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follows with a somewhat more assured touch the method of the same author's earlier volume on Abraham Lincoln. Mr. Hapgood has not sought to give a comprehensive study of the public career of Washington, the battles that he fought, or the details of his administrations. What he does seek to do is to draw from the recorded facts a comprehensive and vivid picture of Washington's personality, viewed not as a general or a president, but simply as a fellow human being; and it is his success in this direction which gives the volume its permanent interest. The True Thomas Jefferson, by William Eleroy Curtis, is an attempt along radically different lines to do a somewhat analogous service to Jefferson. It is not a formal biography, but simply a collection of the important facts in Jefferson's life, classified under such headings as "Jefferson as a Lawyer," "Jefferson as a Farmer," and the like. It is written in a prevailing tone of fairness, is distinctly entertaining, and valuable for the material which it makes readily accessible.

Mr. Horace Scudder's two-volume life of James Russell Lowell is a biography which has been awaited with pleasurable expectations, for it was felt to have been intrusted to safe hands. The result justifies the choice, since every page bears testimony to the writer's close friendship, intimate knowledge and sympathetic understanding of his subject. The chief criticism that has been made is that the book is unnecessarily expanded; the incidents of Lowell's life, especially of the earlier years, seem hardly to warrant their expansion to the limits of the two volumes which had been planned. Yet if certain portions seem over-elaborate when the volume is first read in its entirety, it would be difficult to indicate any details which one would be willing to omit from it when regarded as a permanent record and book of reference. Of even more widespread interest is the long-awaited Life of Robert Louis Stevenson, by Graham Balfour, the life which was originally to have been written by Mr. Sidney Colvin, the editor of Stevenson's Letters. It is interesting to note with what unanimity the reviewers, even those most cordial toward Mr. Balfour's work, have expressed the wish that the Life and the Letters might have been intrusted to a single hand, and thus welded into a single well-rounded and comprehensive work. It is obvious that the prior publication of the Letters somewhat handicapped Mr. Balfour, since even the most enthusiastic votary of Stevenson feels that this later work has not brought him materially nearer. Nevertheless, there is a good deal of new matter in these two volumes. Stevenson's childhood is expanded into a most detailed and minute survey, while Mr. Balfour's special qualification for his task-the fact that he was a close companion of Stevenson in his island home during the closing yearshas enable him to treat this period with a fullness which makes the volume an indispensable commentary upon the later portion of Stevenson's published letters. A second and briefer biography of Stevenson has appeared within the year, written by H. Bellyse Baildon, and containing some interesting criticisms of personal and literary characteristics. In this connection should be mentioned a capital little monograph by Professor John Franklin Genung upon Stevenson's Attitude to Life, in which his philosophy is summed up as being "not to ponder upon life, but to live." A writer who in one gift, at least, that of writing child-verse, came very near to Stevenson, was Eugene Field, whose biography has been written in elaborate fashion by Mr. Slason Thompson. It is sub-titled, "A Study in Heredity and Contradictions," and while the first claim of this title is scarcely vindicated in the chapters devoted to Field's antecedents, that relating to contradictions is amply fulfilled, for a more thoroughly inconsistent man it has probably never been the lot of a biographer to portray.

Two autobiographies which offer a sharp contrast to each other are The Making of an American, by Jacob Riis, and The Autobiography of a Journalist, by W. j. Stillman. Mr. Riis's record of his upward struggle is a straightforward, unvarnished tale, tinged here and there with a naïve and unconscious egotism, and full of the interest which comes from picturesque phases of life in unfamiliar social strata. It is the work of a man still comparatively young, and is full of the stimulating contagion of Mr. Riis's exuberant energy. Mr. Stillman looks back over a varied career of seventy years, and although his, too, is a story of a steady rise in the world, the surroundings were very different, including consulships at Rome and Crete, and twenty-five years of service as correspondent for the London Times. The volume was written in the hope "that a human document in which the development of a mind from the archaic condition of New England Puritanism to freedom of thought was honestly and unreservedly told, might be worth doing." Undoubtedly, however, the most remarkable autobiography of the year, and the most remarkable one that has appeared for several years, was Up from Slavery, by Mr. Booker T. Washington, president of the Tuskegee (Ala.) Institute. This book traces the development of a fatherless, ignorant slave child to a scholar and man of affairs. It is striking for its simplicity, its pathos, and its veiled power.

It is more than a century since White of Selborne died, yet he has had to wait until the past year for a biographer. It is obvious, however, that the publication of

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such a work is justified, since new editions of the Natural History of Selborne have multiplied rapidly of late, and in the person of his descendant, Rashly Holt White, the naturalist seems to have found a sympathetic, conscientious, and diligent chronicler. A contemporary and near neighbor of Gilbert White, Jane Austen, has, on the contrary, been written up to such an extent that one wonders that there still remains scope for a new volume. Yet in Jane Austen: Her Homes and Her Friends, Constant Hill has not only unearthed a fair amount of new matter in the course of a pious pilgrimage to Austen-land, but has ingeniously arranged much of the old, familiar matter contained in Miss Austen's own writings, so that they shed fresh light upon themselves.

It is impossible to consider in detail the rest of the numerous biographies which deserve at least some mention. Two more volumes have been added to The Story of My Life, by Augustus J. C. Hare, so widely known for his Walks in Rome, Florence, and other Continental cities. There are some interesting memoirs of cultured Englishwomen, such as the Life and Letters of Lady Sarah Lennox, and South Africa a Century Ago, by Lady Anne Barnard, who is remembered as author of Auld Robin Gray. There are monographs on François de Fénelon, by Viscount St. Cyres, of Christ Church, and Fénelon: His Friends and Enemies, by E. K. Saunders; and there is an exhaustive study of a still earlier ecclesiast, Peter Abélard, by Joseph McCabe. Tolstoy is studied by Aylmer Maude in nine essays, collected under the title, Tolstoy and His Problems; and by B. H. Perris, in a work called The Life and Teachings of Leo Tolstoy. Lives of artists included one upon Hubert von Herkomer, by A. L. Baldry, and a highly eulogistic account of William Hamilton Gibson, Artist, Naturalist, Author, by John Coleman Adams. Finally, there are two volumes of stage reminiscences contributed respectively by two well-known American actresses, Mrs. Gilbert and Clara Morris.

Publication.-In Great Britain 6,044 books were published in 1901, of which 4,955 were new books, and 1,089 new editions. The following table shows by classes the total number of books published in the United States during 1900 and 1901:

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LITHIUM. There has been a considerable demand in the last few years for lithium minerals for use in the manufacture of lithium carbonate. The two minerals which have usually served as sources of the element are lepidolite and spodumene, both being complex silicates containing lithium. The largest deposits of the former in the United States are found near Pala, San Diego County, Cal. Spodumene occurs in some quantities in the Black Hills of South Dakota, and in Connecticut and Massachusetts, but while these occurrences have not been worked to supply lithium, still they may become producers in the future. The California lepidolite was mined to some extent in 1900, and it was expected that large shipments would be made in 1901. The separation of lithium from the mineral containing it is usually done by fusion with the carbonate and sulphate, whereby the lithium is converted into a sulphate. It is then dissolved and converted into a chloride, and from this

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into the carbonate. Most of the lithium carbonates now used are manufactured in Germany, and nearly all of the American ore has been shipped to that country. It is there manufactured into the carbonate, which is then shipped back to the United States and sells for $4.20 a pound in New York. Recently an American process has been developed by which lithium is obtained from spodumene. Lithium salts are extensively used in the arts, their chief use being in the preparation of mineral waters.

LITHOGRAPHIC LIMESTONE. The production of lithographic limestone in the United States in 1900 was small, and came from Brandenburg, Ky., where there is quarried a stone which is nearly equal in quality to that obtained from Bavaria. The latter continues to be the chief source of production, and the imports of 1900 had a value of $94,134. A variety of onyx quarried near Salt Lake, Utah, is being tried as a substitute for lithographic limestone in dry printing, and is said to answer for this purpose. Plates of zinc and of aluminum, especially the latter, form still another substitute and seem to give satisfaction. While their introduction is recent, their effect on the market is noticeable.

LITTLEJOHN, Rt. Rev. ABRAM NEW KIRK, Protestant Episcopal bishop of Long Island, died at Williamstown, Mass., August 3, 1901. He was born at Florida, N. Y., December 13, 1824, and graduated at Union College in 1845. After a three years' course in theology he was ordained a deacon in 1848 and went to Amsterdam, N. Y., as assistant at St. Anne's, and in 1850 was called to Springfield, Mass., as rector of Christ Church. He left there a year later to take charge of St. Paul's, at New Haven, Conn., and during his ten years' incumbency made himself widely known in the religious world by his writings. From New Haven he went to Brooklyn, N. Y., to be rector of Holy Trinity Church, and during his nine years of service he freed the church from debt and completed it. He was consecrated bishop of Long Island in 1869, and for a time after 1874 was in charge of the American Protestant Episcopal churches in Europe. Of Bishop Littlejohn's published works may be mentioned: Conciones ad Clerum (1879); Individualism: Its Growth and Tendencies (1881); and The Christian Ministry at the Close of the Nineteenth Century (1884).

LIVER. Cases multiplied during 1901 of the operation of epiplopexy. In cirrhosis of the liver, when the second stage is reached, the viscus contracts, occluding the veins through which practically all the blood in the body must pass on its way to the heart. This interference causes dilatation of the veins leading to the liver and the transudation of the fluid part of the blood through the walls of the blood vessels in the direction of least resistance. Hence the dropsy of the lower extremities and the accumulation of the serum in the abdominal cavity, producing the condition known as ascites. Under great pressure from below only the thickest part of the blood is forced through the veins of the liver. To relieve this state of affairs temporarily, the operation of epiplopexy was devised. It consists in suturing the omentum (epiploön) to a denuded strip of the parietal surface of the peritoneum, thus establishing a collateral circulation. The pathological process in the liver is in no degree influenced by the operation. See Philadelphia Medical Journal, January 26, 1901, and Medical Record, New York, March 23, 1901.

LIVE STOCK. See AGRICULTURE and DAIRYING.

LLOYD, JOHN URI, American novelist, whose latest story Warwick of the Knobs, was published serially in 1901, was born at Bloomfield, N. Y., April 19, 1849, and was educated in the schools of Kentucky, studying successively at Florence, Burlington, and Petersburg. As a chemist and writer on pharmaceutical subjects, Mr. Lloyd had won a recognized position before he turned to fiction, and his publications on these subjects include The Chemistry of Medicine (1881); Pharmaceutical Preparations and Elixirs, their History, Formula, and Methods of Preparation (1883); and A Study in Pharmacy, besides many separate articles on pharmacy and allied subjects. The first of his novels to attract notice was Stringtown on the Pike (1900), though he had published besides, Etidorhpa and The Right Side of the Car. His best work has to do with the primitive Kentucky mountain settlements, of which he writes with a sympathetic humor.

LODGING HOUSES, MUNICIPAL. See MUNICIPAL LODGING HOUSES.
LOEB, JACQUES. See BIOLOGY and PHYSIOLOGY, CHEMICAL.

LOUISE, PRINCESS OF PRUSSIA, died at Wiesbaden, May 10, 1901. She was born in March, 1829, and was married in 1854 to Prince Alexis, of Hesse-Philippsthal-Barchfeld. Princess Louise was a sister of the late Prince Frederick Charles Nicholas of Prussia, and a niece of Emperor William I.

LOUISIANA, a Gulf State of the United States, has an area of 48,720 square miles. The capital is Baton Rouge. Louisiana was admitted as a State, April 30, 1812. The population in 1900 was 1,381,625, while in June, 1901, as estimated by the

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government actuary, it was 1,411,000. The two largest cities in 1900 were: New Orleans, 287,104, and Shreveport, 16,013.

Finance. The receipts of the treasury for the year ending December 31, 1901, were $3,892,308.27; there was a balance on hand January 1, 1901, of $1,305,691.64. The expenditures for the year were $3,775,567.75, leaving a balance at the end of the year of $1,422,432.16. The State debt, unchanged during the year, on December 31, 1901, amounted to $10,877,800, all bonded. The State tax rate for 1901 was 6 mills per $1, while the total value of State property, as returned for taxation, was $301,215,222.

Industries. Although Louisiana is an agricultural State, the Census Reports of 1900 show that manufacturing industries have largely increased since 1850. In the intervening time the population increased from 517,762 to 1,381,625, or 166.8 per cent., while the average number of wage-earners increased from 6,217 to 42,210, or 578.9 per cent., embracing, in 1900, 3.1 per cent. of the entire population. The amount of actual capital invested in 1900 in mechanical industries, exclusive of capital stock, was $113,084,294, the gross value of the products were $121,181,683, while the net value, exclusive of products re-used in the process of manufacture, was $69,770,373The manufactures of Louisiana depend closely upon its natural resources; upon its forests, which cover three-fourths of the State's area, and upon its sugar-cane, cotton, and rice fields. The refining of sugar is the most important industry of the State, the product in 1900 being valued at $47,891,691, or 39.5 per cent. of the total value of the products of the State. A serious obstacle to the increase of this industry has hitherto been the enforced idleness of the plants during the greater part of the year; but an allied industry now being developed, that of the manufacture of paper from the woody fibre of the sugar-cane, promises to remove this difficulty. The manufacture of cottonseed oil and cake holds third place among the industries of the State, the product in 1900 being valued at $7,026,452, an increase of 346.5 per cent. since 1890. The facilities offered at the port of New Orleans for distributing this product have done much to aid this industry. Among other industries are that of cleaning and polishing rice, whose products in 1900 were valued at $5,736,451, and that of manufacturing burlaps and other coarse cloth bags for the handling of cottonseed, fertilizers, etc. The latter industry, strictly subsidiary to and dependent upon other industries has increased 414 per cent. during the decade from 1890, its products in 1900 being valued at $2,773,523. In general industrial development Louisiana has been retarded by the high price of fuel; but the completion of some improvements of the Warrior River in Alabama and the opening of a canal connecting the Mississippi River with the Gulf of Mexico through Lake Borgne, have now insured through-water rates for coal from the nearest mines, while at the same time the discovery of oil in Texas and Louisiana has furnished a cheap substitute for coal.

Forests and Forest Products.-The manufacture of lumber and timber products ranks second in importance among the industries of the State, the products being valued in 1900 at $17,408,513, representing an increase of 203 per cent. during the decade. While in 1890 the production was almost exclusively confined to yellow pine lumber, in 1900 cypress and hardwood products figured to a considerable extent. Nevertheless, the valuable cypress forests of the State are practically untouched and extensive preparations are now being made for their exploitation. Longleaf pine covers yet a wide area in Louisiana. "South of the Red River bottoms these forests continue unbroken to the Sabine River, and to the treeless savannas of the coast in Calcasieu parish, their eastern boundary."

State Officers-Governor, William W. Heard, Democrat, elected for four years, term expiring April, 1904; lieutenant-governor, Albert Estopinal; secretary of state, John T. Michel; auditor, W. S. Frazee; treasurer, Le Doux E. Smith; attorneygeneral, Walter Guion; superintendent of public instruction, J. V. Calhoun; land commissioner, James M. Smith. Supreme Court: Chief justice, Francis T. Nichols, term twelve years, to expire May, 1904; associate justices, Joseph A. Breaux, Newton C. Blanchard, Frank A. Monroe, and Olivier O. Provoshy-all Democrats.

Congressional Representatives (57th Congress).-In the House: Adolph Meyer, from New Orleans; Robert C. Davey, from New Orleans; Robert F. Broussard, from New Iberia; Phanor Breazeale, from Natchitoches; Joseph E. Ransdell, from Lake Providence, and Samuel M. Robertson, from Baton Rouge-all Democrats. In the Senate: Samuel D. McEnery, from New Orleans, elected for the term ending in 1903, and reelected for the term ending in 1909, and Murphy J. Foster, from New Orleans, elected for the term ending in 1907-both Democrats.

LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION. It is proposed to celebrate the centennial anniversary of the purchase of Louisiana territory by the United States on April 30, 1803, by an international exposition, to be held at St. Louis, Mo., from May I to December 1, 1903. Accordingly, a Louisiana Purchase Exposition Company, with a capital stock of $6,000,000, was organized on May 3, 1901, with Mr.

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David R. Francis as president, Mr. William H. Thompson as treasurer, and Mr. Walter B. Stevens as secretary, and eight vice-presidents and a number of directors chosen from among the representative citizens of St. Louis. Subsequently twentyfive committees were appointed, each to take charge of some special department of exposition work. This corporation raised $5,000,000 by popular subscription, and then secured a subscription of $5,000,000 from the city of St. Louis, and a like amount from the United States government. The Exposition has for its purpose the exhibition of the arts and industries, the methods and processes of manufacture, and the products of the soil, mine, forest, and sea of the world. It will illustrate both material and social advancement. It will also show modern methods of recreation, and it will illustrate the modern home with the many comforts and conveniences that have been brought into common use within the century. It will present a comprehensive anthropological exhibition, showing particularly the barbarous and semi-barbarous peoples of the world as nearly as possible in their ordinary and native environments. The principal sections into which the exhibit will be divided are as follows: (a) Education, (b) Art, (c) Liberal Arts, (d) Manufactures, (e) Machinery, (f) Electricity, (g) Transportation, (h) Agriculture, (j) Horticulture, (k) Forestry, (1) Mines and Metallurgy, (m) Fish and Game, (n) Anthropology, (0) Social Economy, and (p) Physical Culture. The staff thus far chosen consists of Frederick J. V. Skiff, director of exhibits; Edward J. Rogers, chief of education; Halsey C. Ives, chief of art; John A. Ockerson, chief of liberal arts; Milan A. Hulbert, chief of manufactures; Thomas M. Moore, chief of machinery; W. Elwell Goldsborough, chief of electricity; Frederic J. Taylor, chief of agriculture; David T. Day, chief of mines and metallurgy; and Tarleton H. Bean, chief of fish and game.

A site, consisting of 668 acres of Forest Park, with some 400 acres of adjoining property in St. Louis was selected, where on December 20, 1901, the ninety-eighth anniversary of the formal transfer of the Louisiana territory to the United States, ground was broken for the beginning of the Exposition. It is expected that more than $30,000,000 will be expended on the Exposition, and plans for buildings, to cost about $7,000,000, have already been adopted, as follows: Agricultural Building, 700 by 2,000 feet, covering 32.14 acres, costing $800,000; Art Building, 300 by 900 feet, 6.19 acres, costing $1,000,000; two Art Pavilions, each 200 by 300 feet, 2.75 acres; Liberal Arts, 600 by 525 feet, 7.25 acres, costing $375,000; Manufactures and Liberal Arts, 525 by 1,200 feet, 14.46 acres, costing $845,000; Electricity Building, 600 by 525 feet, 7.25 acres, costing $400,000; Mines and Metallurgy, 525 by 1,200 feet, 14.46 acres, costing $760,000; Education, 525 by 750 feet, 9.04 acres, costing $500,000; Social Economy, 525 by 750 feet, 9.04 acres, costing $460,000; Transportation, 525 by 800 feet, 9.61 acres, costing $660,000; Machinery, 525 by 1,000 feet, 12.05 acres, costing $700,000; Government Building, 400 by 250 feet, 2.29 acres, costing $250,000; and Ordnance and Fisheries Pavilions. Also a great many other buildings will be erected for State, territorial, and foreign exhibits. A national commission consisting of Thomas H. Carter, of Montana, president; Martin H. Glynn, of New York, vice-president; John M. Thurston, of Nebraska; William Lindsay, of Kentucky; George W. McBride, of Oregon; Frederic A. Betts, of Connecticut; John M. Allen, of Mississippi; John F. Miller, of Indiana; Philip D. Scott, of Arkansas; and secretary, Joseph Flory, was appointed by President McKinley. Also a government board, to have charge of the collection, arrangement, and maintenance of exhibits, has been appointed, as follows: J. H. Brigham, chairman, Department of Agriculture; W. H. Michael, Department of State; Wallace H. Hills, Treasury Department; J. C. Scofield, War Department; Frank Strong, Department of Justice; John B. Brownlow, Post-Office Department; B. F. Peters, Navy Department; Edward M. Dawson, Department of Interior; Frederick W. True, Smithsonian Institution; W. de C. Ravenel, Commission of Fish and Fisheries; G. W. W. Hanger, Department of Labor; Williams C. Fox, Bureau of American Republics; W. V. Cox, secretary; and William M. Geddes, disbursing officer. The World's Fair Bulletin is published monthly in St. Louis in the interests of the Exposition, in which its progress is regularly described.

LOW, SETH, former president of Columbia University, was elected mayor of New York City, November 5, 1901, as the candidate of the fusion forces opposing Tammany Hall. Mr. Low had previously, upon receiving the nomination for mayor, resigned from the presidency of Columbia, a position he had held since 1890. He was born in Brooklyn, N. Y., January 18, 1850, and graduated at Columbia in 1870. After studying law for a time, he entered his father's tea-importing establishment, and later became a member of the firm. From 1881 to 1885 he served as mayor of Brooklyn, having been elected as an independent, and conducted an administration marked by unusual ability and integrity. As president of Columbia he was largely responsible for the institution's great growth and its change in character from a college to a university. In 1895 he presented to the institution a magnificent new

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