ing the beginning of his fifth senatorial term. In the debates which took place in the Senate and in the country at large concerning the Philippine policy of the administration, mainly prior to the national election of 1900, Senator Hoar, although opposing the Democratic nominee, was perhaps the most outspoken and vigorous of the opponents of the President. For this reason, much favorable comment was generally expressed that Massachusetts had determined to continue in service so eminent a statesman as Senator Hoar, notwithstanding his opposition to a generally popular policy of the national administration. At the regular elections in November, the full Republican State ticket was elected headed by W. Murray Crane. The total vote for governor was: Murray Crane (Rep.), 185,809, and Josiah Quincy (Dem.), 114,362, thus giving a Republican plurality of 7,447. In the presidential election of 1900, when the whole vote was 414,251, the Republican plurality for president was 81,869. In 1901 the whole vote was 324,520, and both because the vote in 1901 was so much smaller than that in 1900, and because the year following the presidential election is usually an off year for the party in pover, the large plurality given to Governor Crane was the more remarkable. His opponent, Mr. Quincy, was an able and experienced politician, and yet so overwhelming was the sentiment in favor of reelecting Governor Crane for a third continuous term that no campaign for him was found necessary, not a rally was held in his behalf, and he himself did not make a single campaign speech or issue a single campaign document. In his two terms of office, Mr. Crane has gained much prominence by acting the part of the purely business governor so-called, strangling grab-bills, reducing the public expenditure, and refusing to allow the State debt to be needlessly increased. The remainder of the ticket elected was as follows: Lieutenant-governor, John L. Bates; secretary of the commonwealth, William M. Olin; treasurer and receiving general, E. S. Bradford; auditor of accounts, Henry E. Turner; attorney-general, Herbert Parker. State Officers-Elected for the third time: Governor, W. Murray Crane, Republican, for one year, term ends January, 1903; lieutenant-governor, John L. Bates; secretary of state, William M. Olin; treasurer, E. S. Bradford; auditor, Henry E. Turner; attorney-general, H. M. Knowlton; secretary of education, Frank A. Hill; secretary of agriculture, James W. Stockwell; commissioner of insurance, F. L. Cutting. Supreme judicial court: Chief justice, holding office for life, Oliver Wendell Holmes; associate justices, Marcus P. Knowlton, James M. Morton, John Lathrop, James M. Barker, John W. Hammond, and William C. Loring.

Congressional Representatives (57th Congress). In the House-George P. Lawrence, from North Adams; Frederick H. Gillett, from Springfield; John R. Thayer, from Worcester; C. Q. Terrell, from Natick; William S. Knox, from Lawrence; William H. Moody, from Haverhill; Ernest W. Roberts, from Chelsea; Samuel W. McCall, from Winchester; J. A. Conroy, from Boston; Henry F. Naphen, from Boston; Samuel C. Powers, from Newton; William C. Lovering, from Taunton, and William S. Greene, from Fall River-all Republicans except J. R. Thayer, J. A. Conroy, and Henry F. Naphen, Democrats. In the Senate-Henry Cabot Lodge (until 1905), from Nahant, and George Frisbie Hoar (until 1907), from Worcesterboth Republicans.

MATABELELAND. See RHODESIA.

MATHEWS, ALBERT P. See PHYSIOLOGY, CHEMICAL.

MATHEWS, General Sir LLOYD WILLIAM, British statesman in Zanzibar, died there, October 11, 1901. He was born in England in 1850, and entered the Royal Navy in 1863. After serving in the Ashanti War in 1873-74 and on the East Coast of Africa, where he took part in suppressing the slave traffic, he entered the service of the Sultan of Zanzibar in 1878. The Sultan gave him the title of general, taking him into his confidence and entrusting him with the organization of the native army. When Great Britain assumed a protectorate over Zanzibar in 1890, General Mathews was appointed British consul-general, but never accepted that honor, preferring to remain in the Sultan's immediate service. As prime minister of Zanzibar he organized the whole of the new administrative machinery, bringing order out of the old state of affairs; and for this service he was made in 1894 a K.C.M.G. by the British government.

MAURITIUS, an island in the Indian Ocean 500 miles east of Madagascar, constituting a British crown colony, has an area of 705 square miles, and at the end of 1900 its resident population was 380,040, of whom 261,027 were of East Indian birth or descent. The white inhabitants are largely French Creoles. The Seychelles, Rodriguez, Diego Garcia, and a number of other islands in the Indian Ocean, are dependencies of Mauritius; their total area is 172 square miles and population 23,341. The capital of Mauritius is Port Louis, with a population in 1900 of 53,978. The colony is administered by a governor (Sir Charles Bruce since 1897), assisted by executive and legislative councils, both being made up partly of elected members; the administration is much more representative than that of the ordinary crown

colony. The educational system was remodelled by an ordinance of August, 1900, by which a department of instruction was created with two branches, one controlling the Royal College and the high schools and the other the primary and grant-schools. The revenues of the colony increased from Rs. 9,066,313 (the rupee is worth 32.4 cents) in 1899 to Rs. 9,179,975 in 1900, and the expenditures from Rs. 8,407,227 to Rs. 8,568,944. The public debt is £1,189,284. The imports decreased in value from Rs. 28,180,979 in 1899 to Rs. 23,052,975 in 1900 and the exports increased from Rs. 27,381,161 to Rs. 31,575,276. The trade is chiefly with India, and the principal article of export is sugar, the value of which reached s. 29,000,000 in 1900. Other articles of export are cocoanut oil, aloe-fibre, rum, and vanilla. In 1900 there were 105 miles of railway and 135 miles of telegraph. A submarine cable connects both the Seychelles and Mauritius with the African coast at Zanzibar.

The bubonic plague, which appeared in Mauritius in 1899, has been effectually stamped out, but malaria has increased, the colonial secretary reporting in 1901 that three-fourths of the population were suffering from malaria, and that 34.5 per cent. of the deaths were due to that cause. The colonial secretary called attention to the serious social problem raised by the condition of the Creole population, who are constantly growing poorer and are being driven out of work by the competition of Indians and Chinese. As a remedy the wholesale emigration of the Creoles to South Africa was suggested.

The Seychelles islands, the principal dependency of Mauritius, lie about a thousand miles to the north and have a population of 20,275 and an area of 148 square miles. The revenue amounted in 1900 to Rs. 399,311 and expenditures to Rs. 351,919. In the same year the imports were valued at Rs. 980,911 and the exports, mostly vanilla and cocoanut oil, Rs. 1,036,161. The public debt was Rs. 300,000.

MAYO-SMITH, RICHMOND, American educator, died in New York City, November 11, 1901. He was born in Ohio in 1854 and graduated at Amherst College in 1875, after which he spent two years at the universities of Berlin and Heidelberg in the study of political science and government. In 1877 he was made adjunct professor of political economy at Columbia University and full professor a short time afterward. Professor Mayo-Smith's most notable work was in statistics, on which subject he published Sociology and Statistics (1895) and Statistics and Economics (1889). Besides these he published in 1890 Emigration and Immigration. MEASLES. While the mortality from measles in children under 2 years of age is about 20 per cent., in those over that age it is very small, ranging from 14 per cent. in institution cases to zero, in many tables of statistics. The average in all ages is from 4 to 6 per cent. In most fatal cases the cause of death is broncho-pneumonia. Assistant Surgeon Dunlap Moore, of the United States quarantine service, who was stationed at Nome during 1901, states that measles is epidemic, and has attacked one-third of the native population at Cape Nome, Prince of Wales, Nome, Port Clarence, St. Michaels, Kuskokwim, Unalaska, Pribyloff Islands, Nunivaki Island, St. Lawrence Island, and along the Yukon River. The mortality from this and other diseases is very great, and the natives are rapidly disappearing.

MEDICAL PROGRESS IN 1901. Interesting research and corroborative experiment have served to convince many doubters of the role played by the mosquitoes in the dissemination of malaria and yellow fever. (See INSECTS AND THE PROPAGATION OF DISEASES and YELLOW FEVER.) Determined effort has been made to devise means for limiting if not eradicating these diseases. Substantial progress has been made in the matter of controlling the spread of "the great white plague." (See TUBERCULOSIS.) Our knowledge of the tropical diseases has been vastly increased by study of disorders prevailing in Porto Rico, the Philippines, and Hawaii, as well as of those transplanted to the United States by returning troops. (See CAVITE FEVER; COCHIN-CHINA DIARRHOEA; DYSENTERY; FILARIA; LEPROSY; MALTA FEVER.) The methods of preventing or antagonizing disease by the use of antitoxins have been subjected to repeated tests and their number has been increased by ardent and devoted physiologists. (See SERUM THERAPY.) A repetition of the previous year's experience with smallpox occurred in 1901, though the epidemic of the disease was less severe, owing to very numerous revaccinations. (See SMALLPOX AND VACCINATION.) A smaller number of new drugs than usual was brought to the attention of clinicians in 1901, and the proving of comparatively recent additions to the materia medica has been less frequent and has excited less interest than in past years. (See ACETOSPIRIN; ADRENALIN; ANTICELTINA; BISMUTOSE; GASTERINE; LECITHIN; NEODERMIN; PANCREON; SUBLAMINE; TRIFERRIN.) The use of sunlight, electric light and the Röntgen Rays in the treatment of malignant disease has been enthusiastically advocated and practiced, with considerable success. (See PHOTOTHERAPY and RÖNTGEN RAYS.) Other medical news or statistics for the year will be found under their proper titles.

MEDICINE, AMERICAN ACADEMY OF, was founded 1876, largely as a protest against the then prevailing low scale of requirements for admission to the medical profession. The members must possess in addition to the degree of M.D. that of B.A., or have taken a course of study fairly equivalent to the B.A. course. At present the Academy is devoted to the study of sociologic questions in which physicians are professionally interested, topics which do not come within the scope of the American Medical Association. The bi-monthly Bulletin issued by the Academy contains the papers and translations of its own organization, of the Association of American Medical Colleges, and of the National Confederation of State Medical Examining and Licensing Boards. Membership in 1901, 782 fellows; secretary, Charles McIntire, Easton, Pa.

MEEHAN, THOMAS, horticulturist, died in Philadelphia, Pa., November 19, 1901. He was born at Potter's Bar, England, in 1826, and came to the United States in 1848. In 1854 he established a nursery near Philadelphia and in 1859 founded the Gardener's Monthly. Mr. Meehan wrote extensively on botany and horticulture, and in recognition of his standing was elected to the Academy of Natural Sciences and its president in 1879. A few months before his death he was given the Veitch silver medal, the highest award for horticultural work. Mr. Meehan's published books are: The American Handbook of Ornamental Trees (1853), The Native Flowers and Ferns of the United States (1878-87), and Wayside Flowers (1881), besides many magazine articles and the articles on botany in the Encyclopædia Americana. MEERSCHAUM. An interesting account of the occurrence of meerschaum in Turkey has been published in the Echo of Mines and Metallurgy. The pits from which the material is taken are 20 to 30 meters (65 to 95 feet) deep and lie in the town of Eski-Schehr. The workmen come chiefly from Persia and Kurdistan, and about 800 to 1,000 men are engaged in the mining. The meerschaum is largely_sent to Vienna, to be worked up. France takes the very best grades of the product, Belgium the fifth to tenth grades, and Germany buys even poorer qualities. Sometimes, however, the total output goes to America.

MELDE, FRANZ EMIL, professor of physics in the University of Marburg, Germany, died March 17, 1901. He was born March 11, 1832, at Grussenlueder, near Fulda, Germany, and studied physics and chemistry at the University of Marburg, to which, after a brief experience in more elementary teaching, he returned as assistant in the Mathematical and Physical Institute. His promotion was rapid, and in 1866 he became professor of physics and astronomy. Melde was well known for his researches and works in various departments of acoustics, in which his musical skill and keen ear aided his remarkable manipulative ability. He devised a new and improved method for measuring the frequency of tones of high pitch and performed numerous interesting experiments on vibratory plates, cords, and bells. He was the author of a Text Book on Acoustics (1883), and a monograph on Chladin (1888). MENNONITES, a sect which includes a proportionately large rural constituency, organized its first American church near Philadelphia in the late years of the seventeenth century. The denomination includes twelve bodies varying considerably in numerical importance, among which are the Mennonite, Amish, General Conference, Bundes Conference, Brethren in Christ, Reformed, and Defenseless. According to the latest available statistics the denomination has 58,728 members, 1,112 ministers, and 673 churches. This body issues an extensive periodical literature in both English and German; among its issues may be mentioned the Herald of Truth, a 16page semi-monthly published at Elkhart, Ind., and Zionsbote-interesting for its location-at Medford, Okla.

MERCURY. The production of mercury in the United States in 1900 was 28,317 flasks (of 761⁄2 pounds net), valued at $1,302,586, as compared with 30,454 flasks, valued at $1,452,745 in 1899. The output came chiefly from California. The Telinqua district of Texas, which may become an important producer, yielded 1,800 flasks. While the outlook for Texas mines as far as the quantity of ore is concerned is very promising, at the same time difficulties are encountered on account of the distance from the railway and also on account of scarcity of water. The production in 1901 from the Texas region is said to have been 3,000 flasks. The imports in 1900 amounted to 2,616 pounds, valued at $1,051, while the exports were 10,172 flasks, valued at $425,812.

METEORITES. H. A. Ward (American Journal of Science, December, 1901) describes the Veramin meteorite which fell in northern Persia in 1880. It is interesting as being one of the four siderolites that have been seen to fall. The other three of the four are those of Barea, Spain, 1842; Lodran, India, 1868; and Estherville, Ia., 1879. Altogether 24 siderolites are known in collections. O. C. Purington contributes two papers on meteorites in the Journal of Geology, vol. 9, pp. 51-65, and 174-190. Another paper is by L. Fletcher on the meteoric stones which fell near

Zomba, in British Central Africa, on January 25, 1899 (with notes on the chemical analyses of such bodies), Mineralogical Magazine, 1901, vol. xiii, p. 137.

METEOROLOGY. The officials of the United States Weather Bureau express great doubt regarding the efficiency of the prevention of hailstorms by cannonading; but the matter has been and is attracting considerable attention in European countries, notably France and Italy, at the present time, and is often referred to in considerable detail in the United States consular reports. Meteorological stations, which were supported by Harvard College Observatory in Peru, were discontinued at the end of 1901, with the exception of the one at Arequipa. In the report of the chief of the Weather Bureau for 1900 it is pointed out that the forecasting of storms on the North Atlantic coast is now being made possible by the receipt of reports from stations in the West Indies, the Bahamas, Bermuda, France, Great Britain, and Germany. The Jesuit observatory of Manila has lately published meteorological data based on pressure, temperature, and humidity, observations made during the years 1883-98, and rainfall observations from 1865 to 1898. The normal temperatures, relative humidities, and rainfall are given for each month as follows:

The Weather Bureau of the Department of Agriculture has issued a Bulletin on anemometers, which treats of the instruments for indicating, measuring, and recording wind movements and direction. The following papers and books, which appeared during 1901, may also be mentioned: E. B. Baldwin, Meteorological Observations of the Second Wellman Expedition (Report of the chief of the Weather Bureau for 1899-1900, part 7); A. G. McAdie, The_Sea-fogs of San Francisco (National Geographic Magazine, March, 1901); R. Boresteen, Leitfaden der Wetterkunde, Brunswick, Germany; J. Hann, Lehrbuch der Meteorologie, Leipzig, 1901. The last named is said to be one of the best books on meteorology that has ever been published.

METEORS. See ASTRONOMICAL PROGRESS.

METHODIST CHURCH, CONGREGATIONAL. METHODIST CHURCH.

See CONGREGATIONAL

METHODIST CHURCH, FREE. See FREE METHODIST CHURCH. METHODIST ECUMENICAL CONFERENCE. The third decennial Methodist Ecumenical Conference, worthily succeeding the previous meetings of 1881 and 1891, in London and Washington, respectively, convened September 4, 1901, in London and continued in session until September 18 in the famous City Road Chapel, known as the "Cathedral of Methodism," and built in 1760 by John Wesley. Purely a deliberative body, the conference was confined to discussion relating to almost every phase of Methodist activity, an effort, however, not entirely successful, being made to exclude controversial topics. About five hundred delegates, representing every branch of Methodism, the proportionate basis being one delegate to twenty thousand members, were organized into four general divisions and into two main sections, the eastern embracing English churches and affiliated conferences in Australia, South Africa, and the West Indies, and the western, a larger division, including 277 delegates from Canada and the various sects of American Methodism. In the session of the opening day, presided over by Dr. W. T. Davison, president of the British Wesleyan Conference, and marked by congratulatory speeches and letters of welcome and by the opening sermon of Bishop Charles B. Galloway (Methodist Episcopal Church, South) on Christian Experience, Its Supreme Value and Crowning Evidence, Bishop Walters, of Jersey City, brought the "race question" immediately into prominence, and the speech of ex-Mayor Sir Charles T. Skelton, of Sheffield, suggested a theme, the South African War, which later gave rise to impassioned argument. The conference declined to receive the messages of good will from the Archbishop of Canterbury and the Bishop of London, the former con

cluding with the hope that the Methodist bodies might be reunited with the Established Church, on the ground that they were addressed to the editor of a religious journal rather than the conference; though subsequently to the tentative proposition of unity reply was made that inasmuch as the Anglican Church had not recognized "the validity of the ministry and sacraments of the Methodist Church," any advances on their part would confess an inferiority contrary to their convictions. The following subjects present a general outline of the deliberative work of the Conference: The Present Position of Methodism; The Influence of Methodism in the Promotion of International Peace; Biblical Criticism and the Christian Faith; Principles of Protestantism versus Sacerdotalism; Methodism and Education; Methodism and Modern Unbelief; Modern Indifferentism; Methodist Literature and Journalism; The Elements of Pulpit Effectiveness; How to Mobilize the Whole Church; The Perversion of Wealth; Practical Methods of Dealing with the Liquor Traffic. At a well-attended public meeting The Moral Unity of English-speaking Peoples was discussed. These various topics elicited profound interest and admirable discussion; but that on The Influence of Methodism in the Promotion of International Pedce attracted the greatest public attention to the British policy in the South African War, the discussion revealing an unfaltering loyalty to the mother country of the colonial delegates and, on the other hand, a violent opposition on the part of some English and Irish speakers. The death of President McKinley, during the session, was fittingly noticed by expressions of sorrow and sympathy. It was decided by the conference to hold another general assembly in 1911, within the territory of the western section. Though the programme was overcrowded, prohibiting lengthy discussion, and at times failing to give to important topics their proportionate amount of time, the conference was of great value, inestimable because of its entire lack of legislative functions, and because of the fact that its influence only remains to be felt, was proven in the interest not only local, but extending throughout Great Britain and the whole Methodist world. A prevailing note of gratification in the accomplished union of Canadian Methodism and the proximate (January 1, 1902) union in Australia, leading to the resolution of thankfulness and rejoicing in what already had been accomplished and in anticipation of further Methodist consolidation, but illustrates the growing tendency toward unification in Methodist as in other evangelical bodies.

METHODIST EPISCOPAL CHURCH, as a denominational organization of the United States, was founded in Baltimore in 1784, though its inception dates from the year 1766. It has enjoyed a remarkably rapid growth and in 1901 held first rank among Protestant denominations, being second only to the Roman Catholic Church among religious bodies of this country. The church now has 17,879 ministers, 27,574 churches with property (not including parsonages) valued at $120,616,858, and 2,948,137 members; 32,126 Sunday schools with 349,277 officers and teachers and attended by 2,708,469 scholars. According to an article in the Christian Advocate by Stephen V. R. Ford, editor of the Methodist Year Book, there is a total of $173.980,192 invested in the various ecclesiastical buildings, educational and philanthropic institutions, missionary societies, publishing concerns, and other activities of the church gave for all purposes an aggregate of $18,951,049. The Episcopal College numbers 22, having lost by death during 1901 two members, Bishops William X. Ninde, D.D., LL.D. (q.v.), who died January 3, and Edwin W. Parker, D.D. (q.v.), missionary bishop for Southern Asia, consecrated in 1900, who died June 3. There are now 153 organizations in the "plan of Episcopal visitation;" these include 127 conferences; two, the Eastern Swedish and the Western South America, having been organized this year; 12 mission conferences, a net gain of two during 1901; and 14 missions. The Methodist Episcopal Church maintains foreign missions in: (Protestant lands) Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Germany, and Switzerland, where there are 397 preachers and 46,717 members in full standing; (Roman Catholic lands) South America, Italy, and Mexico, in which the church has 115 missionaries, 171 native preachers, and 7,266 members with about 5,500 probationers; (Greek Church lands) Bulgaria and Russia, where there are 14 native preachers and 237 members; (non-Christian lands) Africa, China, Japan, Corea, Îndia, and Malaysia, in which there are 536 foreign missionaries, 1,599 ministers, and 52,791 members and 91,804 probationers. The receipts of the general missionary committee for the past year were $1,233,186. The board of church extension, during 36 years of existence, reports net receipts on general and loan funds of $7,371,712, out of which 12,018 churches have been aided and 3,750,000 sittings provided. The Twentieth Century Thank Offering, a movement inaugurated in 1898 to acquire $20,000,000 in excess of usual contributions and for permanent endowment, but not for current support, of various denominational activities, has thus far amounted to $15,000,000. In connection with the church are (exclusive of duplications) 175 educational institutions with 2,914 professors and teachers, and 46,461 students, and having endowment and property in excess of debt aggregating $30,703,321. These