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who in other southern states had shown themselves strangely apathetic in the matter of the curtailment of their suffrage rights, had in Alabama voted up to their full strength. According to the 1900 census figures (see NEGRO PROBLEM, paragraph Census) a little more than 59.5 per cent. of the male negroes of voting age in Alabama are illiterate. Under the new constitution, this means that that per cent. of all the negroes in the state will be disenfranchised. But these negroes may vote in accordance with the provisions of the new constitution so soon as they can read and write the English language and prove themselves industrious citizens.

State Officers-Governor, W. D. Jelks; secretary of state, R. P. McDavid; adjutant-general, W. W. Brandon; attorney-general, C. G. Brown; treasurer, J. Craig Smith; superintendent of education, J. W. Abercrombie; commissioner of agriculture, P. R. Poole; commissioner of insurance, N. R. McDavid-all Democrats. Supreme Court. -Chief justice, Thomas N. McClellan; associate justices, Jonathan Haralson, John R. Tyson, Henry A. Sharpe, and James R. Dowdell-all Democrats. Congressional Representatives (57th Congress): In the House-George W. Taylor, from Demopolis; A. A. Wiley, from Montgomery; Henry D. Clayton, from Eufaula; Sidney J. Bowie, from Talladega; Charles W. Thompson, from Tuskegee; John H. Bankhead, from Fayette; John L. Burnett, from Gadsden; William Richardson, from Huntsville; Oscar W. Underwood, from Birmingham-all Democrats. In the Senate-E. W. Pettus (until 1903), from Selma; and John T. Morgan (until 1907), also from Selma-both Democrats.

The

ALASKA. An unorganized territory of the United States purchased from Russia in 1867, and governed under a civil code passed by Congress in 1900. area of Alaska, as shown by the most recent surveys, is approximately 590,884 square miles, or about one-sixth of the whole territory of the United States. The population, as shown by the census of 1900, is 63,592, of whom 25,536 are natives. The increase in population since 1890 has been 31,450, or 98.4 per cent. The average number of persons to each one hundred square miles is approximately eleven. There are four cities of more than 1,000 inhabitants, namely, Nome, 12,486; Skagway, 3,117; Juneau, 1,864; and Sitka, 1,396. The city of administration is Sitka. Alaska constitutes, by the act of 1900, a federal judicial district, with three divisions and three courts. Alaska has no delegate to Congress, nor has it a local legislature.

Mining.-The mining industry of Alaska was vigorously prosecuted during the season of 1901, the output in the region of Nome alone being estimated at $7,000,000, although the development of the mines in this vicinity was greatly hampered by conflicting mining claims (see paragraph Judiciary Scandal). Placer mining still attracts the greatest attention, because the returns are immediate and can be conducted by individuals with very little capital. Mines at the head waters of the Koyukuk River also attracted much attention during the year, and some of the mining camps there were established as far north as latitude 67°. These are the most northerly diggings on the continent. At this rate, the governor remarks, the American miner will keep on till he reaches the pole. Other productive regions during the year have been on the Porcupine and Tanana Rivers and near the headquarters of the Kuskokwim. Quartz mining makes great advances each year, the quartz being very widely distributed, though as a general thing the ore body is of a low grade, averaging in many cases not more than $2.00 per ton. Silver and platinum have been found in paying quantities, and discoveries of tin and cinnabar have been reported. There are rich veins of iron ore, but very little attention has been paid to iron, both on account of heavy transportation charges and because of the search for gold. Copper mines have been opened up on the shores of Prince William's Sound, Prince of Wales Island, and Dall Island. The governor expresses the opinion that the mining interests in Alaska have become so extensive and valuable as to render advisable the appointment of a commissioner of mines, whose duty would be to exercise general supervision over the mining operations of the district, to protect mining companies against unjust litigation for damages, and to require the companies to conform to regulations prescribed for the protection of miners. Fisheries.-Next to mining, the fishing industry is probably the most important of Alaska, and it has the added advantage of permanence and safety for investment. The salmon catch for the year 1900 had a market value of over $6,000,000, and for the season of 1901, it was estimated at about $7,000,000. Large quantities of halibut and other fish were also taken, shipped to ports on Puget Sound, and thence taken to inland markets on refrigerator cars. The fish industry, however, may be greatly developed; along the shores of Alaska are cod banks hitherto untouched, aggregating in extent many thousands of square miles, and by the establishment and maintenance of salmon hatcheries by the federal government, a continuous and increasing supply of this fish would be assured each year.

Agriculture. The agricultural possibilities of Alaska have been but recently recognized. Instead of being almost wholly, as has been popularly supposed, a bleak, ice

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covered land, valuable only for its gold fields, the surveyor-general of the territory reported in 1901 that he estimated, from data collected from authentic sources, that not less than one-fifth of Alaska was tillable and could be utilized for pasture and for raising a large diversity of agricultural crops. The climate of Alaska, especially in the southwest, is alleged to be better for agricultural purposes than the great plains of Wyoming, Montana, and some parts of Nevada. Even hundreds of miles north of Skagway the attempts at gardening and farming are said by the governor of the territory to have been surprisingly successful. Hay and grain are raised at Fort Selkirk; vegetables of many kinds at Dawson; while the great river valleys like those of the Yukon, Tanana, Kuskokwim, Sushitna, Knik, and Copper embrace cultivable areas large enough for good-sized States. The quantity of grass which every year goes to waste in Alaska is asserted to be of greater market value than the gold output. The great obstacle to the development of these interests has consisted, up to the present time, not so much in inaccessibility of the lands and the cost of transportation as in the fact that settlers are unable to acquire any title to the lands they occupy. See paragraph Public Lands.

Other Industrial Interests.-The timber of Alaska, all of which belongs to the government, is one of the most valuable resources of the territory. Although a number of sawmills are allowed to cut timber by payment to the government ten cents for each hundred cubic feet, the amount thus cut represents but a small fraction of the amount of wood used in the territory each year. Nearly every board that is taken to western Alaska from Yakutat to Port Barrow is shipped from Puget Sound or California, and a large part of the wood used in southeastern Alaska comes also from sound ports. The reason for this is that lumber can be manufactured more cheaply in the large mills in the States than in Alaska. There is an enormous annual waste of timber in the territory caused by the falling and decay of trees that have long since attained their full growth. It is recommended that the government enact laws allowing the cutting of the full-grown trees and protecting the young timber from destruction. In the opinion of the governor, the fur trade of Alaska is doomed to extinction. The sea otter and fur seal are fast disappearing for lack of proper protection by the United States; the beaver has been driven to remote districts; the Arctic fox, the bear, and mink seem to be the only fur-bearing animals that are still found in considerable numbers. The enacting of a stringent game law by Congress, in order to afford better protection to the moose, caribou, deer, and other large game, is advocated.

Communication-Military telegraph lines are now in operation in Alaska between St. Michael and Mulato, Eagle, and Dawson; lines are being constructed between Eagle and Volges, and Mulato and Fort Gibbon, and cables have been laid between St. Michael and Nome, Juneau and Skagway. The cable along the shore from southeastern Alaska to Unalaska on the Aleutian Islands would be of great importance commercially, and on account of the commanding position of Unalaska, would be valuable from a strategic point of view. Attention is called to the necesCable comsity of communication by cable with the States and the Philippines. munication between the States and the Philippines is recommended by way of Alaska, as this would be the shortest and, commercially, the most advantageous route. Education.-Under the Congressional act of 1900, the main revenue of Alaska was directed to be raised by license fees exacted from the various classes of business concerns operating in the territory. Outside of incorporated towns, one-half of the amount of these licenses, minus the expenses for the maintenance of the courts, was to be used for educational purposes. During the fiscal year ending 1901, in addition to the towns of Skagway, Juneau, and Ketchikan, previously incorporated, the towns of Nome, Treadwell, Eagle, and Valdes were incorporated, and the schools in these towns were placed in accordance with the act of 1900 under the care of the local authorities. Whether the funds received from licenses outside of the incorporated towns were sufficient to support schools outside of the towns, it was not possible, as stated by the secretary of the interior, to ascertain by the end of the year 1901. In the opinion of the governor, however, the funds would not be sufficient, and the governor regretted that Congress had withdrawn the usual annual appropriation of $30,000 previously made for the purposes of education in Alaska.

Public Lands-Except for lands acquired by individuals for mining purposes, nearly all land in Alaska is at present a part of the public domain. In fact, as stated by the secretary of the interior in his annual report for 1901, it is practically impossible under existing conditions for persons to acquire land in Alaska except for mining purposes. For, although by a Congressional act of 1898, the homestead laws were extended to Alaska, in so far that they permitted persons to acquire not more than eighty acres of land each, yet title to these lands could not be acquired until they were surveyed, and no public lands have as yet been surveyed for this purpose. It is solely on this account, as is stated, that there is really no permanent population in Alaska, and that consequently not only could no adequate

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taxes be raised for the maintenance of a territorial government, if one was formed, but nearly all industries in Alaska, except that of mining, have so far been neglected. Yet, as stated by competent persons, the natural resources of Alaska, especially as regards the possibilities of agricultural products (see paragraph Agriculture), very great, and all that is needed to develop them is the enactment of proper laws by Congress. It was recommended, therefore, by the governor of the territory that Congress should immediately appropriate money for the survey of homestead lands so that title could be acquired thereto, and also that the amendments made to the homestead laws in 1898, when they were extended to apply to Alaska, be revoked. For these amendments prescribed that not more than eighty acres of land could be acquired by each person, and that moreover title could not be acquired to more than one-half of the shore lines of navigable streams. The governor considered that the right to title along streams should be freely given, and that owing to the great expense of transportation both to and from Alaska, title should also be allowed, as was always done in the case of other territories of the United States, to at least 160 acres of land.

Judiciary Scandal.-Under the Congressional act of 1900, dividing Alaska into three federal judicial districts, Arthur H. Noyes was appointed justice of the second district, with headquarters at St. Michael, near the Nome gold fields. At that time the shore line of Alaska for some fifty miles north from Cape Nome was staked off by placer miners, who had recently discovered gold in large quantities. Owing to the lack of definite laws governing the filing and right to possession of these claims, nearly the whole area comprehended in the long strip of beach was under litigation. These litigations were awaiting settlement at the time Justice Noyes assumed jurisdiction. From the time of his arrival, scandals arose concerning his use of the judicial power. It was asserted that he had not only shown incompetence and negligence in the exercise of his office, but that he had shown marked favors to a few of the larger gold companies in the appointment of receivers to the disadvantage of the smaller claim holders. On August 27, 1901, a petition was signed by fifty-two members of the Nome bar, praying for the removal of Justice Noyes, claiming that he had lost the confidence and respect of the bar, of the court, and of the residents of his judicial district; that his orders and decrees were violated and treated with open contempt, and that the introduction of a fearless and honest judge was urgently required at Nome to prevent further riot and bloodshed over disputed claims, to relieve the congested court calendar, and to protect life, liberty, and property. At about the same time, the matter was brought to the attention of the Circuit Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in California, which court vacated certain orders that Justice Noyes had made late in the fall of 1900 and later found him guilty of contempt of court for not complying with its mandates, and imposed a fine upon him of $1,000. Pressure was then brought upon the attorney-general of the United States to order Justice Noyes's removal, both on the findings of the court in California and on account of the charges brought by the bar and private residents of Nome. The whole episode was declared by Hon. John G. Brady, governor of Alaska, to have been the most unfortunate in the history of the territory. For not only had the adjudication of the most pressing conflicting mining claims been postponed, but feelings of doubt and uncertainty had been created in the minds of the people inimical to the entrance of capital into Alaska and to the development of both private and corporate mining claims.

Needs of the Territory.-In his annual report for 1901, the governor stated that he did not recommend the authorization by Congress of a territorial form of government for Alaska. For owing largely to the inability of residents to acquire title to land in the territory, there was not a sufficiently large or stable population to raise the revenue necessary for this form of government. The governor did recommend, nevertheless, that Alaska be allowed a delegate in Congress to represent its interests, and he especially recommended that Congress should make appropriations for the immediate survey of lands so that title could be acquired to them under the modified homestead acts extended to Alaska in 1898. Other recommendations were for the passing of a bill that would allow the natives to acquire citizenship; for the establishment of cable communication between Alaska and the United States; for the establishment and maintenance of a hospital in southeastern Alaska, and for the building of a penitentiary.

See MEASLES, PUBLIC HEALTH, SMALLPOX.

ALBA, Duke of, Don CARLOS MARIA ISABELLA STUART, Spanish nobleman, died in New York City, October 15, 1901. He was born in Madrid, Spain, December 4, 1849, and inherited from his father numerous titles and estates. He possessed four dukedoms, eleven marquisates, and fourteen titles of count, was a Spanish senator and chamberlain, and was a peer of France. While a guest of Sir Thomas Lipton during the last international yacht races at New York, he became ill and died after a few days.

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Albania.
Alfred the Great Millennial.

ALBANIA. See TURKEY.

ALCOHOL. The discussion of the food value of alcohol was continued during 1901. The dictum of Professor Atwater, of Wesleyan University, that alcohol is a food in the sense that it supplies energy to the body, while not forming tissue, has been accepted by some as an old physiological fact. Several investigators, however, have combated this statement, as also the former teaching that alcohol is an excellent remedy in acute infectious diseases. Doyen, Abbot, Verlaguss, Ranelleti, and Goldberg seem to agree that alcohol is a cell poison, although possessing a high caloric value. T. Alexander Mac Nicholl, of New York, in the investigation of heredity as a factor in mental deficiency, traced the family history of 463 children in 150 different families through 3 generations. Of these children, 313 had drinking fathers, 51 had drinking mothers, 265 had drinking grandparents, and 246 had drinking parents and grandparents. Of the children of drinking and neurotic ancestry, 87 per cent. were mentally deficient, and 76 per cent. suffered from some neurosis or organic disease. Of 231 children with total abstinence antecedents, less than 3 per cent. were dull, and but 18 per cent. neurotic. Of 24 families of drunken parents, including 113 children, 93 had organic diseases, 66 were mentally deficient, 7 were idiots, 8 were dwarfs, 7 were epileptics, and 16 were drunkards. Of the 236 children of moderate drinkers, 186 had organic diseases, 169 were mentally deficient, 8 were idiots, 8 were insane, and 21 were drunkards. Of 116 children in 31 families with neither neurotic nor drunken ancestry, 20 had organic disease, 3 were mentally deficient, and I was a drunkard. Thus the children of drinking parents show less than 12 per cent. of normal conditions of mind and body, while the children of total abstainers show about 82 per cent. Mac Nicholl concludes: "Alcohol is a most active agent in the production of hereditary degenerations. The families of drink imbibers in large measure augment the number of drunken, diseased, and defective members of society." Of 300 suicides, upon whose bodies Professor Meller, of Kiel, made autopsies during the past five years, 143 had organs diseased by alcoholism. Hirschl, of Vienna, reports that 30 per cent. of the men admitted to the insane department of the Vienna General Hospital gave a history of chronic alcoholism. Of these alcoholic patients, 4.3 per cent. died from delirium tremens, and 28 per cent. were committed to insane asylums for life.

ALDRICH, LOUIS, American actor, died at Kennebunkport, Me., June 17, 1901. He was born in Ohio, in 1843, and early in life went on the stage. After a season of starring in California and Australia, he joined the Boston Theatre stock company, where, in 1866, he played Nathan to the famous Leah of Miss Bateman. Later he was leading man at Mrs. John Drew's Arch Street Theatre, Philadelphia, and at Wood's Museum, New York City, where he played second parts to E. L. Davenport. Aldrich's best-known work was in The Danites and My Partner. In 1870 he appeared in The Kaffir Diamond and The Editor, with doubtful success. He was for many years actively connected with the Actors' Fund of America, serving as its vicepresident and president. His power as an actor was greatest in melodrama, though successful also in certain lighter rôles requiring rough humor and pathos.

ALEXANDRA, Queen of England, acceded to the title of Queen upon the death of Queen Victoria (q.v.), January 22, 1901, when her husband, Edward VII. (q.v.), ascended the throne. She was born December 1, 1844, and is the eldest daughter of King Christian IX. of Denmark, and the sister of the Empress of Russia and of the King of Greece. She married Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, March 10, 1863, and four of the six children born to them survive, the eldest, now Prince of Wales, being the heir-apparent to the throne.

ALEXIS, PAUL, French novelist, died in Paris, July 30, 1901. He was born at Aix, France, June 16, 1847, and was educated at the college there. Going to Paris at an early age, he became a friend and literary follower of Zola, and allied himself with the so-called naturalistic school of fiction writers. The increasing prominence of Zola's work lifted Alexis out of comparative obscurity and gave his writings considerable popularity. One of his works was an extended and apologetic study of his master; and a later series of laudatory articles concerning Zola involved him in a duel with Albert Delpit.

ALFRED THE GREAT MILLENNIAL. The thousandth anniversary of the death of Alfred the Great was celebrated in Winchester, England, with a series of commemorative exercises September 18-21, 1901. These exercises began with visits to Westgate, Castle Hall, Hyde Abbey (where Alfred was buried), Wolvesey, St. Cross, and other places connected with the history of the Saxon king, and included readings from Becket, by Sir Henry Irving, and lectures on King Alfred the Great, by Frederic Harrison, and the Coinage of Alfred the Great, by Sir John Evans. The culminating event occurred on September 20, when a colossal bronze statue by Hamo Thornycroft was unveiled, and an eloquent address delivered by the Earl of

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Rosebery, in which he described the remarkable qualities of manhood and leadership exhibited by the great Saxon king, in the course of which, having in mind the recent death of President McKinley, he said: "King Alfred wrought immortal work for us and for our sister nation over the sea, which in the supreme moments of stress and sorrow is irresistibly joined to us across the centuries and across the seas. A procession, participated in by academic, civic, and ecclesiastical representatives escorted by military and naval forces, preceded the unveiling of the statue. The ceremonies were under the charge of a large committee of representative men of Great Britain and the United States, over which the Lord Mayor of London acted as chairman, while Alfred Bowker, mayor of Winchester, was secretary. King Edward was the patron. The English Lords of the Admiralty launched a firstclass cruiser of 14,000 tons in October, to which they gave the name of King Alfred, in commemoration of the celebrations.

A month later the memory of Alfred was celebrated in New York City by a series of exercises that began with a special memorial service in St. Paul's Chapel, on October 27, when the sermon was preached by the Rev. Henry Lubeck, in which he compared King Alfred and George Washington, saying that they were alike in many points of character, that it was fitting the memory of the great King should be celebrated in a church where the first President of the United States had been wont to worship. If, said the preacher, King Alfred's memorial celebrations should be an additional cause for harmony between the English and the American people, then there was one more benefit to the human race that could be laid to the credit of the King. On October 28, the accepted date of the death of Alfred, a banquet was held at Delmonico's, at which Mr. Alfred Bowker, the mayor of Winchester, was the guest of honor. Toasts were drunk to the President of the United States, King Edward VII., scion and heir of Alfred; Alfred the King, responded to by Mr. Bowker; Alfred the Statesman and Lawgiver, by Mr. Stewart L. Woodford; Alfred as a Constitutional Monarch, by Mr. Jo..n G. Bourinot; Alfred in Relation to Literature and Religion, by Mr. Hamilton W. Mabie; Alfred the Author, by Mr. Francis A. March; and Alfred the Soldier and Sailor, by Mr. Wager Swayne. A collection of books, manuscripts, and engravings, relating to King Alfred and his times, were placed on exhibition in the Lenox Library, New York, beginning with October 28, and continued during the months of October and November. As a permanent memorial the trustees of the New York Public Library, Astor-Lenox-Tilden foundation, have been requested to set apart an alcove or annex, to be known as the Alfred Memorial Library, to be devoted to literature relating to the Anglo-Saxon period, and to include records of all the celebrations throughout the United States. If sufficient money is obtained, it is desired to establish in connection with the library a series of annual lectures on the Anglo-Saxon period by a distinguished scholar, either from Great Britain or the United States.

The interest aroused in these various commemorative exersises naturally led to much study of the period of Alfred, and it has been well said that "later historians have but repeated the conclusions of their predecessors, nor has searching modern scholarship removed from Alfred's brow a single leaf of the five-fold laurel, of king, soldier, poet, law-giver, and saint, that has for a thousand years encircled it." A book of interest in connection with the Millennial is Alfred the Great; containing chapters on his life and times, by Frederic Harrison, Charles Oman, Professor Earle, the Bishop of Bristol, Sir Clements Markham, Sir Frederick Pollock, and Rev. W. J. Loftie; also containing an introduction by Sir Walter Besant, and a poem by the Poet Laureate, edited, with preface by Alfred Bowker (London, 1889); also The Story of King Alfred, by Walter Besant (New York, 1901).

ALGERIA, a country of northern Africa, is usually regarded as a colony, but technically is a province of France. The capital is Algiers.

Area and Population.-The total area of the three departments, Oran, Algiers, and Constantine, comprising Algeria, is stated at 184.474 square miles. The southern boundary is not well defined, and some 123.500 square miles of the Sahara, with a population of 50,000, are claimed by France as belonging to the province. The total population in 1896, exclusive of the French army, was 4.429.421. The population according to the census of March, 1901, was 4.774,042, divided by departments as follows: Constantine, 2,039.458; Algiers, 1,631,476; Oran, 1,103,108. The French colonists numbered about 292,000. Most of the inhabitants are Mohammedans.

Government and Finance.-The province is administered by a governor-general (M. Paul Revoil), who is largely directed by the French ministers in Paris. The legislative power is vested in the French chambers, in which each of the three departments is represented by one senator and two deputies. On June 3, 1901, a French law went into operation authorizing Algeria to discuss and vote its own budget, which had hitherto been done by the French chambers. The extreme south of the country is under military rule.

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