OF.

BROTHERHOOD OF ST. ANDREW. See ST. ANDREW, BROTHERHOOD OF. BROWN UNIVERSITY, Providence, R. I., founded in 1764, had in 1901 a faculty of 87 and a student body of 899. This is an increase over the previous year of 10 members of the faculty and 27 in the student body. Of the students, 77 were graduate students and 177 were students in the Woman's College. The most important event of the year in a material way was the continued success of the movement to increase the endowment fund. During the year there was a cash increase of productive funds of $576,780, and subscriptions and non-productive gifts completed the desired increase of $2,000,000. In this sum is included the most valuable gift of all, the John Carter Brown Library, together with $500,000 for maintenance, and $150,000 for the erection of a library building, given by Mr. John Nicholas Brown. The John Carter Brown Library is one of the most extensive and probably the most valuable collection of Americana in existence. Its collection had been the work of a century and its contents have been used by all the great writers of American history and by many foreign governments both in Europe and in South America. The material equipment of the University has also been increased by the completion of the memorial gates, the administration building, the president's house, and the chemical laboratory. While at present the University buildings are characterized by the heterogeneousness, common to most of the large colleges in the east, due to their erection without reference to a general scheme of development, a general plan for the location and the architecture of future additions to the plant has been adopted. The year was also marked by a great number of changes in the faculty. Professor William McDonald, of Bowdoin College, replaced Professor John Franklin Jameson, called to the University of Chicago, in the chair of history. Other appointments were Dr. Albert D. Mead to head professorship in biology, Professor H. F. Fowler to the professorship in Biblical literature, Professor J. E. Bucher, Jr., to a professorship in organic chemistry, Thomas Crosby, Jr., to a professorship in English and public speaking, and a number of appointments to instructorships. The educational policy of the institution shows development along the lines marked out in 1900; there is a general raising of standards for admission, but at the same time a withdrawal of Greek as a required subject for admission, its place being taken by the modern languages. A most important and significant change was the agreement entered into between the University and the city of Providence in regard to the public school system. By the terms of this agreement, the professor of education of the University becomes the "director of the training department" of the public schools, and is given general charge of all student teachers; a certain number of graduate students are

given positions in the High School under the direction of supervising teachers selected from the regular teaching staff of the High School, and are to receive a salary of $400; a larger class of student teachers are to do observation and practice work of a more limited character without remuneration; students who have pursued the education courses are eligible to similar position in the grammar and elementary schools; a limited number of seniors in the department of education in the University are also allowed to teach and observe in the grammar schools. This solution is one of the best that has been offered for the vexed problems of combining the professional and the liberal training of the teaching profession, and its results will be observed by other universities with the greatest interest.

BROWNE, Sir SAMUEL JAMES, British general, died in the Isle of Wight, March 14, 1901. He was born in India, October 3, 1824, and entered the army there in 1840, receiving a commission four years later. For forty years he was in active service, and distinguished himself in the second Sikh War, 1848-49, the Sepoy Mutiny, 1857-59, during which he lost an arm, and the campaign against Shere Ali, Ameer of Afghanistan, 1878. He was frequently mentioned in despatches for bravery, received the Victoria Cross, and was made a Grand Commander of the Bath and a Knight Commander of the Star of India for distinguished services.

BROZIK, WENCESLAS, Bohemian painter, died in Paris, April 15, 1901. He was born near Pilsen, Bohemia, in 1851, studied at l'Ecole des beaux-arts of Prague, and in the Academy at Munich, and in 1876 went to Paris. He first exhibited at the Salon of 1877, showing two large canvasses illustrative of Bohemian history, "The Departure of Dagmar, Daughter of the King of Bohemia, Betrothed of Valdemar, King of Denmark (1205)," and "Episodes of the Wars with the Hussites (1419).” Among other historical paintings, he exhibited in 1878, "Ambassadors of the Dead King Ladislas to the Court of Henry VII," which was acquired by the National Gallery of Berlin. Turning to portraiture in 1880, he exhibited the "Portrait of M. G., General in the Chinese Army." M. Brozik was decorated by the Legion of Honor in 1894. His work is remarkable for clearness of accessory detail, and careful costuming.

BRUNEI. See BORNEO.

BRYN MAWR COLLEGE, Bryn Mawr, Pa., near Philadelphia, a leading woman's college, was opened in 1885. During 1901 the combined enrollment of the undergraduate and graduate schools was 417. The college has a faculty of 40 members, who give their whole time to instruction, in addition to two non-resident professors and ten academic officers. It has a library of about 36,000 volumes, and a plant valued at about $1,000,000, including a campus of 52 acres of ground. Most of the students are housed in the dormitories, and one of the great needs of the institution is for more buildings of this character. The most important event of 1901 was the conditional gift of $250,000, made by Mr. John D. Rockefeller, for supplying the needs of certain new buildings. The condition is that a similar amount be subscribed by other friends of the institution before the end of the collegiate year in June, 1902. Many conditional subscriptions were made during 1901, and at the close of the year every effort was being put forth to comply with the conditions of the gift.

BUBONIC PLAGUE. See Plague.

BUCHANAN, ROBERT WILLIAMS, English novelist, poet, and playwright, died at Streatham, England, June 9, 1901. He was born in Glasgow, Scotland, August 18, 1841, and was educated at the Glasgow Academy, High School, and University. Going to London from the university (1860) he published his first collection of verses, Undertones, in 1863. Other volumes that fixed his place as a poet are London Poems (1866); Napoleon Fallen, a lyric drama (1871); Ballads of Life, Love, and Humor (1882); and The City of Dream (1888). Mr. Buchanan published a number of novels, including St. Abe and His Seven Wives (1872); The Shadow of the Sword (1876); God and the Man (1881); and The Master of the Mine (1885). In 1880 he began to write plays, making his greatest success with Sophia, an adaptation from Tom Jones. He also wrote critical essays, and in 1871, published in the Contemporary Review under the pseudonym of "Thomas Maitland," The Fleshly School of Poetry, a diatribe attacking what he called the sensuousness of the poems of Dante G. Rossetti and Swinburne. Replies from the attacked, under the titles of The Stealthy School of Criticism and Under the Microscope, respectively, marked a controversy in letters that will preserve Buchanan's name as effectively as any of his own works. Convinced of the injustice he had done, he retracted much of his charge, and dedicated his God and the Man to Rossetti. It was Buchanan's diffusion of energy, perhaps, that prevented his achievement of marked success in any of the lines he followed; each showed promise that was never fulfilled. Business reverses left him toward the close of his life with very straitened means. He visited this country in 1884-85.

BUCKWHEAT. The production of buckwheat in the United States has been small for the past 30 years, as compared with the 4 years immediately succeeding the Civil War. The acreage, which was 1,028,693 acres in 1869, fell to 536,992 in 1870, and the largest since then was 917,915 acres in 1886. The preliminary estimates for 1901, which are the only data available, indicated an increase of about 43,000 acres over the preceding year, or a total of about 681,000 acres. There was an increase in New York and Pennsylvania (which together contain about 76 per cent. of the total acreage of this crop) of about 58,000 acres, while the majority of other buckwheat-producing States reported diminished acreage. The preliminary estimates of the average yields an acre by States in 1901 were as follows: Maine, 31.7 bushels; New Hampshire, 21.0; Vermont, 25.1; Massachusetts. 18.9; Connecticut, 18.0; New York. 18.8; New Jersey, 19.0; Pennsylvania, 19.5; Delaware, 17.8; Maryland, 17.5; Virginia, 15.9; North Carolina, 15.6; Tennessee, 14.2; West Virginia, 206; Ohio, 16.1; Michigan, 14.1; Indiana, 13.1; Illinois, 11.0; Wisconsin, 12.4; Minnesota, 14.5; Iowa, 13.5; Missouri, 6.0; Nebraska, 11.5; and Oregon, 11.7. The average yield for the United States was 18.9 bushels an acre, as compared with 15 bushels in 1900, and 16.9 bushels for the past 10 years. Of the six States having 10,000 acres upwards (i. e., Maine, New York, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Michigan, and Wisconsin) four reported a yield an acre in excess of their average for 10 years. The quality of the 1901 crop was rated as 93.3 per cent. as compared with 90.2 for 1900. The total production in Ontario, Canada, was 1,759,071 imperial bushels, a decrease of over 6 per cent. in comparison with the previous year.

or

The exports of buckwheat from the United States since 1897 have been nearly a million and a half bushels annually, but in 1900 the amount declined to 426,822 bushels, valued at $254,847, and in 1901 there was a further reduction to 123,540 bushels, valued at $79,120. The buckwheat exported in 1901 was sent chiefly to the Netherlands, the shipments to that country amounting to 106,794 bushels, valued at $68,565. Germany, which received the next largest shipments, took only 10,437 bushels, valued at $6,666. No importations of buckwheat into the United States have been reported in recent years. Buckwheat middlings and bran, by-products in the manufacture of buckwheat flour, are coming into rather general use for feeding in the regions where they are produced. The middlings are fed to cows usually, and have been found to have a high feeding value. The bran consists of a mixture of the middlings and hulls, and as the latter are practicaly useless the bran, although a fair feed, is inferior to the middlings.

BUILDING STONES. The value of the building stone produced in the United States in 1899 and 1900 was as follows:

This shows a gain of $3,918,069 over 1899. Massachusetts was the largest producer of granite, Vermont of marble, Pennsylvania of slate and limestone, Ohio of sandstone, and New York of bluestone.

BULGARIA. An autonomous Balkan principality under the suzerainty of Turkey. The capital is Sofia.

Area and Population.-The estimated area of Bulgaria proper is 24.380 square miles, and of the incorporated state of Eastern Roumelia, 13.700 square miles. The total population on January 1, 1893, was 3.310,713, and on March 31, 1900, 3,733,189. The national religion is the Orthodox Greek, but since 1870 the Bulgarian Church has not been included in the Orthodox communion. In 1899 there were 4,589 elementary schools with 345.887 pupils. There are also a number of schools for secondary instruction, and at Sofia a university with 409 students in 1900.

Government and Finance.-The chief executive authority is a prince (Ferdinand I., son of the late Prince Augustus of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, since August, 1887), who is assisted by a cabinet nominated by himself and responsible to the Sobranje. In this body, a single chamber, is vested the legislative power. The strength of the army on a war footing is placed at 209,000 men. The navy is inconsiderable. The unit of value is the lev, worth one franc, or 19.3 cents. The largest item of revenue is direct taxes; the heaviest expenditures are for service of the debt and war. The estimated revenue and expenditure for 1809 were 84,097,105 leva and 84,035.514 leva, respectively; for 1900, 83,827,863 leva and 83,270,370 leva; for 1901, 95.286,000 leva and 95,350,000 leva. In 1899 steps were taken toward converting the entire national debt into a new 5 per cent. loan of 260,000,000 leva.