commander of the Nordstjerne order. In 1883 he penetrated the ice barrier on the east coast of Greenland, a feat which had been attempted by explorers for three centuries.

NORDHOFF, CHARLES, American journalist and author, died at San Francisco, Cal., July 14, 1901. He was born in Westphalia, Prussia, in 1830, and came to the United States in 1835, receiving a common-school education in Cincinnati, O. Apprenticed to a printer in 1843, he worked for a year in Philadelphia, and then entered the navy, where he served three years. From 1857 to 1861 he was employed in the publishing house of Harper and Brothers, of New York City, and from the latter year till 1871 was connected editorially with the New York Evening Post. After traveling for a time in California and the Hawaiian Islands, Mr. Nordhoff became, in 1874, Washington correspondent for the New York Herald. Among his publications are: America for Free Workingmen (1865); Cape Cod and All Ålong Shore (1868); Northern California, Oregon, and the Sandwich Islands (1874); Politics for Young Americans (1875); God and the Future Life (1881); and Peninsular California (1888). Mr. Nordhoff was a man of great individual force, a keen observer, and a fearless critic.

NORMAL SCHOOLS. During the year 1899-1900 the public normal schools in the United States increased from 166 to 172, and the number of students from 44,808 to 47,421. The number of instructors in the same year was 2,171, including 1,236 females. Of the 9,072 teachers graduating from public schools in 1899-1900, only 1,851 were males. The amount appropriated for the support of the public normal schools by States, counties, or cities during 1899-1900 was $2,769,003, as compared with $2,510,934 for the preceding year. One of the most gratifying features of the normal education for that year was the large increase in the number of colored students. Thus, while the total number of students in the public normal schools shows an increase of less than 6 per cent., the number of colored students increased during the same year from 1,138 to 2,707, or nearly 140 per cent. The private normal schools still continue to decrease in number, but the average attendance is considerably higher. Thus the 198 schools in 1896-97 had only 21,293 pupils, while the 134 schools in 1899-1900 had 22,172 students, including 2,250 colored students.

North Atlantic Division:

North Central Division:
Ohio...

5243856423

5

2 11 1,327 4,831

3

8 2,133 2,250
2 2,023 167

8 2 2,786 66

10 2,204 1,830)

12

6322

9

13

21

1,193) 33

35

149

1 3

764 1,255

1 6

1,501 418 13

246

New Mexico..

180

Arizona.

76 28

29

Utah

Nevada

25 29 4,228 1,418 902

952

Idaho..

Washington.

South Central Division:

Oregon.

98

Mississippi.

Louisiana

6 365 198 257

61

2

471

United States....... 172 134 47,421 22,172 2,707 2,250

NORTH CAROLINA, a South Atlantic State of the United States, has an area of 52,250 square miles. The capital is Raleigh. The population in 1900 was 1,893,810, while in June, 1901, as estimated by the government actuary, it was 1,922,000. The populations of the two largest cities in 1900 were: Wilmington, 20,976; and Charlotte, 18,091.

Finance. The receipts of the treasury for the fiscal year ending November 30, 1901, were $1,744,659.30; the expenditures, $1,690,872.73, leaving in the treasury December 1, 1901, $53.786.57. The State debt was neither increased nor decreased during 1901; it amounted to $6,527,770, all of which was bonded. The State tax rate for the year (1900-01) was 4.3 mills per $1.00 valuation, divided as follows: for general revenue, 2.1 mills; for pensions, 0.4 mills; for schools, 1.8 mills; while the total value of State property, as returned for taxation, was $306,597,715. For 1901-02, the estimated value of taxable property is $328,597,715.

Industries.-Although North Carolina is an agricultural State, the census reports of 1900 indicate a large growth in its manufacturing interests since 1850. During these years, the population increased from 869,039 to 1,893,810, or 117.9 per cent., while the average number of industrial wage-earners advanced from 14,601 to 70,570, or 383.3 per cent., embracing in 1900 3.7 per cent. of the total population. The amount of actual capital invested in 1900 in mechanical industries, exclusive of capital stock, was $76,503,894, the gross value of the products, $94,919,663, and the net value, exclusive of the products re-used in the process of manufacture, $74,575,155. The manufactures of North Carolina depend upon its natural resources; upon its cotton, tobacco, and wheat fields, and upon its forests. The most important industry is the manufacture of cotton goods, the value of the product in 1900 being $28,372,798, an increase in value of 196.7 per cent. since 1890, and an advance in rank among cotton manufacturing States from tenth to third. The lumber and timber industry is next in importance, with a product valued in 1900 at $14,862,593, an increase of 152 per cent. since 1890. Tobacco manufacture is one of the State's best known industries. The product in 1900 was valued at $13,620,816, an advance since 1890 of 184.7 per cent. Other manufactures of importance are: Flouring and grist-mill products, $8,867,462; planing-mill products, $2,892,058; cottonseed oil and coke, $2,676,871; furniture, $1,547,305; car construction and shop-work, $1,571,376; tanning, currying, and finishing of leather, $1,502,378; and fertilizers, $1,497,625. Much of the State's output of cottonseed oil is used as a source of ammonia in making fertilizers.

Legislation: Corporation Laws.-By an act approved March 11, 1901, the anti-trust law of 1899 was repealed, and a much more stringent one enacted in its place. By the new law perhaps every business house in the State may be condemned as a trust, for a trust is defined under the act as a combination of two or more persons, companies, or corporations to do or attempt to do any of the following things: (1) To restrict trade in any line; (2) to increase or reduce prices; (3) to prevent competition in producing, selling, purchasing, or transporting goods; (4) to fix a controlling standard price for any article; (5) to enter into agreements not to sell below a certain price or to fix a price or to pool interests so as to affect prices; (6) to sell goods so as to discriminate between the trade of any States or Territories. Corporations found guilty of any of these prohibited actions are to forfeit their charters and their right to do business in the State. Corporations also may be required at any time to swear through their officers that they have not done any of the prohibited things, and if they swear falsely it is to be a criminal offense, and if they refuse to swear at all, the refusal is to be considered as prima facie proof against them. But from the provisions of this law farmers and laborers are specifically excluded, it being provided that the law shall not "apply to live stock or agricultural products in the hands of the producer or raiser, nor shall it be understood or construed to prevent the organization of laborers for the purpose of maintaining any standard of wages." Other corporation laws were as follows: The law of 1889 was repealed which prohibited the formation of a corporation with a capital stock exceeding $1,000,000. An act was passed revising the corporation law of the State. City and street railway companies were required, unless exempted by the North Carolina corporation commission, to use vestibule fronts on their cars from the middle of November to the first of April, and also to use suitable fenders on the cars.

Bills Affecting Minors.-When the suffrage amendment to the State constitution . was adopted in August, 1900, designed to eliminate the "agreement and purchasable negro voter," the Democratic party promised to provide such common schools as would allow no excuse for any white boy, arriving at manhood after 1908, being unable to comply with the educational requirements of the suffrage, which would thereafter apply equally to blacks and whites. The constitution requires a school term of not less than four months; but there has never been enough money in the treasury to comply with this provision, and it is said that at least $500,000 in addition to the appropriations usually made will be necessary for this purpose. The legislature of 1901 appropriated $200,000 for the schools, of which $100,000 represented additional appropriations made to fulfill as far as possible the party pledges.

As in Tennessee, bills proposing that the appropriations for negro schools should be restricted to the amount of educational taxes paid by the negroes, were introduced, but so much opposition developed against them, based on the equities and the need of educating the negro, that the bills were pigeon-holed in committee. There was considerable agitation during the session of the legislature for the enactment of a law prohibiting child labor. In large part this agitation was aroused by northern religious and philanthropic journals, which viewed with displeasure the extensive employment of children, both black and white, under 12 years of age in North Carolina. On the other hand, it was represented that the poverty of the State was so great that many of the poorer families could barely subsist even by "leasing out," as it were, their children, and that the cure that would be effected by prohibiting this would be worse than the disease. Representatives, moreover, of practically all the cotton mills in the State presented to the legislature an agreement in which they pledged that no week's work should exceed 60 hours; that no child under 12 should be employed in a mill during the term time of public schools; and that the mills would promote the education of working people in the State and would cheerfully bear their part of the taxation burdens for that purpose. The judiciary committee to which this agreement was referred, stated in its report that the evils of child labor were being rapidly diminished, and recommended that no child-labor law be enacted.

Other Laws. A law which might conceivably result in grave discordance between the State and federal authorities and whose tendency is to emphasize the anti-Republican feeling in the South was that directing the attorney-general to defend registrars, judges of election, and other persons against whom prosecutions for election frauds are pending in the federal courts of the State, and directing the attorney-general to defend in the same manner any other person who might be so prosecuted "for any act committed by him in the performance of any duty imposed on him by the laws of North Carolina." An act "construing" the State law of libel provides that if a newspaper publishes false statements in good faith and thereafter makes retraction, it shall not be liable in a civil suit for more than the actual damages or in a criminal suit for more than a penny in costs. But persons sending libelous statements to newspapers for publication shall be guilty of a misdemeanor. A law was passed giving the assent of North Carolina to the acquisition by the United States government of such lands in the State as might be necessary for the establishment of the proposed national forest reserve in the high mountain regions of western North Carolina, and adjacent States. A law was passed creating a board of examiners to be appointed by the governor, whose duty it should be to visit and inspect all State institutions, including those supported in part by the State, and to report thereon biennially to the governor, so that the legislature might be kept informed as to the condition, efficiency, and needs of the institutions. The State board of education was constituted a State text-book commission to select and adopt a uniform series of text-books for use in the public schools. An act for the benefit of the agricultural interests of the State provided that land should not be sold for unpaid taxes until all the owner's personal property in the county had been seized and sold by the sheriff to meet the unpaid taxes, and that the land when sold might be redeemed at any time within a year by the payment of taxes, costs, and 20 per cent. interest. Kidnapping was made punishable with imprisonment of not more than 20 years. Congress was applied to under Article 5 of the Constitution to propose an amendment for the direct election of United States senators.

Impeachment Trial.-By a resolution of the North Carolina House of Representatives on February 18, 1901, an impeachment trial was ordered before the State Senate of the chief justice of the State, David M. Furches, and of Robert M. Douglas, one of the associate justices. On March 14, the trial came up before the Senate as directed and was concluded March 28, 1901, by a vote of the Senate acquitting those impeached. The main facts leading up to the trial were as follows: Theophilus White had been appointed by an act of 1897 chief inspector of shell-fish under an act to promote the oyster industry. At this time, the legislature stood: Republicans, 66; Populists, 58; Democrats, 45. Two years later, when the legislature was thoroughly Democratic, it endeavored to legislate Theophilus White out of office by changing the form of the commission, creating seven commissioners and prescribing their duties. The office, however, which Mr. White held was not specifically abolished, because the duties of the office remained although its title was changed. Theophilus White then attempted to draw his salary, and being refused by the State auditor, appealed to the superior court, which rendered a decision in his favor. The case was then taken to the supreme court, which held that while it was competent for the legislature to abolish an office, it was not competent for it to remove the office-holder without cause, for the reason that an officeship constituted property. And the court thereupon issued a peremptory order to the auditor of the State to pay Theophilus White his salary. This action of the court vexed the legislature exceedingly, not only because it appeared to them that the supreme court was en

deavoring, in at least one important particular, to supersede the legislature, but also because the legislature had in 1899 endeavored to legislate out of office in a similar way Mr. D. H. Abbott, railway commissioner, and the court had similarly decided against the legislature. The decision of the court was divided, three of the five judges deciding in favor of Theophilus White; of the three, however, one, Justice William T. Faircloth, died before impeachment proceedings were instituted. Against the remaining two justices who had rendered an opinion adverse to their interests, the House drew up five indictments. After a full hearing, the judges were acquitted on all the charges, owing to the inability of the Senate to muster a two-thirds vote as required by the constitution. The vote on the first charge of the indictment stood 27 for conviction and 23 for acquittal. On the four remaining charges there was a majority in the Senate for acquittal. The case aroused wide interest throughout the State as it was practically admitted that political reasons, directly or indirectly, were at the bottom of the indictment charges.

Elections-On January 22, 1901, the legislature of North Carolina elected Furnifold M. Simmons, of Raleigh, chairman of the Democratic State committee, as United States senator for the full term ending March 4, 1907. Mr. Simmons was nominated at the State primary in November, 1900, and succeeded Marion Butler, Populist. Mr. Butler in turn had succeeded Matthew W. Ransom, United States senator from 1872 to 1895. Mr. Butler's success in defeating Mr. Ransom was due to the fact that in 1895 North Carolina had turned strongly Populist, while Mr. Ransom remained a Cleveland Democrat. The defeat of Mr. Butler in 1901 marked the return of the State to the regular Democracy, there being in the State legislature of 1901 only five Populists all told.

State Officers.-Elected 1900, serving from January 1, 1901, to January, 1905: Governor, C. B. Aycock, Democrat; lieutenant-governor, W. D. Turner; secretary of state, J. Bryan Grimes; treasurer, B. R. Lacey; attorney-general, R. D. Gilmer; superintendent of education, Thomas F. Toon; insurance commissioner, James R. Young; auditor, B. F. Dixon.

Supreme Court: Chief justice, David M. Furches, Rep. ; associate justices, Robert M. Douglas, Rep.; Walter Clark, Dem.; W. A. Montgomery, Dem.; Charles A. Cook, Rep.

Congressional Representatives (57th Congress).-In the House-John H. Small, from Washington; Claude Kitchin, from Scotland Neck; Charles R. Thomas, from Newbern; Edward W. Pou, from Smithfield; William W. Kitchin, from Roxboro; John D. Bellamy, from Wilmington; Theodore F. Kluttz, from Salisbury; Spencer Blackburn, from Winston; and J. H. Moody, from Waynesville-all Democrats, except Spencer Blackburn and J. H. Moody. In the Senate-Jeter C. Pritchard (until 1903), from Marshall, Republican, and F. M. Simmons (until 1907), from Newbern, Democrat.

NORTH CAROLINA, UNIVERSITY OF, founded in 1795, a State institution located at Chapel Hill, N. C. In 1900-01 there were 59 instructors and 564 students in all departments. During the year 7 new professorships were created, 4 of which were filled. The university has $100,000 in productive funds, and during the past year the State appropriation was increased from $25,000 to $37,500. The permanent equipment of the university was also increased during the year by the addition of a new dormitory, a central heating plant, and a building for lectures, at a total cost of $87,500. The library, containing 32,000 volumes, was completely reorganized during the past year.

NORTH DAKOTA, a northwestern State of the United States, has an area of 70.795 square miles. The capital is Bismarck. The Territory of Dakota was organized March 2, 1861, and on November 2, 1899, was divided and formed into the States of North and South Dakota. The population of North Dakota in 1900 was 319,146, while in June, 1901, as estimated by the government actuary, it was 333,000. The populations of the two largest cities in 1900 were Fargo, 9,589; and Grand Forks, 7,652.

Industries. Although the principal industries of North Dakota are agriculture and stock raising, the census reports of 1900 show an increase in manufacturing interests during the past decade. In that time, the population has increased from 182,719 to 319,146, or 70.9 per cent., and the average number of industrial wage-earners from 1,499 to 2,398, aggregating in 1900 0.8 per cent. of the total population. The amount of actual capital, exclusive of capital stock, invested in 1900 in 1,130 establishments reporting, was $5,396,490, the gross value of products, inclusive of materials re-used in the process of manufacture, $9,183,114. Manufacturing is limited almost entirely to "neighborhood" industries, and, except in the case of flour and grist-milling, practically the entire product is consumed at or near the point of production. During 1900, the output of the latter industry was valued at $4,134,023, or 45 per cent. of the total value of the product of the State.

Legislation.-The North Dakota legislature met on January 8, 1901, and adjourned March 8. Among the various laws passed may be mentioned the following: Amend

ments were made to the existing divorce laws so that North Dakota_should no longer be criticised for its laxity in the matter of granting divorces. To the law providing that "the effect of the judgment decreeing a divorce is to restore the parties to the state of unmarried persons," was added in 1901 the qualification "except that neither party may marry within three months.” Although the legislature did not modify another divorce law which decreed that divorces might be obtained for desertion, cruelty, intemperance, and for various other reasons, yet the legislature did add in 1901 that divorce could no longer be granted for "incurable insanity." An act was passed making it a misdemeanor to sell adulterated or unwholesome food or food which is an imitation of another food so that the product deceives the purchaser. The special intent of this law was stated to be the curtailment of the trade in oleomargarine. It is provided that the State board of equalization shall assess, at their actual value for the purposes of taxation, the franchise and property within the State of telephone, telegraph, express, freight line, and equipment companies. Another tax act provided that the board of equalization should in 1902 and annually thereafter, levy a tax in addition to all other taxes equal in amount to one-thirtieth of the bonded indebtedness of the State, so as to provide for its ultimate redemption. A law similar to one declared unconstitutional in Illinois in 1900, provided that every railroad operating within or through the State should stop all its passenger trains at every county seat, except that interstate trains need not stop at county seats of less than 500 inhabitants. Another railroad law of doubtful constitutional validity requires railroads to keep stations open at all sidings where there are as much as $25,000 worth of merchandise shipped each year. Religious property was made exempt from State taxation for the first time, although property used for charitable or educational purposes had previously been exempt. But by the law of 1901 property used for religious purposes is to be only partially exempt; that is to say, personal property is to be exempt and real property not to exceed one acre, provided that it had been built upon. A libel law enacted that a newspaper should only be liable for actual damages if it appeared on trial that the libel had been published in good faith and had been retracted when shown to be false. But if the libel had been against a candidate for any political office, then the retraction must also have been made editorially at least three days before the election. A novel feature of this law is that which makes a libel against any woman not only a civil but also a criminal offense. A State farmer's institute was created to arrange for and hold not less than 15 farmers' institutes in each year, at which the farmers should be instructed in maintaining the fertility of the soil, improving cereal crops, in dairying, and in stock raising. Another act on behalf of the farmers, provided that the county commissioners in any county might, upon the application of 100 or more freeholders of that county, issue county bonds to buy and distribute wheat and grain seed to the farmers, the cost of the sced to act as a first lien upon the farmers' crops. But this act was only to go into effect if the previous crops had failed or partially failed because of hail, snow, or drought. An act for the regulation of barbers provided for the appointment of a board of examiners to issue certificates to barbers to practice their trade, on proof that they had practiced in schools or as apprentices for not less than three years, were possessed of the requisite skill, and had also sufficient knowledge regarding the common diseases of the skin to avoid the exaggeration and spreading thereof in the practice of their trade. The law of 1895, giving a bounty of $1 on every 100 pounds of starch manufactured from potatoes grown in North Dakota, was repealed on the ground that the financial interests of the State required strict economy. The punishment for kidnapping was raised from a maximum of 5 to a maximum of 20 years' imprisonment.

State Officers-Holding office in 1901, through 1902, ending in January, 1903: Governor, Frank White, Republican; lieutenant-governor, David Bartlett; secretary of state, E. F. Porter; treasurer, D. H. McMillan; auditor, A. N. Carlbloom; attorneygeneral, O. D. Comstock; superintendent of education, J. N. Devine; commissioner of agriculture, R. J. Turner; commissioner of insurance, Ferdinand Leutz; commissioner of public lands, D. J. Laxdahl.

Supreme Court: Chief justice, term six years, ending January, 1903, Alfred Wallin; associate justices, N. C. Young and D. E. Morgan-all Republicans. Congressional Representatives (57th Congress).-In the House-Thomas F. Marshall, Republican, from Oakes. In the Senate-Henry C. Hansbrough (until 1903), from Devils Lake, and Porter J. McCumber (until 1905), from Wahpeton-both Republicans.

NORTHWEST TERRITORIES, a political division of the Dominion of Canada, composed of the following districts: Assiniboia, Saskatchewan, Alberta, Keewatin, Athabaska, Mackenzie, Ungava, and Franklin. The total area is estimated at upwards of 2,300,000 square miles. The population, according to the census of 1901, was 158,940, as against 66,799 in 1891, showing an increase of nearly 238 per cent. Capital, Regina, in the district of Assiniboia, with a population of about 2,000. Secular education is compulsory. The number of public schools shows an increase