Congressional Representatives (57th Congress).-In the House-Frederick Storm (Rep.), from Bayside; John J. Fitzgerald (Dem.), from Brooklyn; Henry Briston (Rep.), from Brooklyn; Henry A. Hanbury (Rep.), from Brooklyn; Frank E. Wilson (Dem.), from Brooklyn; George H. Lindsay (Dem.), from Brooklyn; Thomas J. Creamer (Dem.), from New York; Henry M. Goldfogle (Dem.), from New York; William Sulzer (Dem.), from New York; George B. McClellan (Dem.), from New York; Oliver H. P. Belmont (Dem.), from New York; William H. Douglas (Rep.), from New York; Jacob Ruppert, Jr. (Dem.), from New York; Cornelius A. Pugsley (Dem.), from Peekskill; Arthur S. Tompkins (Rep.), from Nyack; John H. Ketcham (Rep.), from Dover Plains; William H. Draper (Rep.), from Lansingburg; George N. Southwick (Rep.), from Albany: John K. Stewart (Rep.), from Amsterdam; Lucius N. Littauer (Rep.), from Gloversville; Louis W. Emerson (Rep.), from Warrensburg; Charles L. Knapp (Rep.), from Lowville; James S. Sherman (Rep.), from Utica; George W. Ray (Rep.), from Norwich; Michael E. Driscoll (Rep.), from Syracuse; Sereno E. Payne (Rep.), from Auburn; Charles W. Gillet (Rep.), from Addison; James W. Wadsworth (Rep.), from Geneseo; James B. Perkins (Rep.), from Rochester; William H. Ryan (Dem.), from Buffalo; De Alva S. Alexander (Rep.), from Buffalo; Edward B. Vreeland (Rep.), from Salamanca; Montague Lessler (Rep.), from New York; Amos J. Cummings (Dem.), from New York. In the Senate-Thomas C. Platt (until 1903), from Owego, and Chauncey M. Depew (until 1905), from New York-both Republicans.

NEW YORK ACADEMY OF SCIENCES, incorporated 1818 as the Lyceum of Natural History of New York. The sessions of the Academy begin in October and end in May. Meetings are held each Monday at 103 West Fifty-fifth Street, New York City. Membership in 1901, 335; president, R. S. Woodward; secretary, R. E. Dodge, Teachers' College, New York.

NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY, ASTOR, LENOX, and TILDEN FOUNDATIONS, consolidated in 1895, consists of two distinct divisions, the reference and the circulating branches. The former has two buildings, the Astor, 40 Lafayette Place, and the Lenox, at 895 Fifth Avenue, both buildings being open from 9 A. M. to 6 P.M. The latter includes 17 branch circulating libraries in various parts of the city. In 1901, Mr. Andrew Carnegie offered $5,200,000 for the erection of branch libraries in New York on condition that the city furnish sites and agree to provide for their maintenance. The offer was accepted by the city, through an act of the legislature, which provides that the city shall proceed to acquire not more than 42 library sites in the boroughs of Manhattan, Richmond, and the Bronx. In February, 1901, the New York Free Circulating Library was consolidated with the New York Public Library. At the time of consolidation, it held cash and securities aggregating about $300,000; it owned five buildings valued at $300,000 and about 160,000 volumes. It circulated about 1,634,000 volumes per annum. An agreement was entered into during the year with the board of education, whereby the latter furnished the necessary accommodations for libraries in eight public schools and attendants, and the library supplied books and periodicals for reference and circulation. During the past year the number of volumes received was 40,580, of which 19,891 were purchases and 20,689 gifts. The number of pamphlets received was 37,570, of which 12,679 were purchases and 24,891 gifts. The total number of volumes on the shelves and available for use at the end of June, 1901, was 538.957, and about 182,370 pamphlets. The number of readers who visited the two reference library buildings during the year was 143,972, the Astor having received 101,689 and the Lenox 42,283. This is an increase of about 27,256 readers over the preceding year. The total number of volumes and periodicals issued to readers last year was 605,487, of which 544,037 were called for at the Astor and 61,450 at the Lenox. The new building at Fifth Avenue and Forty-second Street is in process of construction. Director, John S. Billings. NEW YORK UNIVERSITY, in New York City, founded in 1831, comprises ten schools. During the year 1900-01, the faculty numbered 186 and the studentbody, excluding duplicate names and auditors, 1,824. They were distributed as follows: College, 233; graduates, 212; applied science, 87; pedagogy, 206; commerce, 67; summer session, 113; law, 601, and woman's law class, 64; medical, 279; veterinary, 42. In the spring of 1901, owing to long-continued dissatisfaction with the administration of the department of pedagogy, three of the professors-Samuel Weir, Edward Franklin Buchner, and Charles H. Judd-handed in their resignations. At the opening of the fall term, the places rendered vacant by the resignation of the three professors were filled by J. P. Gordy, Robert MacDougall, and J. E. Lough, who with E. R. Shaw, Frederick Monteser, and L. E. La Fetra, of the old faculty, will constitute the new one. In his opening address to the incoming students, Chancellor MacCracken informally announced that there would be no regular dean in the school of pedagogy.

NEW ZEALAND, a British colony in the south Pacific Ocean, 1,200 miles southeast of Australia, consisting of three islands known as North, Middle (or South), and Stewart islands. The capital is Wellington.

Area and Population.-The total area is estimated at 104,471 square miles, and the population, according to the census of March 31, 1901, was 816,000, of whom 773,000 were whites and 43,000 native Maoris. The increase in the white population during the decade was 147,000, and that of the Maoris, whom it was generally supposed were dying out, was 3,500. The populations of the largest cities are: Auckland, 67,226; Dunedin, 52,390; Christchurch, 57,051; and Wellington, 49,334.

The majority of the inhabitants are Protestants, the Church of England predominating. There are about 100,000 Roman Catholics. The colonial school system is well organized and is administered by a department, the head of which is a cabinet minister. Primary education is compulsory. In December, 1900, there were 1,674 free public primary schools, with 130,724 pupils enrolled, and 304 private schools, with an enrollment of 15,555. In addition, 89 village schools for the Maoris were reported. There are 25 endowed or incorporated high and grammar schools, with 2,544 pupils. At the head of the colonial educational system stands the University of New Zealand, which is solely an examining body. With it are affiliated four colleges-Otago University, at Dunedin; Canterbury College, at Christchurch; Auckland University College; and Victoria College, at Wellington, with a combined enrollment (1899) of 776 students. The total expenditure of the colonial government on education in the year 1900 was £522,411. In 1896 there were 304 public libraries, mechanics' institutes, and similar institutions, with 17,638 members and 409,604 volumes.

Government. The colony is administered by a governor (the Earl of Ranfurly since 1897), assisted by a responsible ministry of eight members. The legislative power is vested in a legislative council and a house of representatives. Members of the council (45) are appointed by the governor for seven years. Members of the house of representatives (74), of whom four are Maoris, are elected for terms of three years by universal adult suffrage. Women, though allowed to vote, are not eligible for election or for appointment to the council. There is a supreme court for the colony consisting of a chief justice and five puisne justices. The colony supports a volunteer army of 9,835 officers and men, and a police force of 590. Four torpedo boats and four steam launches fitted for torpedo work are owned and manned by the colony.

Finance. The principal sources of revenue are the customs duties, stamp tax, land tax, railways, and the income tax. The expenditure is largely for public works, some of which, such as railways, telegraphs, and the like, assure a remunerative return. Other items of expenditure include education, defense, and interest on the public debt. The total receipts for the fiscal years ending March 31, 1899, 1900, and 1901, were respectively £5,258,228, £5,699,618, and £5.908,697. The expenditures for the same periods were £4,858,511, £5,140,127, and £5,479,704. The estimated revenue and expenditure for the year 1901-02 were £5,896,000 and £5,763,000 respectively. The receipts from state railways in 1900 amounted to £1,621,613 and the expenditure £1,039,412. The postal returns for the first half of 1901, which it had been thought would show a great decrease on account of the new penny postage system that went into effect on January 1, made it practically certain that the deficit, estimated at £80,000, would not be more than £30,000. The gross public debt in August, 1901, was £49,500,000, or more than £64 per capita for the white population.

Industries, Commerce, etc.-Agriculture is the principal industry. The total area under crops in 1900, including 10,853,302 acres, in sown grass, was 12,474,511 acres. The cereal production in 1899, a year of bad crops, was: Wheat, 8,582,000 bushels; oats, 16,326,000 bushels; and barley, 1,585,000 bushels. Wool raising is increasing in importance, the number of sheep in the islands in 1899 being 19,348,506. The imports have increased in value from £8,739,633 in 1900 to £10,646,096 in 1901, and the exports, from £11,938,335 to £13,246,161 in the same period. The principal exports in 1900 were wool (£4.749,196), frozen meat (£2,123,881), gold (£1,439,602), agricultural products, tallow, and kauri gum, and kauri pine timber. Great Britain furnished 50 per cent. of the imports and took 85 per cent. of the exports in 1901. Gold, coal, and copper are mined. The combined shipping entrances and clearances at the ports of the colony in 1900 amounted to 1,679,907 tons.

On March 31, 1901, there were 2,212 miles of government railway, and 88 miles of private lines in operation, and several extensions of the state lines were under construction.

History. Early in 1901 two new contingents of Colonial troops were sent to South Africa, making the total furnished by New Zealand up to April, 2,827 men. The Duke and Duchess of Cornwall landed at Auckland on June 11, 1901, and made a tour of the islands. At the opening of the parliament, July 2, the premier, the Rt. Hon. R. J. Seddon, announced that the Federation Commission had reported unanimously against federation with Australia, holding that such a union would be

prejudicial to the finances and hinder the development of the colony. The government programme included legislation to prevent the fixing of abnormal prices by trusts on food-stuffs and coal, the establishment of a state coal mine, and of state railway car shops, the improvement of steamship services, and the regulation of the working hours of clerks in banks and commercial offices. Organized parliamentary opposition to the Liberal party's programme was practically abandoned during 1901. Since 1890 legislation in New Żealand, in the hands of the Liberal party, has been largely what may be termed experimental, showing a strong tendency toward the extension of state ownership and control of public utilities. Among the measures enacted during the decade 1890-1900 the following are prominent: Compulsory state arbitration of labor disputes, an income tax, a graduated inheritance tax, the condemnation, purchase, breaking up, and re-sale of large estates in order to increase the number of small holdings, old-age pensions, the extension of the state telegraph and railway lines, the assumption of state control over the Bank of New Zealand, woman suffrage, and a graduated land tax. Thus far the legislation seems to have been beneficial to the colony, the population having increased in 10 years 22.5 per cent.; savings bank deposits, 117.8 per cent.; improvements, 52 per cent.; private wealth, 52 per cent.; cultivated lands, 55.6 per cent.; number of holdings, 64 per cent.; imports, 45.28 per cent.; and exports, 25.15 per cent. Critics of the Liberal policy, on the other hand, assert that the increase in population is below the average, that the per capita debt is larger than that of any country in the world outside of Australia, and that there is a strong probability that the public works, upon which, up to March 31, 1900, the sum of £32,978,626 had been expended, would not prove "reproductive" as had been expected.

NICARAGUA, the largest republic of Central America, lies south of Honduras and north of Costa Rica. The capital is Managua.

Area and Population.-The total area of the 13 departments, 2 territories, and 3 districts comprising Nicaragua has been estimated at 49,200 square miles, and the population (1895) at 420,000, including 40,000 uncivilized Indians. The inhabitants are mostly Indians, mestizos, mulattoes, and negroes. The populations of the principal towns are estimated as follows: Leon, 35,000; Managua, 25,000; Masaya, 20,000; Granada, 19,000; Chinandega, 12,000; Jinotepe, 6,500; Jinotega, 4,325; Matagalpa, 4,000; Bluefields and Greytown, each over 2,000.

Education is in a very backward condition. In 1901 there were in addition to a number of municipal and private schools 209 public primary schools, 48 grammar schools, and 5 secondary schools. The appropriations for education in the fiscal year 1901 amounted to about 1,000,000 pesos. The pupils in the elementary schools numbered about 18,000.

Government and Finance.-The chief executive is a president elected by popular vote for a term of four years. Señor José Santos Zelaya was elected for the terms ending 1898 and 1902, and again, in November, 1901, for the term ending 1906. The national legislature consists of a congress of one house elected for two years. The active army numbers about 2,000 men.

The monetary standard is silver, and the unit of value the peso, worth 54.1 cents on October 1, 1900, and 42.8 cents on October 1, 1901. Revenue accrues chiefly from customs and excise, and expenditure is largely for the departments of finance, war, and fomento. Revenue and expenditure in 1898 amounted to 4,009,603 pesos and 4,824,138 pesos respectively; for 1900, the estimates were 6,408,000 pesos for revenue and 6,414,951 pesos for expenditure. In July, 1900, the foreign debt stood at $1,355,831 and the internal debt at about $2,666,000. The latter debt was augumented in 1901, pursuant to a presidential decree of February 4, by a loan of 1,000,000 pesos (about $451,000), guaranteed by a lien on a part of the customs. Accordingly the total debt of Nicaragua may be placed at upwards of $4,470,000. It is stated that in 1901 the paper currency regained its par value.

Industries and Commerce.-The principal industries are cattle-raising and agriculture. The leading crop is coffee, and others of importance are bananas, sugar, and tobacco. There are valuable mineral resources, but the exploitation is not extensive; gold, however, was exported in 1898 to the amount of 12,242 ounces. In the spring of 1901 the British consul reported an improvement in trade, owing largely to the fact that for the first time in five years there had been no revolutionary outbreak. The coffee crop was the largest harvested, being double that of either of the two preceding years. The reported imports and exports in 1899 amounted to 5,236,165 pesos and 6,981,472 pesos respectively; in 1900, 5,516,523 pesos and 6,289,483 pesos respectively. Cotton goods, largely from Great Britain, constitute almost one-half of the imports, and coffee comprises over one-half of the exports. The percentages of imports from and exports to the countries of greatest trade importance were in 1900: The United States, 50.7 and 47; Great Britain, 28.7 and 12; France, 11.6 and .03; Germany, 4.2 and 24.

There are about 140 miles of railway. The work on the railway between Managua and La Paz, which will connect the two sections of the Central Railway, progressed

during 1901 and would be completed, it was thought, early in the following year. Events of 1901.-In October the treaty of friendship, commerce, and navigation of 1867, with the United States, under which the latter country was empowered to construct a canal across Nicaragua, and the extradition treaty of 1870 were denounced by the Nicaraguan government. The expiry of the first treaty takes place on October 24, 1902, and of the second May 24, 1902. No explanations were given for these treaty terminations, but the Nicaraguan minister at Washington assured the United States government that they were in no way prejudicial to the friendly relations of the two republics. On December 9, 1901, a new treaty, by which Nicaragua agreed to lease in perpetuity to the United States a strip of land embracing the proposed Nicaragua canal, and to assign the policing thereof to the United States, was signed by the United States minister to Nicaragua and the Nicaraguan minister for foreign affairs. The reelection of President Zelaya is mentioned in the paragraph on Government. See CENTRAL AMERICA.

NICARAGUA CANAL. Isthmian Canal Treaty.-On December 16, 1901, the United States Senate, by a vote of 66 to 6, ratified the Hay-Pauncefote Isthmian Canal Treaty. Previously, on February 5, 1900, a treaty between Great Britain and the United States to "facilitate the construction of a ship canal to connect the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans," and to remove any objections arising out of the Clayton-Bulwer treaty to the construction of such a canal under the auspices of the government of the United States had been submitted by President McKinley to the United States Senate. Important amendments were introduced by the Senate for the purpose of accomplishing these three objects: First, to secure an entire abrogation of the Clayton-Bulwer treaty by which the neutrality of the canal was guaranteed. Second, to give the United States sole control of the canal in time of war or when, for any other reason, it was deemed necessary. Third, to eliminate for all time European political interest in the canal. By its own terms this treaty was to become operative only if ratified by Great Britain prior to March 5, 1901. But Great Britain did not ratify it; it therefore expired by limitation. The reasons for Great Britain's refusal to ratify the original treaty as amended by the Senate were set forth in a memorandum from Lord Lansdowne, secretary of state for foreign affairs, dated February 22, 1901. To the original treaty as drawn up by Lord Pauncefote and Secretary Hay, the Senate, as Lord Lansdowne said, had made three amendments. By the first amendment, the United States abrogated the Clayton-Bulwer treaty, and with it the agreement not to "occupy or fortify or colonize or assume or exercise dominion over any part of Central America.' "The change," said Lord Lansdowne simply, "would certainly be of advantage to the United States, and might be of substantial importance." By the second amendment, the United States, notwithstanding those sections of the Hay-Pauncefote treaty which attempted by exact specifications to safeguard the neutrality of the canal, reserved to itself the right to take such measures as it deemed it necessary to "secure by its own forces the defense of the United States and the maintenance of public order." In explanation of this amendment, the Senate stated that a similar amendment in the Suez Canal convention permitted the sultan, notwithstanding the neutrality of the canal, to take necessary measures for the defense of Egypt. Yet not only, said Lord Lansdowne, is the privilege given to the sultan limited by his agreement not to build fortifications near the canal, but on closer examination the whole analogy breaks down, for the reason that the Suez traverses the domain of the sultan, whose established interests must be protected, while the proposed Nicaraguan Canal is not expected at any point to enter the boundaries of the United States. More formidable objections remained, for by the third amendment the United States withdrew the invitation to the other powers to subscribe to the terms of the treaty, and therefore gave them liberty to disregard at will "any of the restrictions imposed by the convention." While then by the second amendment the United States claimed the right to disregard the neutrality of the canal, and while by the third amendment the same right was given to the other powers to disregard it, "Great Britain alone, in spite of her enormous possessions on the American continent, in spite of the extent of her Australian colonies and her interests in the East, would be absolutely precluded from taking measures to secure her interests in and near the canal." For these reasons, Great Britain felt unable to accept the amended convention and preferred to stand on her rights as given by the Clayton-Bulwer convention, “an international contract of unquestionable validity." But Lord Lansdowne intimated, nevertheless, that overtures for further negotiations would be received in a friendly spirit.

The Final Treaty.-In accordance with Lord Lansdowne's hint, negotiations for a new treaty which should at once satisfy Great Britain and the United States Senate were immediately started. Those senators whose opinion was likely to have peculiar weight, and especially Senator Henry C. Lodge, chairman of the Senate committee on foreign relations, were brought into consultation, and a new treaty was signed on November 18, 1901, transmitted to the Senate on December 5, and ratified by that