palace of the ruler. The interest of the site is largely in the well-preserved streets and private houses, often at least two stories high, of which twelve have been completely cleared. A special road leads to the only complete Mycenæan sanctuary yet discovered, a small quadrangular building, in which were found vases and terracotta figures. The town was unfortified and seems to have been plundered and burned; but the ravagers were not very thorough in their search, for the houses contained many unbroken vases and a notable collection of bronze utensils and ornaments, including a saw nearly eighteen inches long.

VI. Greece. The great discoveries in Crete and the important excavations in Asia Minor have drawn attention from Greece, although the progress of archæological discovery in that country has gone steadily on. The chief centres of excavation have been Ægina, Corinth, Delphi, and Tegea. On Ægina Professor Furtwängler has carefully explored the site of the so-called Temple of Athena, where Cockerell and his companions discovered in 1811 the pediment statues which, restored by Thorwaldsen, now adorn the Glyptothek in Munich. The expedition was sent by the Bavarian government in the hope that more careful search might yield more fragments throwing further light on the perplexing restorations and grouping of these sculptures. The results have been most gratifying. It is true that only two heads, which certainly belonged to the pediments, have been found, though it is possible that five others ought to be included, while the other fragments of these groups were not of very great importance. The scientific interest lies rather in the thorough clearing of the entire site of the temple, thereby bringing to view on the floor of the temple itself the marks which showed the position of the cult statue, and the holes for the posts of the railing which kept visitors at a proper distance, while in the sacred precinct were found the propylon and great altar, as well as other buildings of uncertain use, one of which contained an old Greek bath with three tubs. The smaller finds, terra-cottas, vases, etc., showed that the site had been occupied from the Mycenæan period down to the fourth century, but in Hellenistic and Roman times it must have been almost deserted. The present temple was the fourth, and though the foundations of the earlier buildings were not found-the present structure is too solid to permit of search beneath it-architectural fragments were numerous, and many of them finely preserved and with brilliant coloring. The name of the temple was also fixed by the discovery of an archaic inscription in the Doric dialect, seemingly of the sixth century, recording the building of the house for Aphaia, the erection of the altar and the ivory (i.e. the wood and ivory cultstatue), and the construction of a wall about the sacred precinct. The age of the inscription and the place of its discovery alike render it certain that it does not refer to the present structure, but there can be little doubt that it is the official record of the earlier temple. Of this goddess we know but little. She was identified, according to Pausanias, with the Cretan Britomartis and Dictynna, and like them was later connected with Artemis. Early terra-cottas show her with a child in her arms, and it seems clear that she was one of the goddesses who brought help to women in all their needs, and guarded the growth of children. Many of the small objects recall those from the sanctuary of Aphrodite at Naucratis, a place where Eginetans were prominent, while others recall the oldest finds from the Artemision at Ephesus. Though the site of the temple has been finally cleared, further exploration of the island is planned, which it is hoped may lead to the discovery of the celebrated shrine of Damia and Auxesia, whose legend is told by Herodotus. An inscription, probably of the later fifth century, containing an inventory of the contents of this temple has been found, from which it appears that Herodotus was justified in his statement that the women of Egina dedicated the long pins which secured their garments, to these goddesses, whose local names, however, were Mnia and Auzesia. Furtwängler states that all the discoveries confirm the date already assigned by him to the temple sculptures, and suggests that the building was erected as a thank-offering for the victory of Salamis, and that the ode of Pindar to Aphaia was written for its dedication.

At Corinth the American School at Athens continued the clearing of the ground to the west of the old fountain in the agora, finding remains of a series of vaulted rooms, which seems to have lined the south side of the hill on which the old temple stands, and probably had a colonnade along the front. Lesser excavations were made at Pirene, where a large basin was discovered beneath the later circular basin in the open air, and on the summit of Acro-Corinth, in an unsuccessful attempt to discover the famous temple of Aphrodite. West and south of the fountain Glauce attempts were made to find the Odeum and tomb of Medea's children; foundations of houses and a large platform of opus incertum, the latter covering early Greek walls, were found, but not the buildings sought. The year has, therefore, been a somewhat barren one in this field, but the temple hill may well be expected to yield good results when the Roman buildings have been cleared. The Greek government and the foreign archæologists regard the work as of great im

portance, but the technical difficulties are great, and the work has been hampered by lack of sufficient funds to employ an adequate force.

At Delphi the French conducted what is probably the last campaign in their ten years' excavation. This season's work was devoted to clearing a site on the road from Arachova which was believed to have been occupied by the temple of Athena Pronoia. The result was the discovery of a narrow terrace over 100 metres long, surrounded by strong walls, with at least three gates, and containing six temples or chapels, two altars, and a dwelling for priests. At each end was a temple, one of porous stone, which seems to have been in ruins when Pausanias visited the place, the other of local limestone, seems to be the temple of Athena. There was also a small building, probably the Phocian treasury, built in the sixth century and decorated with sculptures in the best Ionic style, the whole much resembling the Treasury of Cnidus. The Tholos, or round building, a famous work, was far richer than those at Epidaurus and Olympia. In its Doric capitals it recalls the Parthenon, while the badly damaged fragments of sculpture recall those of the Mausoleum, and seem likely to play an important part in the history of early fourth century art. The sculptures found in these excavations are of especial importance as work of the fifth and fourth centuries has been but sparsely represented, most of the art of Delphi belonging to the archaic period. At Tegea the French have begun the excavation of the great temple of Athena Alea, and have already found more fragments of the pediment sculptures, including a head of Heracles, as well as beautiful architectural remains and a female head, which seems to be of the school of Scopas. Of the many surprises which have occurred in recent years in the field of classical archæology, few have awakened greater interest than the recovery from the sea of a cargo of statues and other works of art which were lost off Cape Malea near the island of Cythera, the modern Cerigo. It is known from Lucian that a ship of Sulla's, laden with works of art sent as spoil to Rome, was sunk off Cape Malea, and it is noteworthy that thus far no piece recovered can be assigned to a date later than the first century B.C. It should be added that some observers consider most of the works only copies made for sale. The first news came from sponge-divers, but the Greek government at once sent two ships with expert divers to the spot, and the end of the search is not yet reported. The statues and bronzes were naturally packed in the hold, and are said to form a mass over four metres deep, the bronzes of course on top. Unfortunately the marbles are for the most part so badly corroded by the action of the salt water, that only the merest outlines are recognizable. There is, however, one fine marble statue of a crouching boy, with the left arm raised and the right hanging at his side, which seems to belong to a realistic school of the Hellenistic times. Many of the bronzes are in a fair state of preservation, though often shattered. The gem of the collection is a fine statue of a youth, probably Hermes, somewhat more than life-size, which was found broken in many pieces, but with the beautiful head uninjured. It is said to stand to other bronzes as the Hermes of Praxiteles to marbles, and to be a worthy rival of the Olympian figure. It is said that the fragments can be pieced together, and that Herr Sturm, who successfully restored the bronzes from Ephesus, would undertake the task, provided he were allowed to take the fragments to Vienna, where were the necessary appliances. Among the smaller objects are numerous amphora and coarser earthenware vessels from the ship's stores, and also a number of glass bowls and vases, often of great delicacy and beauty in design and decoration, many of which the skill of the divers has succeeded in bringing to the surface uninjured. Many sites in Greece have been the scene of lesser excavations, which have yielded valuable information, but little of general interest.

VII. Italy.-As usual, the past year has seen many small excavations and chance discoveries in various parts of the peninsula, which have brought to notice many isolated facts of interest for Roman art and history. Prehistoric cemeteries have been searched and more information gained on those changes in burial customs which often afford a clue to the migrations of races in Italy. Sicily and Sardinia seem to have been the chief field for these explorations, and the choice of the latter is especially welcome, as opening up a region hitherto but little known. Already a cemetery of the neolithic and eneolithic times has been found with pottery such as characterizes this period in Sicily and on the mainland. At Nora remains of the Punic or Phoenician settlement have been discovered, together with later Roman walls and a necropolis of the second and third centuries of our era. At Pompeii the work of clearing the town goes steadily on, but no remarkably rich houses seem to have been reached during the year. Of interest is the publication of the remarkably beautiful and perfect statue found in November, 1900. It is bronze and attributed to the last years of the fifth century B.C., as the work of an artist who modified the Polycleitan type under Attic influence, but shortly before the destruction of the city was covered with a thin coating of silver and the right hand altered to fit it for use as a lamp-holder.

Rome still continues the centre of archæological interest, though the excavations about the Forum have furnished no startling sensations. The chief work has been done in connection with the removal of the church of S. Maria Liberatrice and the exploration of the venerable church of S. Maria Antiqua, which was thus brought to light. This church contained a number of interesting frescoes, some of which may be dated in the sixth century, and all of which are being carefully copied in full size, while the interior is to be protected by a parmanent roof. Many graves have been found under the pavement of the church, and also a large piscina, which seems to have belonged to the imperial palace of the first century of our era, as it was partially destroyed by the building of the Augusteum. Boni believes that he has uncovered the foundations of the Arch of Tiberius in the Forum not far from the platform which he considers the rostra of Julius Cæsar, and Lanciani has proposed to identify with the ancient Volcanal, an altar of which remains can be traced on a rocky ledge at the foot of the steps of the Temple of Concord, and therefore close to the Comitium. Especial mention should be made in this connection of the valuable work of Otto Richter, Die Topographie der Stadt Rom (2d edition, Munich, 1901), which in an appendix gives an account of the excavations in the Forum since 1899, and is provided with valuable plans and illustrations. Of much interest to students of art is the purchase by the Italian government of the Ludovisi gallery of ancient sculpture, and the Borghese Villa, sculpture and paintings. The villa is to be preserved as a museum for the exhibition of the Borghese collections, and it is probable that the Ludovisi sculptures and the Corsini paintings will also be exhibited here, though without loss of their identity. The Ludovisi collection, though small, contains the famous seated Ares, probably the copy of a work of Scopas, the group of the Gaul and his wife, the colossal head of Hera, the group by Menelaus, and other works of importance in the history of ancient art. The municipality of Rome has also been presented by G. Barracco with his valuable collection of ancient marbles, but only on condition that it should not be placed in either of the museums of the Capitol. As a result a new building is to be erected on the Corso Vittorio Emmanuele.

ARCHEOLOGY, AMERICAN. During colonial days, studious pioneers were impressed by certain similarities between the customs of the American aborigines and those recorded in the earliest literature of the region about the eastern shores of the Mediterranean; and various suggestions were made as to former connection between the historical peoples of the East and the tribes of the New World-a con spicuous hypothesis being that connecting the American tribesmen with the "ten lost tribes of Israel." The various suggestions served to stimulate system atic study of the Amerind (or native American) tribes; some of the most extended records of observation on the customs of the native tribes (e. g., that of Lawson, 1708-1709) were inspired by the desire to prove connection between the Israelites, or other eastern peoples, and the western natives; and the influence of these studies extended widely and did much toward preparing the way for such systematic investigations as those of Gallatin, Morgan, Hale, Brinton, and other eminent American ethnologists Throughout this early period, American archæology comprised little more thai. discussion of the origin and migrations of the red race discovered by Columbus; and the discussion was speculative rather than observational. As settlement extended beyond the Alleghanies and over the interior plains, attention was caught by the ancient mounds and other earthworks, especially in the valley of the Ohio and along the Mississippi bluffs and forelands; and the notion grew up that these great works were monuments to a people or race earlier than the aborigines found in the same region by the pioneers. The hypothesis proved peculiarly attractive, taking strong root in the minds of the settlers and spreading throughout the literature of this and other countries, the supposed ancient race being designated "Moundbuilders." Like other firmly held ideas, this prevailing notion stimulated inquiry, and did much to attract attention toward prehistoric artifacts entombed in the mounds scattered over the surface and buried in separate graves. It was during this period that the scientific archæology of America began to assume definite form and purpose, and as speculation grew into actual investigation (after the normal fashion of increasing knowledge) important contributions to the young science were made by Squier and Davis in the Ohio valley, Lapham in Wisconsin, and other students. As the mound research progressed, the observers became more and more impressed with the similarities between the artifacts in even the most elaborate mounds and those employed by surviving tribes; and the idea steadily grew that, after all, the builders of the mounds were none other than the tribesmen whose lineal descendants still lived in the mound region. Naturally the comparisons of ancient and modern artifacts stimulated observation among the living aborigines, and hastened the development of a distinctively American ethnology, already assuming shape through investigations to which statesmen and other publicists were naturally led in their efforts to deal justly and peacefully with the aboriginal land

owners. Thus the third stage in the development of American archæology was that in which the science became definitely observational, and in which it came to be recognized that the Amerind tribes and culture may best be regarded as essentially indigenous. True, suggestions of extraneous origin for people and culture have been raised and tested at every stage of progress; suggestions of affiliation with, or descent from, the Israelites of old, the Hittites, the early Egyptians, the ancient Phoenicians, as well as the Japanese and Chinese and Polynesians of the West, are indeed always with us; but the body of American archæologists have become satisfied to deal with the prehistoric relics of the western hemisphere as products of a single people ranging from the Eskimo of the North to the Fuegians of the South, or the direct ancestors of the same great people. Thus the field of American archæology is at once narrowed and rendered definite, and the investigators in this field have acquired the confidence of direct contact with phenomena, and have formulated classifications and principles which give promise of wide applicability as they are extended to other fields.

Definitions. During the opening year of the new century the method of classifying artifacts in terms reducible to stages in intellectual development has been pursued with advantage. Thus, Holmes has reviewed his earlier studies of pottery, and especially of the symbolic designs impressed or painted on aboriginal fictile ware, and has made great progress in interpreting or identifying the symbolic designs, so that his monograph (still in the press) affords a means of classifying the tribes of eastern United States by intellectual status, and at the same time of correlating the stages of æsthetic progress with those of industrial, social, and fiducial development. Of similar import are the results reached by Fewkes in his studies of prehistoric fictile ware from the Pueblo region, and both lines of inquiry connect themselves instructively with the investigations of basketry conducted by Mason in the National Museum, and Dixon in the American Museum of Natural History. Of related import, too, are the results of Dorsey's work on collections of both prehistoric and recent material from several localities; while Culin, through a study of games and gaming implements among living tribes, has been able, in the first place, to interpret many puzzling artifacts from various prehistoric sites, and, in the second place, to outline the course of development of primitive thought along certain previously obscure lines. On the whole, the work of the year has tended to establish the classifications of peoples and their products according to a system of intellectual development. In this system the great stages are defined as (1) zoomimic, (2) protolithic, (3) technolithic, and (4) metallurgic; and while the basis for this arrangement is primarily industrial, it is found easily reducible to æsthetic, social, or fiducial bases; indeed, the chief strength of the classification in terms of intellectual development is found in the fact that it harmonizes the various line of activital growth. Instrumentalities.-A number of powerful institutions have continued work in American archæology, either directly or indirectly. The Bureau of American Ethnology, under the Smithsonian Institution, maintained a party under Russell in archæologic reconnaissances, chiefly in Arizona, throughout the greater part of the year, and employed other parties in different districts for shorter periods; Dr. Fewkes made extended reconnaissances in portions of New Mexico and Chihuahua, (Mexico), not hitherto adequately examined; McGee conducted local investigations in Colorado; Swanton obtained material of archæologic interest in British Columbia; Stein studied the distribution of ancient and modern settlements in northern Greenland and Ellesmereland; and Mooney collected certain prehistoric material in connection with that of modern times in Oklahoma and Indian Territory. The National Museum, also under the Smithsonian Institution, continued the accumulation and study of prehistoric material from various districts; in addition, Hough made an extended survey and large collections in the Pueblo region, while Holmes, with Gill (of the Bureau of American Ethnology), made researches and collections of remarkable interest in Indian Territory. The work of the American Museum of Natural History (New York) was prosecuted with vigor and yielded important results, the researches of Saville in Mexico being especially noteworthy, and those of Pepper in the Pueblo region hardly less so. The Peabody Museum of Archæology and Ethnology (Cambridge) rendered excellent service to the science in both field and office, and the Museum of Archæology and Paleontology of the University of Pennsylvania (Philadelphia) made notable collections, largely through the personal efforts of Culin; while the rich material from other countries, added during the year, gave opportunity for comparative studies of great utility. The Carnegie Museum (Pittsburg) maintained steady growth, some of the additions made during the year by Hatcher being especially noteworthy. The Field Columbian Museum (Chicago) maintained energetic activity; the department of anthropology, under Dorsey, extending especially successful operations into the Pueblo region, the region of the plains, and other districts. The Golden Gate Park Museum (San Francisco)

continued the acquisition of instructive material both prehistoric and recent; while the University of California, aided by the munificence of Mrs. Phoebe A. Hearst, began archæological and ethnologic investigations of great promise. The work of the Museo Nacional de Mexico and that of the Archæological Museum of Ontario (Toronto, Canada) was continued, the researches of Leon in connection with the former and those of Boyle in the latter being noteworthy. Various individuals conducted important archæological investigations more or less independently of the institutions; Moore, of Philadelphia, Phillips, of Chicago, Thurston, of Nashville, and Moorehead, of New York, deserving especial notice. The voluntary associaitons serving to coordinate and guide archæologic inquiry include the Archæologic Institute of America (which is, however, devoted chiefly to Oriental and classic archeology), the Anthropological Society of Washington, the Ethnological Society of New York, and the Section of Anthropology of the American Association for the Advancement of Science; while a movement toward the formation of an anthropologic association of national character, which will doubtless foster archæologic work, was started just before the close of the year. The principal media for publication of material pertaining to archæology are, the Annual Reports of the Bureau of American Ethnology; the Annual Reports of the Smithsonian Institution and National Museum; the Memoirs and Bulletins of the American Museum of Natural History; the Memoirs and Reports of the Peabody Museum; together with the series of publications maintained by the Field Columbian Museum, the Museum of Archæology and Palæontology, and other institutions noted above. The independent periodicals comprise the American Anthropologist, New York, the American Antiquarian, Chicago, the Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, and Records of the Past, Washington.

Notable Events.-By far the most striking event in American archæology during the year 1901 was the discovery of human relics associated with remains of extinct animals in a spring_near Afton, Indian Territory. The discovery was made early in the year by Dr. R. H. Harper, of Afton, and was communicated to the Bureau of American Ethnology; and after correspondence concerning details, Professor W. H. Holmes, of the National Museum, and Mr. DeLancey Gill, of the Bureau, were commissioned to conduct an investigation on the ground. On visiting the locality in October, they made extensive excavations, revealing the geologic structure and the relations of both human relics and the animal remains to the spring in which they were originally discovered. The spring flows from a marshy depression lined with alluvium or muck of indefinite age, though of course largely modern. Beneath the alluvium lies a considerable deposit of stratified sand and gravel, throughout which are distributed bones and teeth of elephant, mammoth, sloth, native horse, etc.; the age of this deposit is indicated by the fossils to be late Neocene (Pliocene) or early Pleistocene, and while the observations were not sufficiently extended to permit physical correlation, the probabilities point toward the Columbia formation of early Pleistocene age. Naturally the first presumption was that of contemporaneity of the men who made the artifacts with the animals whose remains were entombed; and the presumption was strengthened by the finding of bones and teeth of buffalo, elk, deer, and modern (European) horse, associated with the implements in the spring. As the excavations were extended it was found, however, that the human relics and remains of recent animals were confined to the immediate vicinity of the spring and the alluvium, while the ancient remains were distributed throughout the undisturbed strata beneath the alluvium; accordingly it became evident that the case was one of juxtaposition rather than association, and that the juxtaposition afforded no evidence of contemporaneity of man and the extinct animals. In seeking to explain the occurrence of objects pertaining to two distinct geologic periods, the investigators profited by the experience of workers among living tribes, and were led to interpret the spring as a sacred place, or shrine, at which native devotees made sacrifice. In view of the habitual workings of the primitive mind, it was easy to see that the chalybeate and sulphur-bearing water of the spring, no less than the presence of the gigantic teeth and bones, would naturally inspire awe in the minds of aboriginal visitors, and prepare the way for shamanistic observances; while it would quite accord with primitive habits for the shamas and hunters to make the place one of sacrifice, and to cast into the spring portions of the buffalo and other animals taken in the chase, quarters or entire bodies of trained buffalo-horses sacrificed as invocations for future success, and the finest implements and trappings made for, or used in, the local industry of buffalo hunting; it would also be in accord with primitive philosophy for the mystery-loving tribesmen to bring giant teeth and bones found elsewhere for sacrifice at the same shrine. Thus, through acquaintance with the habits and ideas of primitive men, the investigators were able to explain satisfactorily a most striking and peculiar juxtaposition of modern relics and ancient remains, and so to solve what would otherwise be a puzzling problem in archæology; indeed, there have been many cases