anarchists. The first of these, already alluded to, was that no sooner were open advocates of anarchism reduced to silence than a secret and more dangerous band took their place, glorying in their outlawry, fanned with its excitement, and prepared for any desperate measures on a wholesale scale that would secure them what they considered a martyr's death. The other fact observed about the anarchist was that he was almost invariably a person of the peasant class, educated above his station, and unable to realize his ideas and ideals in the plane to which he was almost necessarily limited. Given a prior tendency to emotionalism therefore, his crude and general notions unmodified by experience, almost naturally and unconsciously centred in the social system and in the desirability of overthrowing it. As the fundamental cause of anarchy, then, was the vivid contrast afforded by living in one condition of life, and appreciating, or rather over-appreciating, an other and better condition and being unable to attain it, so it would seem that the rational cure for anarchism lay in the increase of general education, the increase of material well-being, and permission to all men to take part in the seemingly plumed and haughty government which was aimed against; at the same time keeping the plumes and hauteur so far in the background as the necessity of preserving public order permitted. Not only would this appear to be the rational cure for anarchism, but it was the traditional policy of the United States upon which its democratic institutions were founded, and by whose influence the turbulent and dangerous political elements mixed among the half million of emigrants who came to the United States yearly had become peaceable and well-ordered citizens. But if measures for the active repression of anarchists, such as would tend to turn American political institutions back to the type of those in Europe and would ultimately necessitate a large armed force within the country, should not be taken, at least it was conceded that there was no reason why the United States should not exercise the right exercised by every other government, and debar from the United States all those whom it deemed would make undesirable citizens; and in this class anarchists ought certainly to be included. For though their teachings were in general at once harmless and futile, yet, as shown in the case of Czolgosz, they were not always so. And while a federal law hedging around in any way freedom of speech in the country might give rise to worse ills than it cured, the United States was by no means obligated to encourage wild and dangerous teaching by inviting the advocates of anarchism to make a home in this country.

ANDREW AND PHILIP, BROTHERHOOD OF, is an interdenominational order, founded in 1888, the object of which is the "spread of the kingdom of Christ among men." Its membership, distributed in more than twenty denominations and extending beyond the United States, numbers in this country 15,000 enrolled in 550 chapters. The federal convention in the fall of 1901 was held in Pittsburg, Pa. The organization publishes the Brotherhood Star. President, Dr. Rufus W. Miller; secretary, Rev. J. G. Hamner, Newark, N. J.

ANGLICAN CHURCH, otherwise called the Anglo-Catholic Church, is a term applied particularly to the Church of England, but includes in a general sense Protestant Episcopal churches in all lands which are derived from the established church of England. See ENGLAND, CHURCH OF; IRELAND, CHURCH OF; SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF; and PROTESTANT EPISCOPAL CHURCH.

ANGOLA, OR PORTUGUESE WEST AFRICA, a dependency of Portugal, bordering on the Atlantic for over 1,000 miles from the Congo Free State to German Southwest Africa. The estimated area is 484,000 square miles and the estimated population 4,119,000. The seat of government is the port of St. Paul de Loanda; the administration is in the hands of a governor and his subordinates appointed by the crown. The estimated revenue and expenditure in milreis ($1.08) for the fiscal year 1900 were 1,673,111 and 2,013,671 respectively. The principal products include coffee, rubber, vegetable oils, wax, ivory, cattle, fish, cocoanuts, and sugar. The reported imports and exports in 1899 amounted to 6,314,846 milreis and 7,035,414 milreis respectively. The exports are largely taken by Portugal; the imports are supplied chiefly by Great Britain and Germany, the latter being now in the ascendancy. Economic conditions, however, were critical in 1901; the tariff of 1892 had proved disastrous to the colony, being advantageous to only a few Portuguese merchants and the owners of the line of steamers plying between Angola and the mother country. A railway is in operation from St. Paul de Loanda to the Lucalla River, 225 miles; an extension of about 124 miles was projected in 1901. A railway, about 20 miles in length, connects Benguella with Katumbella. In 1901 the construction of a railway from Benguella to Bihé was begun. According to a statement in the Brussels Gazette Coloniale, in April, 1901, the telegraph system of Angola was extended 1,000 miles during 1900. Among the present lines are those connecting Loanda with the Congo and with Novo

Redondo; a line from Mossamedes to Humpasa, 134 miles; Humpasa to Chibia, 30 miles; Dondo to Malange, 153 miles; Quinzau to the Congo, 135 miles. In 1901 a line from Novo Redondo to Dondo, 152 miles, was nearly completed.

In August, 1901, the British and Portuguese governments reached an agreement with regard to the undefined boundary between Angola and Barotseland, intrusting the delimitation of the frontier to a mixed Anglo-Portuguese commission.

According to a British consular report, the sale of alcoholic liquors in Angola has had a terrible effect on the natives; there seems to be little likelihood of abating the evil, since the rum industry is a large source of revenue to the colony. During 1901 the sleeping sickness continued its ravages. It has interfered seriously with industry; for example, the report just mentioned stated: "The margins of the River Coanza, which a few years ago were thickly populated, may now be traversed for hours without encountering a single native hut on shore or a canoe on the river. Whole villages, which a few years ago met the eye of the traveler by the railway, have entirely disappeared, due to the sleeping sickness."

ANTARCTIC EXPLORATION. The objects of the three Antarctic expeditions which set forth in 1901 are altogether scientific. There is not even a hint in the published plans of any of them that such a dramatic project as the discovery of the south pole is contemplated. In this regard, the plans of the Antarctic leaders are in sharp contrast with the plans of the Arctic leaders, who have frankly announced that their main object is the achievement of the adventure of the north pole, and that the collection of scientific data is merely incidental.

For about a quarter of a century scientific men have been importuning governments to send expeditions into the Antarctic regions. This modern agitation in favor of Antarctic exploration was begun by Dr. Neumeyer, was fostered by Dr. Petermann, of Petermann's Mitteilungen, by Dr. John Murray (now Sir John Murray), president of the Scottish Geographical Society, and a member of the Challenger expedition, and finally by Sir Clements R. Markham, president of the Royal Geographical Society. The interest of scientific men in Antarctic problems culminated in 1901 in the despatch to the south of an English expedition, a German expedition-both organized partly under government auspices-and a Swedish expedition, supported by private subscription, and besides these, in the promise of a Scottish expedition to the same region in 1902.

The Antarctic Problem.-Very little is known about the Antarctic regions. Before the Belgian expedition of '98-'99, no man had passed a winter south of the Antarctic circle, and fifty-five years had elapsed since a strictly scientific party had seen the Antarctic land, although the Challenger expedition crossed the Antarctic circle. Whether or no Wilkes Land and Victoria Land below Australia, Graham Land below South America, and the little Enderby Land below the Indian Ocean all extend south and unite in a continent, has not been ascertained. The supposition is that an Antarctic continent exists, but that has not been proved. Geographers are interested in this problem. Of course the interior conditions of such a continent, if it does exist, are unknown. It is probable that a vast ice-cap covers the whole region; and if this theory is borne out by the facts, the ice-cap is probably more like that which covered the northern part of North America during the glacial epoch than is the ice-cap of Greenland. Geologists are, therefore, interested in the phenomena of this great glacier, as well as in the character of the rock which has been discovered along the coast. Meteorologists are interested in the wind currents. The theory that a great anti-cyclone of northerly winds sweeps from the South polar regions has been advanced, but remains in doubt. These are geodetic problems to be solved. The land fauna and flora are known to be meagre, but their extent has not yet been determined. The investigations of the Challenger, however, and of other expeditions in the South seas had demonstrated that this region is exceedingly rich in sea life; and a prominent feature in the plans of all the expeditions is dredging at various depths. See ZOOLOGICAL EXPEDITIONS AND STATIONS.

The main problem to be solved, however, is that of terrestrial magnetism. The southern magnetic pole has not yet been definitely located, and until observations of the regions south of Cape Horn shall have been taken, the whole science of terrestrial magnetism remains at a standstill. There is, moreover, a direct commercial as well as scientific need for magnetic observations below the 40th parallel in the Indian Ocean. Vessels crossing from Cape Town to Australia have passed through regions of high magnetic activity, which have caused deviation in their compasses and thus thrown the ships off their course. Two of the expeditions go out with instructions to ascertain the exact localities in which this activity exists, and to determine, so far as may be possible, the conditions which govern it. Magnetic observations, then, are the main feature of all the expeditions, and in addition the Argentine Republic

has promised to establish a magnetic observatory on Staten Island, south of Cape Horn.

By agreement, the Antarctic regions have been divided, for purposes of exploration, among the nations. The best known region, Victoria Land, below New Zealand, has been selected by the British. The less known region, south of the Indian Ocean, has fallen to the lot of the Germans, and the Swedes have put up with Graham Land, which is furthest from the magnetic pole, and the most northerly of the coasts. The National Antarctic Expedition.-The expedition organized by the British sets forth under the auspices of the Royal Society and the Royal Geographical Society, which raised most of the funds. In all, £100,000 was collected, of which the government contributed £45,000. About fifty thousand pounds of this money was spent in building and equipping the steamship Discovery, a barque-rigged vessel, 172 feet long, 33 feet beam and 16 feet draft. She is fortified with bulkheads and beams to resist ice-pressures, and is sheathed with greenheart, protected at the bow with metal plates. Her triple-expansion engines develop 570 horse-power. She is fitted out with a magnetic room, in the vicinity of which no iron was used in her construction, and with commodious laboratories for the use of the scientific staff. She is equipped with an electric-light plant, charged by a dynamo, which is to be worked in winter by a windmill. To keep out the cold, she has an asbestos lining an inch and a half thick, and a system of compartments, differently heated, separates her cabins from the open air.

The commander of the expedition is Capt. R. F. Scott, a torpedo-lieutenant in the British Navy. He will have charge of the magnetic observations. The meteorological observations will be in charge of Lieut. A. R. Armitage, R. N. R., the executive officer. The civilian staff consists of Dr. George Murray, the scientific director, T. V. Hodgson, biologist, William Shackleton, physicist, R. Koetlitz, botanist, and E. A. Wilson, geologist. All collections, logs, journals, charts, drawings, photographs, observations and scientific data are to be the joint property of the two societies. The commander is instructed to afford the scientific staff every opportunity to make observations and collections.

The objects of the expedition, as outlined in the instructions to Captain Scott, are (a) "to determine, as far as possible, the nature, condition and extent of that portion of the south polar lands which is included in the scope of your expedition; and (b) to make a magnetic survey in the southern regions to the south of the 40th parallel, and to carry on meteorological, oceanographic, geological, biological, and physical investigations and researches. Neither of the objects to be sacrificed to the other."

The commander was instructed to establish a magnetic station at either Melbourne, Australia, or Lyttleton, New Zealand, and to carry a magnetic survey from the Cape of Good Hope, south of the 40th parallel, to this station and again across the Pacific to the meridian of Greenwich. A sub-station was to be established, if possible, in Victoria Land, whither the Discovery was to proceed from the primary station. It was hoped that she could pass through the ice-pack north of Victoria Land in December, so that she might spend the Antarctic summer in finding a suitable spot for winter quarters. Winter quarters were to be established somewhere between Cape Johnson, north of Wood Bay (74° 25" S.), and Cape Crozier, at the foot of Mount Terror. The expedition was then to examine the great ice-barrier discovered by Ross in 1842. This barrier presents a solid front of ice, rising 250 feet above the water. Ross followed it from Cape Crozier more than two hundred and fifty miles, and did not come to the end. Scientific men are not agreed as to whether it is the side of a long glacier, flowing down from the high land in that region, or whether it is the front of a wide glacier proceeding northward from a low, level country. Investigation of this mass of ice is to be the summer work of the expedition.

The winter party is then to be made comfortable on shore. Whether or no the Discovery is to return to open water or remain near the headquarters throughout the winter, is left to the discretion of Captain Scott. If she does not stay, she is to leave the scientific director, the physicist, a surgeon and men enough for sledge parties, furnished with provisions for three years. The three main sledge parties are instructed (1) to examine the volcanic regions near Mount Erebus, (2) to proceed southward as far as possible, and, most important, (3) to proceed westward between Capes Gauss and Washington toward the magnetic pole. If Captain Scott decides to winter his ship in the ice, it is reasoned that she should be able to force her way northward through the pack early in 1903, and in that case the leader is to proceed with his survey across the Pacific before returning to England.

The Discovery was launched March 21. She left the Thames for Cowes July 31. At Cowes, the King, the Queen and the Princess Victoria inspected her, and the King decorated the commander with the Victorian order. She sailed at noon August 6 for Cape Town, where she arrived October 3. She abandoned her trip to Melbourne, and instead proceeded to Lyttleton, New Zealand, touching on the way at