Pan-American Conference.-The idea of Pan-Americanism, which practically dates from the enunciation of the Monroe Doctrine, first took practical form in the Conference at Washington in 1890, which was brought about through the efforts of James G. Blaine, then secretary of state. That Congress had little definite result beyond giving the question of Pan-Americanism some permanence among the statesmen of Latin America. A second Conference, designed to promote harmony and closer relations between the several republics, was proposed in 1900, by the United States government, through Mr. John Hay, the secretary of state. In order to dispel any feeling in the minds of the Latin Americans that the United States was endeavoring to exercise undue influence over Latin-American affairs, it was proposed that the Conference be held in some city outside of the United States. The government of Mexico, thereupon, issued invitations to all the other American republics to be represented at a Conference to be held in its capital city in October, 1901. These invitations were accepted, and the Congress, comprising delegates from each of the nineteen American republics, was opened on October 22. The success of the Conference seemed somewhat doubtful in view of the jealousies, disputes, and open quarrels existing among several of the Latin-American countries. An old controversy still existed between Chile and the republics of Peru and Bolivia; relations between Chile and Argentina were becoming disagreeable; the government of Ecuador was distrusted by the government of Colombia; and Venezuela and Colombia, suffering, the one a partially developed and the other a widespread and persistent insurrection, had each accused the other of lending aid to the rebels, and they appeared to be on the point of conflict. At its second meeting, October 23, the Conference adopted resolutions urging these two governments to reach a peaceful settlement of the disputes between them.

At the session of October 30, the following committees were approved, the members being appointed on November 4; the figures stated indicate the number of members in each committee: Arbitration, 19; Pan-American Court of Equity and Claims, 7; Pan-American Railway, 9; Banking and Monetary Exchange, 7; Sanitary Measures, 7; Water Transportation, 7; Commerce and Reciprocity, 9; International Law, 7; Extradition and Protection against Anarchy, 5; Patents, Trade-marks, Weights, and Measures, 3; Practice of the Learned Professions and Literary Relations, 3; Resources and Statistics, 7; Interoceanic Canal, 5; Agriculture and Industries, 5; Reorganization of the Bureau of American Republics, 5; General Welfare, 7: Rules and Credentials, 4; Future International American Conference, 5; Engrossing, 3.

As the Conference was still in session at the close of 1901, its final decisions cannot be stated. Of the questions before the Conference the most important were those assigned for consideration to the first five committees named above. With regard to arbitration, the Mexican delegates brought forward a programme adhering in general to the principles of The Hague Conference of 1899; this programme, however, was less inclusive than the findings of the latter conference, and with regard to compulsory arbitration, left out the retroactive clause. The Argentine delegates, supported by those of Peru and Bolivia, demanded compulsory arbitration on all international questions that were then pending or that should arise in the future, while the Chilian delegates, in view of the position of their government on the question of Tacna and Arica, would not agree to such a proposition. The Chilian representatives were supported by those of Ecuador. It appeared that no satisfactory arrangement for compulsory arbitration would be reached. At the close of the year, it was stated that the Conference had practically agreed upon The Hague convention. With regard to an international court of claims, there seemed to be little prospect of any practical results. On this question, too, the Chilian delegates demanded various provisos that would make such a court of little real service. The spectacular element in the construction of an intercontinental railway appealed strongly to the delegates. The idea of linking the present railways from Argentina and Chile to the United States is picturesque and impressive, and from an engineering point of view the work is doubtless feasible; but the fact that its cost would be some $200,000,000, at a time when the financial situation in South America is unfavorable, makes any such undertaking, in the immediate future at least, a practical impossibility. It would be many years, moreover, before the receipts of such a road would be likely to cover the working expenses. As to exchange, the delegates realized the desirability of better banking facilities between the South American countries and North and Central America. Hitherto most of the financial transactions have been conducted through European banking-houses. It seemed likely that the discussions on this subject would produce some beneficial results. Quarantine regulations in South America are at present very troublesome to the transportation of both passengers and freight, and it was hoped that some more reasonable system of international sanitation might be obtained.

After the committees were appointed, November 4, the Conference adjourned for

two weeks, in order that the delegates might have an opportunity to study the economic and industrial conditions of Mexico. Various tours were made at the expense of the Mexican government, which, indeed, defrayed all the expenses of the delegates while the Conference was in session. The delegates standing at the head of the several representations were as follows: Argentina, Dr. Antonio Berméjo; Bolivia, Fernando E. Guachalla; Brazil, José H. D. Pereira; Chile, Alberto Blest Gana; Colombia, Carlos Martinez Silva; Costa Rica, Joaquin Bernardo Calvo; Ecuador, Luis Felipe Carbó; Guatemala, Antonio Lazo Arriaga; Haiti, J. N. Léger; Honduras, José Leonard; Mexico, Genaro Raijoso; Nicaragua, Luis F. Corea; Paraguay, Cecilio Báez; Peru, Isaac Alzamora; Salvador, Francisco A. Reyes; Santo Domingo, Luis Felipe Carbó; United States, Henry G. Davis (the other United States delegates were William I. Buchanan, Charles M. Pepper, Volney W. Foster, and John Barrett); Uruguay, Juan Cuestas; Venezuela, José Gil Fortoul.

MEXICO, SYNOD OF (PRESBYTERIAN). See PRESBYTERIAN CHURCH IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA.

MICA. The production of mica in the United States in 1899 and 1900 was as follows:

The comparatively small increase in the value and large increase in the amount of the material was due to the sale of much small-size sheet mica, which was formerly rejected or ground. The domestic product came from New Hampshire, North Carolina, South Dakota, Virginia, and New Mexico. The imports in 1900 were:

Sheet mica....

Cut and trimmed mica.

Pounds.

1,892,000
64,391

Value.

$290,872
28,686

In 1900 there was an increased use of mica in the construction of electrical machinery. A plant was also established to use scrap mica for making boiler-tube covering.

MICHIE, PETER SMITH, American educator and brigadier-general U. S. V., died at West Point, N. Y., February 16, 1901. He was born at Beechin, Scotland, March 24, 1839, but was taken by his parents to Cincinnati in 1843. Upon his graduation at the United States Military Academy in 1863, he entered the corps of engineers and served through the remainder of the Civil War in that arm of the service. He was engaged in the operations against Charleston, 1863-64, and had charge of various engineering works during the war, being chief engineer, Army of the James, 1864-65, and of the left column of the Army of the Potomac in pursuit of General Lee, 1865. He received promotions up to lieutenant-colonel for gallant and meritorious services, and was brevetted brigadier-general of volunteers in 1865, for meritorious services during 1864. He was assistant professor of engineering and chemistry at the Military Academy, 1867-71, a member of a military commission in 1870 to investigate European fabrication of steel and iron, and from 1871 until his death, professor of natural and experimental philosophy at the Military Academy. Colonel Michie wrote many scientific text-books, among which are: Elements of Wave Motion Relating to Sound and Light (1882); Elements of Analytical Mechanics (1887); and Hydrodynamics (1887). He also prepared the Life and Letters of Major-General Emery Upton (1885).

MICHIGAN, a Lake State of the United States, has an area of 258,915 square miles. The capital is Lansing. Michigan was organized as a Territory June 30, 1805, and admitted as a State January 26, 1837. The population in 1900 was 2,420,982, while in June, 1901, as estimated by the government actuary, it was 2,457,000. The populations of the five largest cities in 1900 were: Detroit, 285,704; Grand Rapids, 87,565; Saginaw, 42,345; Bay City, 27,628; Jackson, 25,180.

Finance. The receipts of the Treasury for the year ending June 30, 1901, were $5,825,973.36, and the expenditures $5,700,007.05. The balance on hand June 30, 1901, was $2,627,523.84. The State debt was reduced $83,200 during the year, leaving on June 30, 1901, a balance outstanding of $416,800, all in war-loan bonds of 1898. The State tax rate for the year was 2.43 mills per dollar, while the total value of State property as returned for taxation was $1,578,100,000.

Industries.-The census returns for 1900 show that there has been a large growth in the manufacturing and mechanical industries in Michigan during the last half century. Since 1850 the population has increased from 397,654 to 2,420,982, while the average number of industrial wage-earners has increased from 9,344 to 162,355, em

bracing in 1900 6.7 per cent. of the entire population, as compared with 2.3 per cent. in 1850. In 1900 the capital, exclusive of capital stock, invested in the 16,807 mercantile establishments reporting, was $284,097,133; at the same time the gross value of the products was $356,944,082, while the net value, exclusive of materials re-used in the process of manufacture, was $214,725.626. Michigan is very favorably situated as to manufactures, on account of its facilities for water and rail transportation and the growing markets afforded by the increasing population of the West. On the other hand, it is handicapped by a poor supply of coal, for though there are extensive coal deposits in the central part of the Lower Peninsula, these deposits are of an inferior quality, and manufacturers at times find it difficult to secure a supply adequate to their demands.

The manufacture of lumber and timber products is the most important industry in the State. The products of this industry in 1900 were valued at $54,290,520, or 15.2 per cent. of the total value of the products of the State. In 1890 the products were valued at $83,121,969, so that there has been a decrease during the decade of $28,831,449, or 34.7 per cent. The vast pine and hardwood forests have constituted the State's most valuable natural resource, and the decline in the industry since 1890 is the inevitable penalty the State has been obliged to pay for the extravagance and wasteful exploitation of its forests in the preceding decades. Public opinion is now developing in favor of a system of forestry, and a commission has been created looking toward the protection of the woods. The manufacture of flouring and gristmill products ranks second among the industries of the State, with products valued in 1900 at $23,569,991, an increase during the decade of $815,162, or 3.6 per cent. In earlier decades, owing to inadequate means of transportation, the number of flouring and grist mill establishments was much larger than at present. In recent years the industry has tended to localize at points possessing superior water power or shipping facilities, such as Grand Rapids, Detroit, Adrian, Greenville, Cold Water, and Saginaw. Foundry and machine-shop products in 1900 were valued at $20,615,864, showing an increase since 1890 of $7,252,834, or 54.3 per cent.

Although hardwood timber is becoming exhausted in the State so that large quantities are imported, Michigan is conspicucus as a centre for the manufacture of furniture. The products of this industry in 1900 were valued at $14,614,506, an increase since 1890 of $3,847,468, or 35.7 per cent. Grand Rapids is one of the great furniture markets of the world, and Detroit, Muskegon, and other cities have also extensive plants. Several special methods of interest are used by Michigan to maintain its lead in furniture making; of these may be mentioned the method of selling furniture by photographs, the invention and use of special furniture cars, and the establishinent of large semi-annual fairs at Grand Rapids, to which buyers are attracted from a widely extended area. Planing-mill products in 1900 were valued at $12,469,532, an increase since 1890 of $2,461,929, or 24.6 per cent. Manufactures of carriages and wagons were valued in 1900 at $11,205,602, showing an increase since 1890 of $5,505,661, or 96.6 per cent. The comparative proximity of the carriage establishments to the hard woods required, as compared at least with vehicle manufacturing centres in the East, an increasing local and neighboring market, and excellent shipping facilities have increased the growth of this industry. Other industries are: The manufacture of steam railroad cars, with products valued in 1900 at $11,078,281; the manufacture of agricultural implements, with products valued at $6.339,508; tanning and currying of leather, with products valued at $6,015,590; manufactures of iron and steel, with products valued at $5,902,058; manufacture of chemicals, with products valued at $5,364,724; slaughtering and meat-packing, with products valued at $5,337,417; manufacture of malt liquors, with products valued at $5,296,825. In addition to these, special attention may be called to the manufacture of beet sugar. There were nine establishments engaged in this industry in 1900, with 473 wage-earners, and products valued at $1,602,266. There were no establishments in operation at all in 1890. In 1900 Michigan ranked second in the United States in this industry, the value of its products being 21.9 per cent. of the totals of the United States.

Industrial and Labor Legislation.-The laws of 1895 and 1897 prohibiting the employment of women under 21 years of age for more than 60 hours a week in manufacturing establishments was extended to apply to women working in stores in which more than 10 persons are employed. Another clause of the earlier laws which prohibited the employment of children under 14 in manufacturing establishments was amended to include hotels and stores; and the employment of minors under 16 between 6 P.M and 7 A.M. in any manufacturing establishment or workshop was interdicted. At the same time the regulations for the inspection of factories, in order to insure their hygienic condition, was extended to apply to stores and hotels, and manufacturers were debarred from conducting their work in tenements except upon a permit showing that the conditions therein were proper for working purposes. An act in accordance with many similar ones passed in different States, designed to hold

various branches of skilled labor to a fixed standard of proficiency, provided that in every city there should be appointed a board of examiners to license plumbers and to formulate rules for the performance of plumbing and drainage work. The board was authorized to appoint inspectors to examine all plumbing done in the city, and those persons who wished thereafter to follow the trade were to be required to pass examinations approved by the board of examiners. An act in the interests of farmers made it unlawful to manufacture or sell imitation butter; provided, however, that oleomargarine might be sold when not colored to imitate butter.

Railway Legislation. By a constitutional amendment adopted in November, 1900, the legislature was authorized to levy ad valorem instead of specific taxes on railroads. The specific taxes in vogue for many years previous provided for a tax based on earnings, while the ad valorem tax provides for the taxation of that percentage of the total value of railroad property which is collected on all other property in the State paying ad valorem taxes. The bill as finally enacted was a legacy of the Pingree administration, which had sought, at two regular and three special sessions, to have ad valorem taxes paid. By the amendment of the constitution, the legal obstacles to the measure were removed, and although its wisdom was seriously questioned, the law was passed to take effect in 1902, levying ad valorem taxes on railroad companies, union station and depot companies, express companies, car-loaning companies, stock-car companies, and refrigerator and fast freight-car companies. The determination of the actual value of the property was to be made by the State tax commission acting as a board of assessors, which commission was also authorized to determine the average rate of taxation in the State. Upon this average rate of taxation the amount that the railroads will have to pay will of course depend; but it is estimated that they will pay at least twice as much as at present. Another but probably a less fruitful movement against railroads was embodied in a resolution of the legislature petitioning Congress to amend the interstate commerce act of 1887, which was declared to be defective in many ways. The legislature asked that the act of 1887 be so amended as to give the interstate commerce commission power to adjust freight rates in such a manner as to put an end to discriminations in favor of one section against another, or in favor of one class of shippers against another, and to determine what are just and reasonable rates, and to fix such rates, and to be authorized to put its rulings and decisions into full force and effect. The law prohibiting the consolidation of railways was modified with reference to street railways by providing that those companies whose lines formed together one continuous line, and were not naturally competing roads, might unite and consolidate.

Other Legislation.-Other legislation proposed constitutional amendments to provide for increased pay to the members of the legislature and to authorize the legislature to provide for the indeterminate sentence of criminals and for their release on parole. For the moral protection of delinquent minors, it was provided that no person of sixteen years, when placed under arrest, should be confined in a cell with an adult prisoner or conveyed to or from prison in company with adult prisoners, or be permitted to remain in court during the trial of adults; but that such minor should have a separate trial apart from the trial of other criminals. An act obnoxious to all politicians was repealed. This was an act of 1891 directing all candidates for election and all chairmen of State, district, and county political committees to make sworn affidavits, within twenty days after each election, of the amount of money spent by them in the political campaign preceding, and to make oath that the money spent had been used for legal purposes only. An act regarding foreign corporations entering the State provided that all such corporations, before beginning business, must file with the secretary of state a certified copy of their charter or articles of incorporation, must designate an agent in the State upon whom process against the company might be served, and must pay a franchise fee of onehalf a mill on each dollar of that proportion of the company's authorized capital stock represented by the property owned and used and the business transacted in the State; and if the business or property of the corporation increased then a commensurate additional fee must be paid. The use of the United States flag was prohibited for advertising purposes. Congress was appealed to under article five of the constitution to call a convention to propose an amendment providing for the direct election of United States senators.

Elections-A State election was held in April, 1901, for a justice of the supreme court and for two regents of the State University. For justice of the supreme court, Robert M. Montgomery (Rep.), received 219,097 votes, and Allen C. Adsit (Dem.), 124,485 votes, giving to the Republican candidate a plurality of 94.612 votes. For regents of the university, Frank W. Fletcher (Rep.) and Henry W. Carey (Rep.) were elected by slightly smaller pluralities than the Republican justice of the supreme court. Two constitutional amendments submitted at the same time to the electors were rejected. One of these increased the pay of members of the legislature, and the other provided for additional circuit judges. On January 15, 1901, the legislature

of Michigan elected James McMillan (Rep.) to succeed himself as United States Senator for the full term ending March 4, 1907. The vote in the two branches of the legislature was: Senate-McMillan, 31; T. E. Barkworth (Dem.), 1. House of Representatives-McMillan, 85; Barkworth, 10; not voting, 5.

State Officers.-Governor, Aaron T. Bliss, Republican, elected for two years, term ending January, 1903; lieutenant-governor, Orrin W. Robinson; secretary of state, Fred. W. Warner; treasurer, Daniel McCoy; auditor, Perry F. Powers; attorneygeneral, Horace M. Oren; superintendent of education, Delos Fall; secretary of agriculture, A. E. Wildey; commissioner of insurance, Harry H. Stevens, appointed. Supreme Court: Chief justice in 1901, term two years, Robert M. Montgomery; in 1902, term two years, Frank A. Hooker; associate justices, Joseph B. Moore, Charles D. Long, Claudius B. Grant, and Frank A. Hooker (in 1901) and Robert M. Montgomery (in 1902)-all Republicans.

Congressional Representatives (57th Congress).-In the House-John B. Corliss, from Detroit; Henry C. Smith, from Adrian; Washington Gardner, from Albion; Edward L. Hamilton, from Niles; William A. Smith, from Grand Rapids; Samuel W. Smith, from Pontiac; Edgar Weeks, from Mount Clemens; Joseph W. Fordnay, from Saginaw; Roswell P. Bishop, from Ludington; R. O. Crump, from West Bay; A. B. Darragh, from St. Louis; and Carlos D. Sheldon, from Houghton-all Republicans. In the Senate-Julius C. Burrows (until 1905), from Kalamazoo; and James McMillan (until 1907), from Detroit--both Republicans.

MICHIGAN, UNIVERSITY OF, Ann Arbor, Mich., founded 1837. The calendar for the year 1901 shows an attendance of 3,482, an increase of 179 over the year 1900. This does not include the students of the summer school, of whom there were 228. Every department of the university increased in attendance except the School of Pharmacy. Of the total enrollment, 2,144 students were from Michigan; 126 were registered as graduates; 1,369 were in the department of literature, science, and arts; 359 in engineering; 563 in medicine and surgery; 873 in law; 71 in pharmacy; 71 in the Homoeopathic Medical College; 273 in dental surgery; and 418 in the summer school. A certain number are here counted in two places. In the foregoing numbers, 720 women are included. In 1901 the university granted 775 degrees, only 7 of which were honorary. Four received the degree of Ph.D. An important change has been made in the matter of degrees. The baccalaureate degrees of philosophy, letters, and science have been abolished, and the one baccalaureate degree of Bachelor of Arts will be conferred in the future. This places Michigan in line with the leading universities of the country in this particular, and is in accord with the policy of the graduate school, where the degrees of M.Ph. and M.S. were abolished in 1900. At the same time the electives have been increased to such an extent that the student has a large degree of choice in his freshman year and practical freedom afterward. An important addition to the work of the year 1901, was the appointment of an instructor in forestry, and an effort will be made to secure State aid and cooperation. The library was increased by 10,045 volumes in 1901, making a total of 155,524 volumes. The income for the year was $588,423, of which $329,132 came from the State. In addition, $21,745 was received as contributions to or interest on trust funds. On June 30, 1901, the trust funds of the university amounted to $243,891. With the rapid growth of the university, the need for additional buildings is imperative. All of the eight specific recommendations contained in the annual report of the president relate to the physical needs of the university. MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY, AMERICAN. See ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETIES. MILAN, ex-king of Servia, died in Vienna, February 11, 1901. He was born August 22, 1854, at Jassy, in Moldavia, and was a member of the Obrenovitch family, then in exile. His great-uncle, Michael, the reigning prince of Servia (then under the suzerainty of Turkey), adopted him when he was left an orphan and sent him in 1864 to Paris to be educated. He returned in 1868 upon the assassination of Michael and succeeded him as ruling prince, being under the direction of a regency of ministers until 1872, when he assumed full authority. In 1876, yielding to popular clamor, Milan rebelled against Turkish sovereignty, and placing a Russian general, Tchernayef, at the head of the Servian army, openly declared war. But Tchernayef was defeated and Servia was saved only by the intervention of Russia. While Russia was defeating Turkey in the war of 1877-78, Milan seized a favorable opportunity and again revolted, this time successfully. Servia became an independent state in 1878, and Milan was proclaimed king in 1882. His reign was a political storm. Leaning toward Austrian influence which looked to internal improvements in Servia, the king devoted himself to railway construction, the development of natural resources, and army reorganization on the basis of compulsory enlistment. Taxation was increased to achieve these projects, and the gross managerial incompetency and extravagance displayed by the authorities, in addition to the new and objectionable plan of enforced military service, engendered discontent among the peasants, which,