in which related juxtapositions have remained to haunt the literature of the science for generations. It is, perhaps fortunate that after the field investigation was complete, and indeed after the results were announced before the Anthropological Society of Washington, correspondence brought out the fact that an aged Osage chief still living in another part of the territory retains some memory and distinct traditions of the identical spring as a place of sacrifice for success in hunting from time immemorial. The collections made at the spring were no less remarkable in number and character than in the peculiar juxtaposition; the collection of elephant teeth is the largest thus far made in a single locality in America. The mastodon teeth also form the largest collection thus far made at a single locality, and include two species; while the chipped implements of novaculite or related material are superb in size and finish, and form the finest known collection from a single American 'ocality.

Another event of note (albeit only secondarily archæologic) was the definite establishment of a department of anthropology in the University of California at the instance, and through the munificence, of Mrs. Phoebe A. Hearst, Dr. A. L. Kroeber, with two or three collaborators, was placed in charge of the work; and there are several advisory collaborators, including Professor F. W. Putnam, of Harvard, Madame Zelia Nuttall, and Miss Alice C. Fletcher, of Washington. The work contemplated is both ethnologic and archæologic, the former directed especially toward the surviving California tribes and the latter toward the collection and interpretation of prehistoric material in the same region. Still another event grew out of a meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in Denver, in August; after the close of the meeting a number of members of the anthropologic section made an excursion through the region of cliff dwellings in southern Colorado and northern New Mexico. The excursion was arranged by officers of the Cliff Dwellings Association, Mrs. Virginia C. McClurg, of Colorado Springs, Mrs. W. S. Peabody, of Denver, and Mrs. John Hays Hammond, being especially active. The participants in the excursion were much impressed with the desirability of taking steps toward the preservation of the interesting ruins of the region; and among the results of the excursion may be counted several bills introduced in the national Congress toward the close of the year by Honorable John E. Shafroth, Honorable John C. Bell, and others, designed to secure the protection of these antiquities from vandalism.

Noteworthy Publications.-An important memoir issued by the American Museum of Natural History early in the year was Cairns of British Columbia and Washington, by Harlan I. Smith and Gerard Fowke; the paper comprising a portion of the results of the Jesup expeditions to the northern shores of the Pacific. Other memoirs of the same series issued during 1901 are of archæologic interest, notably Kwakiutl Texts, by Franz Boas and George Hunt, and Traditions of the Quinault Indians, by Livingston Farrand, both of which open the door to aboriginal thought, and hence to the habits and customs of prehistoric times. The Peabody Museum issued an important memoir on the antiquities of the southern portion of North America, under the title Researches in the Central Portion of the Usumatsintla Valley, by Teobert Maler, and also a special publication touching on Mexican and other antiquities of the western hemisphere, entitled Fundamental Principles of Old and New World Civilization, by Zelia Nuttall. Early in the year the Bureau of American Ethnology published as a part of the eighteenth annual report, an elaborate memoir on The Eskimo About Behring Strait, by E. W. Nelson, containing incidental references to prehistoric material, while the motives expressed in the exceedingly numerous artifacts described mainly date back to the unwritten past. Later the nineteenth report appeared with several archæologic memoirs; one of these, entitled Mounds in Northern Honduras, by Thomas Gann, describes in detail the antiquities of a little known region, including both tumuli and ruins of imposing structures; in Mayan Calendar Systems, by Cyrus Thomas, the calendric inscriptions of Yucatan are discussed at length and in part interpreted; while in Primitive Numbers, by W J McGee, and Numeral Systems of Mexico and Central America, by Dr. Thomas, as well as in Tusayan Migration Traditions, by J. Walter Fewkes, much use is made of prehistoric material as well as data derived from living aborigines. Publications of hardly less note have been made by the National Museum, the Field Columbian Museum, and other institutions in such number that the first year of the new century may justly be regarded as notable in the history of American archæology.

Studies of Artifacts.-While the current investigations have tended toward the formal establishment of the classification of stone artifacts as (1) zoomimic, (2) protolithic, and (3) technolithic, there has been little special work pertaining to the lines of human activity represented by the manufacture of stone. Holmes visited certain aboriginal quarry sites in southwestern Missouri, and also examined the site

from which Dr. Koch reported the association of stone implements with remains of extinct animals many years ago, and gained new data in both places. Phillips in Illinois, and Rust in California, continued investigating stone artifacts with success and good promise of early publication, while Moorehead collected material for revision of his work on Prehistoric Implements, 1899; and on the last day of the year, McGee presented before the Anthropologic Section of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, in Chicago, a communication on The Beginning of Lithoculture.

Human Antiquity.-The opening century has produced no new indications of high human antiquity on the western hemisphere. Putnam visited the Calaveras region during the autumn, and stimulated local observation in the auriferous gravels and other deposits, while Volk continued excavations in the late pleistocene gravels at Trenton; but neither locality has yielded noteworthy data during the year. So still, as during the last decade, the question of the antiquity of mankind in America remains open, with a presumption in favor of an origin running back toward, or possibly beyond, the beginning of the Pleistocene, but with scarce an indubitable fact indicating human existence on the western hemisphere before the latest ice invasion of the glacial period.

ARCHER, FREDERICK, musician, died at Pittsburg, Pa., October 22, 1901. He was born at Oxford, England, June 16, 1838, and studied music under his father, and also in London and Leipsic. Going to London he became an organist, and later was conductor of an orchestra and director of opera. In 1881 he removed to Brooklyn, N. Y., where he became organist of Plymouth church. In 1887 he conducted the Boston Oratorio Society; and from 1895 to 1898 was the conductor of the Pittsburg Orchestra, now under the direction of Victor Herbert. Among his compositions should be mentioned the Adagio Maestoso, Fugue in D minor, Grand Fantasia in F, for the organ, and the two texts, The Organ, and the Collegiate Organ Tutor. He was also the founder (1885) and editor of a musical weekly, The Key Note.

ARCHITECTURE. The chief architectural features of 1901 were undoubtedly the splendid buildings of the Pan-American Exposition (q.v.) at Buffalo. The influence of these structures upon architecture will doubtless be of real value, not only in the development of future expositions, but in the construction of industrial buildings both public and private. Architecture is also being fostered by many schools, clubs, and other organizations throughout the United States. The centennial of the Louisiana purchase has been taken as a fitting occasion for an international exposition at St. Louis (see LOUISIANA PURCHASE EXPOSITION). The unity, suitability, and magnificence of its architectural features are assured by the personnel of its board of architects, and the work of organization, designing, and draughting is in progress. A resolution introduced at the annual convention of the American Institute of Architects at Buffalo in 1901, after pointing out the importance of architectural improvements in towns and cities, and noting that municipal architecture had been the subject of a department exhibit at three international expositions abroad, appealed to the commissioners of the Louisiana Purchase Exposition for a similar exhibit at St. Louis. Among the buildings erected for the South Carolina Exposition (q.v.) at Charleston, the art building is the most artistic and impressive. It stands in a beautiful position, and has a large sculpture hall with two spacious and well-proportioned side galleries. Upon the suggestion of the art director, the thirteen exterior panels of the building were inscribed with the names of thirteen deceased American painters, sculptors, and architects instead of with the names of the old masters. The approved list was: Painters-Benjamin West, John S. Copley, Gilbert Stuart, Thomas Sully, George Inness, A. H. Wyant, Homer Martin, and George Fuller; sculptors-Crawford, Powers, and Story; architects-Richardson and Hunt.

Of national interest is the commission appointed to inquire into the enlargement of the White House, as is also the renewed proposal for a memorial bridge across the Potomac from Washington to Arlington. For continuing the examination of the bridge project, $5,000 were appropriated in the sundry_civil act of 1899. The first prize for design has been awarded to Mr. Edward Pearce Casey, with Mr. William H. Burr as chief engineer. Of greater national importance was the report of the Burnham Commission on the beautifying of Washington. The commission of three appointed to prepare the report visited Paris, London, Madrid, Rome Vienna, Buda-Pesth, Munich, Berlin, The Hague, and Brussels, omitting St. Petersburg, because of lack of time. Berlin was considered artistically one of the first cities in the world. The report presented to Congress and the two models exhibited at the Corcoran Art Gallery in Washington in reality recommended the adoption of the celebrated plans prepared by L'Enfant under the supervision of Washington and Jefferson, with some modifications to adapt them to the altered and increased

needs of the capital of a nation of 70,000,000 people. The predominating ideas in the whole treatment are dignity and beauty. The plans call for systematic, continuous work carried through a considerable number of years, and reveal the contemplated construction of a number of handsome public buildings, and the laying out of gardens, parks, and avenues, all with an axial relation to the Capitol, White House, and Washington monument. The plans were prepared in pursuance of a senate resolution of March 8, 1901. The sub-committee of the district committee having the matter in charge met the representatives of the Institute of American Architects and agreed that Daniel H. Burnham, of Chicago, and Frederick Law Olmsted, jr., of Brookline, be employed as experts, with power to add to their number. These gentlemen accepted the task, and subsequently invited Charles F. McKim and Augustus St. Gaudens, of New York, to act with them in the preparation of plans. Charles Moore also rendered efficient service in cooperation with the commission. Congress is providing a reasonable scheme of taxation whereby the plans may be carried out without proving burdensome to the district.

Two new artistic structures in New York City are the Appellate Court House and the New York Yacht Club. An advance in domestic architecture is marked by the mansion at Roslyn, L. I., for Mrs. Clarence H. Mackay. The Tarsney act has exerted a beneficial influence upon government work, and carefully managed competitions now give results that exhibit a desire for better architecture. The Pennsylvania capitol competition resulted in the award falling to Mr. Huston. The treatment received by the profession, however, in this case, from the state commissioner, was the source of much adverse comment. The proposed buildings for Washington University, at St. Louis, Mo., are on a grand scale, and other noteworthy designs of 1901 are those of the Arkansas state capitol, the Indianapolis post office, the Newark court house, a court house at Fort Dodge, Ia., the Memorial Library for Washington and Jefferson College, Washington, Pa., and in New York the new Stock Exchange, the Union Club House, and the United States Customs House. The new cathedral of St. John the Divine, on Morningside Heights, New York, is slowly progressing; the monster lathe completed during 1901 for the dressing and polishing of the 32 hugh monolithic columns of the choir, marks an epoch in the manufacture of machinery for architectural purposes. The demolition of the National Academy of Design building at the corner of Twenty-third Street and Fourth Avenue, N. Y., has occasioned some regret. This Venetian-Gothic building, with its conspicuous and variegated ornamentation of black and white, and its interesting history and associations, had during its quarter-century existence endeared it to American artists and citizens. The eight marble columns in the corridor of the old building have been removed for incorporation in the new and elaborate building to be erected at Amsterdam Avenue and One Hundred and Ninth Street, where the National Academy of Design has temporary quarters. The designs of the new building are by Carrère and Hastings, architects also of the New York Public Library, now in course of construction at Fifth Avenue and Forty-first and Forty-second streets. The sixteenth annual exhibition of the Architectural League of New York was held in February and March, 1901, and maintained the high standards of previous exhibitions.

Both in the United States and in Great Britain agitation continued in 1901 for the registration of architects. The need was emphasized in England by several actions for heavy damages, which brought home the liability of architects for inefficiency or negligence, and were useful as aiding to weed out the charlatans who impose themselves upon the public. An attempt was made to awaken the Royal Institute of Great Britain to a sense of its responsibilities by a resolution "to appoint a committee to inquire into the status of the architectural profession and to suggest remedies if needed." The resolution received particular prominence, following as it did on the action of the government authorities in the selection of successors to the deceased architects for the new offices in course of construction in Whitehall and Parliament Street, although in the selection of the son of one of the late architects, the British characteristic of hereditary transference was apparent.

Among the principal events in the architectural sphere of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the choice of an architect-restricted to five nominees to elaborate the architectural appointments of the National Memorial to the late Queen Victoria (described under SCULPTURE), the work of Mr. Thomas Brock, R.A., the sculptor who was chosen by a sub-committee of the committee appointed by the King. The restriction and choice occasioned considerable caustic criticism on the score of favoritism. In ecclesiastical architecture the new cathedral for Liverpool, in connection with which one of Mr. Gladstone's last expressed wishes was that he would were he possessed of $5,000,000 wherewith to endow the city with the cathedral, was also the occasion of serious controversy. St. James' Mount, the central site chosen, was generally approved; but when the committee in charge stated their preference for a particular phase of English Gothic, a controversy arose as to

whether Renaissance was not the more appropriate garb for a twentieth-century English cathedral. The committee eventually expressed a desire to consider other designs. The chairman, in replying at considerable length to critics of the cathedral scheme, gives assurance that if any genius can produce a great and magnificent twentieth-century cathedral, the committee will not select an adaptation of a thirteenth or fourteenth-century Gothic edifice.

The danger to St. Paul's cathedral by the tunneling for the underground railways oecasioned considerable alarm, which has not been allayed by the optimistic reports and suggestions of the cathedral architect. The completed restoration of Lichfield cathedral, including the statuary and ornamental work destroyed by the Puritans, has renewed in this ancient edifice its essential characteristic of beauty. The restoration of the west front of Bath Abbey has also been completed. Auxiliary scaffolding in the restoration, now in progress, of Peterborough cathedral made possible a critical examination of the colossal statue of St. Peter, which, undisturbed, has overlooked the city for eight centuries. With the exception of the missing right hand it was in an excellent state of preservation. One of the most interesting items in the progressing restoration of Canterbury cathedral was the repolishing of two pink marble pillars which came from the ruins of ancient Carthage and were sent in 1176 by Pope Alexander III. to form part of Thomas à Becket's tomb, but were incorporated in Trinity chapel, where they now stand. The restoration of the Lady chapel of Winchester cathedral is interesting to Americans, as the funds for the purpose were obtained by the sale of a picture of Benjamin West's, which was removed from the great screen in 1900. The picture was sold to Mr. J. Pierpont Morgan for £1,500 and is now in New York. The external fabric of the Roman Catholic cathedral in Ashley Gardens, Westminster, is rapidly approaching completion, and the originality and beauty of the design can now be thoroughly appreciated. Designs for St. Anne's Roman Catholic cathedral at Leeds were accepted in 1901.

The architectural features of the Glasgow International Exhibition (q. v.) were of a utilitarian order, marked by an absence of original designs. Competitions throughout the United Kingdom ended in the selection of plans for a new borough asylum at Cardiff, municipal buildings at Hereford, a Blue Coat Hospital at Hereford, workhouse infirmary for Stockport, police courts and fire station at Manchester, and police courts at Bristol. Numer us large buildings in course of construction include the Victoria and Albert museum at South Kensington, new municipal buildings at Cardiff, and a market hall at Leeds, while the building of apartment houses in London on American models is an evidence of the architectural trend of the period. Without competition the authorities of the University of Birmingham gave the commission for their new buildings to the architects who, in open competition, won the commission for the splendid law courts in that city. The Building Trades Exhibition at the Agricultural Hall, London, was conspicuously successful. The principal death recorded among the architects of the United States during 1901 was that of Napoleon Le Brun, New York, at the age of eighty. The obituary of the profession in Great Britain included such well-known names as Arthur Cates, James Brooks, John McKean Brydon (q.v.), John Burnet, Henry Yeoville Thomason, Charles John Innocent, William Bassett Smith, Frederick Boreham, and Charles Dorman.

In France, the famous Ecole des Beaux Arts at Paris, celebrated its two hundred and fiftieth anniversary in 1901. At the Institut de France the subject for competition for the Grand Prix de Rome in architecture was of especial interest to Americans "An American Academy of Arts and Sciences at Paris to be constructed on a portion of the sites of the demolished fortifications." The Grand Prix was awarded to M. Hulot, a pupil of M. Marcel Lambert,. Of the two permanent buildings that remain of the 1900 Exposition-the Grand Palais and La Petit Palais des Beaux Arts, the palm is awarded the latter; and in French architecture of the year the striking features in Paris are the Quai d'Orsay railway station, the beautiful Musée Galliera, the mairie of the tenth arrondissement, many handsome private residences, and, at Tours, the new city hall. Open competitive designs were received for a museum at Clermont-Ferrand, a church at Grenoble, a circus-theatre at Troyes, covered markets at Auxerre, and public schools at Havre. The subject for the tenth annual government competition was a public hospital. The first prize was awarded to M. Clabant.

In Germany, some of the architectural productions of 1901, while bearing a national imprint, by the peculiarity of their designs gave rise to the query, "Is German architecture decadent?" The completion of the Befreiungshalle at Kelheim, Bavaria, endowed that city with a splendid and classic structure.

Austro-Hungarian architecture was marked by the completion of the magnificent Houses of Parliament at Buda-Pesth, commenced in 1885.

In Greece, the first prize for designs for a palace of justice at Athens was awarded to M. Alexandre Nicoloudis, a Greek architect at Paris. In Italy, archi

tecture was not at a standstill, as evidenced by the progress or completion of the splendid National Art Gallery at Rome, in Renaissance, or Bramantesque, the Salimbeni palace at Siena, a synagogue at Florence, a new bridge at Pisa, a theatre at Palermo, the peculiar Mole Antoniella in memory of Victor Emmanuel at Turin, the arch and gallery also dedicated to the late king at Milan, and numerous fine commercial and residential edifices throughout the country.

ARCTIC EXPLORATION. Two expeditions were in the field in 1901 for the purpose of testing two rival routes to the North Pole. A third expedition for the purpose of testing a third route was proposed, but the commander could not fit out his ship in time to start. Of the many "royal roads to the pole", among which Arctic authority has vacillated during the last quarter of a century, all have been abandoned except these three. The first two-the Smith Sound route and the Franz Josef Land route-involve the establishment of headquarters on solid ground as far north as possible, and a dash with sledges and dogs northward across the frozen sea. The third route-Nansen's route-involves a drift in a ship, frozen into the ice-pack, across the Arctic Ocean from some point north of Siberia. Captain Bernier, a Canadian, announced in 1900 that he would undertake this last route; but he could not make his preparations in time to set off in 1901. The other two expeditions are in command of Americans. All these expeditions are avowedly seeking the Pole. The collection of scientific data is a secondary object in the published plans of each leader.

Robert E. Peary and the Smith Sound Route.-The news that Mr. Robert E. Peary, C.E., U. S. N., had discovered the northern extremity of Greenland reached the United States in September, 1901. The sledge trip by which Mr. Peary accomplished this exploration was made in the spring of 1900. The leader, accompanied by Dr. T. S. Diedrick and by his colored servant, Matthew Henson, began his expedition in 1898. Funds for the maintenance of his work are supplied by the Peary Arctic Club, an organization of influential men who are interested in Mr. Peary's enterprise. The leader established preliminary headquarters at Etah, on the west coast of Greenland; and, during his first season, transported supplies across Smith Sound and northward to Fort Conger, but in doing so froze seven toes, which had to be amputated. Nevertheless, news reached this country, in the fall of 1900, that in March of that year Mr. Peary was at Fort Conger, intending to start early in April upon his sledge trip to the Pole. Meanwhile, in July, 1900, the Windward, a ship owned by the Peary Arctic Club, bearing supplies for Mr. Peary, and, as passengers, his wife and daughter, had started to communicate with the explorer. The Windward did not return in the fall, and many authorities in Arctic matters believed that she had been lost in the ice. On July 15, 1901, the Erik, a steamship chartered by the Peary Arctic Club, in command of Mr. Herbert L. Bridgman, secretary of the club, sailed from Sydney to ascertain the condition of both the explorer and the Windward. On September 13, the Erik returned to North Sydney, Cape Breton, bringing Mrs. Peary and her daughter as well as the news of Mr. Peary's success in 1900, his abortive expedition in 1901, and his intention to make another effort to reach the Pole in the spring of 1902. The Windward had passed the winter of 1900-01 in Payer Harbor, near Cape Sabine. There the Erik found her August 4, and the two ships spent the available time before it was necessary to return to this country (August 29) in hunting walrus for dog food, and in transferring supplies from Etah to Mr. Peary's new headquarters at Herschel Bay, ten miles south of Cape Sabine. Meanwhile Dr. Diedrick resigned from the expedition. His resignation was accepted by Mr. Peary and he was ordered home; but he went ashore, ostensibly to hunt rabbits at Etah, and sent an announcement by Eskimos that he intended to stay there over the winter in order that, in case of need, the explorers might have a physician within reach. Remonstrance proved unavailing, and rather than use force, the leader permitted him to remain. Members of the auxiliary party supplied him with a gun and some ammunition. His intention was to live among the Eskimos, in Eskimo fashion, eating seal and walrus, and sleeping in Eskimo igloos, and to make studies of this aboriginal tribe, which is isolated from the rest of the world and thus retains its primitive characteristics. Dr. Diedrick's resolution to remain excited a good deal of discussion in the newspapers, and theories were advanced that he intended to undertake on his own account a trip to the Pole; but members of the auxiliary expedition deemed this hardly credible. A seaman and cook, named Charles Percy, volunteered to join Mr. Peary in his future work and was accepted. The Erik_brought back also journals and other relics abandoned at Fort Conger by the Lady Franklin Bay Expedition under Lieutenant (now General) A. W. Greely, when it left its headquarters in 1883.

Mr. Peary's Sledge Journey-Mr. Peary left Fort Conger, lat. 81° 44′ N., on April 15, 1900, with Henson and five Eskimos. He crossed Robeson Channel and