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Industries and Commerce.-As a producer of pastoral and agricultural commodities, Argentina is becoming one of the most important countries in the world. Its prominence in the production of wheat, corn, flax, linseed, and in the breeding of sheep and cattle is assured. In 1901 the estimated number of cattle in the country was 30,000,000.

The gold value of dutiable imports in 1899 was 102,080,738 pesos, and free 14,769.933 pesos-total, 116,850,671 pesos; the dutiable exports for the same year amounted to 100,868,723 pesos, and free 84,049,108 pesos-total, 184,917,831 pesos. In 1900 dutiable imports were 96,502,452 pesos, and free 16,982,617 pesos-total, 113,485,069 pesos; the dutiable exports 56,169,377 pesos, and free 98,431,035 pesos-total, 154,600,412 pesos. The total imports in 1900, accordingly, compared with those of 1899, show a decrease of 2.8 per cent. and the exports a decrease of 16.3 per cent. The chief causes for the decline of the export trade in 1900 were the foot-and-mouth disease, which caused some European countries to prohibit the importation of Argentine cattle; a falling off in the prices of wool; and floods, which caused the loss of many millions of sheep. As compared with 1899 there was a decrease in pastoral products amounting to 44,293,020 pesos, while agricultural products showed an increase of 12,270,361 pesos. Imports to Argentina by countries have been reported in gold pesos as follows:

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Exports from Argentina by countries have been reported in gold pesos as follows:

1899.

10,979,690

10,897,866

9,410,479

8,430,880

4,806,116

3,741,877

3,197,882

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From the foregoing figures it may be seen that in 1900 the percentages of imports and exports, respectively, were: Great Britain, 34.1 and 15.5; Germany, 14.7 and 13; Italy, 13.1 and 2.8; the United States, 11.9 and 4.5; and France, 9.6 and 12.3. In 1890 the export of wheat to Great Britain was inconsiderable, while in 1900 32.5 per cent. of the British import came from Argentina. This was 48 per cent. of the Argentine export. Of the corn export in 1900, 46 per cent. went to Great Britain. The leading exports reported for 1900 include the following, the unit of quantity being the metric ton of 2,204.6 pounds: Wheat, 1,929,676 (70,902,729 bushels); wheat flour and bran, 106,831; corn, 713,248 (28,079,224 bushels); wool, 101,113 (222,915,720 pounds); linseed, 223,257; hay, 102,836; sheepskins, 28,713; tallow, 17,794; ox-hides, 3,359.463 in number; frozen withers, 2,372,939 in number; quebracho, 221,223. During the first six months of 1901 there was an increase in most of the exports as compared with 1900, excepting wheat, in which there was a heavy decline. The foreign shipping entered in 1898 aggregated 6,555,128 tons, and in 1899 6,939,567 tons. Communications.—The railways were reported to have a total length at the beginning of 1900 of 16,413 kilometres (10,199 miles); of the 24 railway lines, 3 aggregating 2,007 kilometres belong to the state, and the remainder are private property. The private lines represent chiefly English capital, which is stated to be over $425.600,000. In 1901 the third railway between Buenos Ayres and Rosario, 249 miles distant, was under construction. (For the Transandean Railway, see CHILE, paragraph Communications.) In 1900 there were 27,584 miles of telegraph line. The telephone lines in 1901 had a total length of 9.350 miles (27,584 kilometres); the capital invested, of which four-fifths was foreign, amounted to about $5,060,000.

The Unification Bill.-On June 11, 1901, a bill was introduced in congress authorizing the issue, at 4 per cent., of Argentine consolidated stock, redeemable in fifty years, for the purpose of the partial or total conversion of existing foreign debts, "whenever such conversion might benefit the government." This bill, which was a government measure, was passed by the senate and by a majority of one was recommended for enactment by the finance committee of the lower house. The measure was opposed by the Argentine press and the public generally, since it was feared that a unification of the foreign debt would place Argentine finances in the power of English capitalists. A petition was laid before the congress, and the public opposition became so bitter that on July 3 and 4 riotous demonstrations took place in Buenos Ayres, and the offices of two journals favoring the administration were demolished. On July 5 a rigorous censorship was established, and in the city and suburbs a state of siege was decreed for six months. On the same day the president decided that in the interest of public convenience it was advisable to postpone

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definitely the unification bill, whereupon the minister of finance resigned. The president's action caused some subsidence in the public excitement, and in a few weeks martial law was no longer necessary.

For the trouble with Chile at the end of the year, see CHILE (paragraph Events of 1901).

ARIZONA, a southwestern Territory of the United States, has an area of 112,920 square miles. The capital is Phoenix. Arizona was organized as a Territory February 24, 1863. The population in 1900 was 122,212, while in June, 1901, as estimated by the government actuary, it was 127,000. The largest city is Tucson, with a population in 1900 of 7,531.

Finances.-The receipts of the treasury for the calendar year 1901 were $394,891.62, and the expenditures, including warrants, interest, and bonds paid, were $355,521.60, leaving in the treasury $104,407.20. The state tax rate for the year was 85 cents on each hundred dollars valuation. The total value of property in the Territory as returned for taxation was $38,853,831.37. The total bonded debt was $2,620,000, from which, however, should be deducted funded, county, and city indebtedness to the amount of $1,634,027.57. At the same time the floating debt was $215,347.75, giving a total territorial indebtedness, minus county and city indebtedness, of $1,201,220.18. Industries. Although the census reports of 1900 show a large percentage of increase in the manufacturing interests of Arizona since 1870, the aggregate value of the products is small. The Territory is primarily a mining and stock-raising region, mechanical industries being limited to those relating essentially to the building up of new countries. During the thirty years ending with 1900, the average number of industrial wage-earners increased from 84 to 3,268. In the latter year, the amount of actual capital, exclusive of capital stock, invested in 314 establishments reporting was $10,157,408, and the gross value of the products, inclusive of materials re-used in the process of manufacture was $21,315,189. The smelting and refining of ores with a product in 1900 valued at $17,286,517; car construction and repair-shop work, with a product valued at $887,482; and the manufacture of lumber and timber products valued at $547,790 are the most important industries; numerous so-called "neighborhood industries" exist, the products of which are consumed at or near the point of production.

Agriculture. The main wealth of Arizona at present is in its mines, and, owing to the difficulty of irrigation and the practical impossibility of irrigating the northern part of the Territory, it appears that Arizona will never become a largely producing agricultural territory. The principal crop is alfalfa, while corn, wheat, and barley are also raised. In the southern part of the State, where the fruit orchards are dependent upon irrigation, canals have been established with considerable success. Experimental work has also been done with sugar beets, although they have not yet been produced in commercial quantities. The overshadowing importance of live-stock interests in Arizona is seen in the fact that while the improved land and buildings in 1900 had a reported value of $13,682,960, live stock alone had a reported value of $15,458,717. Prices for live stock were reported to have been excellent in 1901, and shipments from the Territory were very heavy. The number of cattle returned for taxation was 281,541, and of sheep 377,936. The general health conditions of all classes of live stock is said to be better than in any other part of the United States, the climate being healthful, and a wise system of sanitary laws enforced.

Irrigation. The question of irrigation in Arizona, at least in the southern part along the Gila River and its tributary, the Salt River, is one of great importance to the future of agriculture in the Territory. Since 1890, 545 miles of canals have been' constructed at a cost of $1,508,469. Of the 5,809 farms in the Territory, 4,210 are irrigated and 1,599 are unirrigated. The average value of unirrigated land, according to the census figures, is placed at $43.50 an acre, while that for the best irrigated land is from $60 to $200 an acre. But how small a proportion this irrigated land bears to the whole Territory is shown by the fact that of the 72,268,800 acres of land in Arizona, only 5.723.757 acres have been appropriated, while only 1,935,327 acres, or 2.7 per cent. of the total Territorial area, were included in farms in 1900, and of these 1.935,327 acres only 254,521 acres, or 35 per cent. of the entire area, were improved lands. Owing to the fact that the Colorado River and its tributaries in the north of Arizona flow mainly in deeply eroded cañons through regions of high plateaus, the Gila and Salt river system in the southern part of the Territory form practically the only available system for irrigation purposes. Millions of acres might here, in the governor's opinion, be made profitable for agricultural crops by building reservoirs and storing the flood waters. The storage problem, as presented by the governor in his annual report for 1901, is twofold: first, to increase the water supply in existing canal systems whose volume of water is insufficient in the dry season; and, second, to supply water for the reclamation of large areas of the so-called desert or public domain. This latter is said to be especially important, because while there are

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millions of acres of government land still open, there is hardly an additional acre available until the water supply is increased. Under existing circumstances it appears impossible to induce private capital to build the great reservoirs necessary for this purpose. For, in the first place, since so much of the land belongs to the government no sufficient return would be insured to the capitalist, and, in the second place, it has been erroneously assumed from experiments made in California that reservoir building and canal digging for irrigation purposes is unprofitable in any event. On the other hand, it is doubtful if the federal government can be brought to construct these reservoirs, while the resources of Arizona are insufficient for the Territorial government to attempt the work. But if the United States would cede to the Territory the arid lands at present useless, the Territory could make these lands the basis for inducing private capital to enter upon irrigation work. This last course is especially recommended by the governor not only on the ground that the arid lands are, under existing conditions, of no possible value to the government, but on the further ground that their reclamation under Territorial supervision would indirectly reimburse the United States through the increased prosperity of the whole region. Mining. The mining interests of Arizona continue to increase. A new feature of its mining has been the profitable sinking of shafts to a considerable depth, it having been previously thought that the mines of Arizona were on the whole very shallow. The large production of copper continues to be sustained, the total production of electrolytic copper in the Territory in 1900 being 466,922,663 pounds. The value of the copper production for 1900 was estimated at $17,286,517, and the output for 1901 was estimated at fully as much. Gold and silver mining continue on the same scale as previously. The estimated output of gold for the calendar year 1900 was valued at $3,500,000, and of silver $2,592,500. The remarkable development of the oil fields of California and Texas has greatly stimulated the search for oil in Arizona. Numerous companies have been formed and extensive tracts of land have been located and surveyed with the expectation of finding flowing wells of petroleum. Petroleum would be of very great advantage to the Territory, as the price of fuel is at present so high as greatly to retard the development of manufactures.

Needs of the Territory.-As stated by the governor in his annual report for 1901, the most pressing need of Arizona, and one to which her population and wealth undeniably entitle her, is statehood. It is not especially, as the governor remarks, for sentimental reasons that Arizona asks that this right be conferred upon her, nor is it because the present Territorial government deprives the people of practical selfgovernment; but it is mainly because the material interests of Arizona are at present placed under a great disadvantage. For some reason, as alleged by the governor, capital is more or less suspicious of territories. New railro: ds, the exploitation of mines, the development of agricultural products, and the construction of storage reservoirs for irrigation are all urgently needed, and private capital from other States, it is believed, would readily come to the aid of these enterprises under a State government, whereas at present they will not. "I predict," said the governor in this connection, "that within five years after the Territory is admitted into the Union there will be created within the borders of the new State more wealth than all that is now assessed, and that the population will be quadrupled." Other recommendations made by the governor for federal legislation were: that all public lands within the Territory should be ceded to Arizona; that until these lands were ceded authority should be granted to the Territory to lease the grazing lands; that all lands within the Territory be surveyed; that a government assay office and a branch mint be established in Arizona; that an appropriation be made for artesian water exploration within the Territory; and that the government proceed with the construction of the proposed reservoir dams near San Carlos on the Gila River.

Legislation. In compliance with the provision of an act passed by the twentieth legislative assembly, a commission known as the Code Commission, consisting of three members of the Territorial bar, was appointed to revise the statutes of the Territory and the penal code. The report of this commission was submitted to the twenty-first assembly on January 1, 1901, and its construction and adoption constituted the most important work of the session. Aside from the revision of the statutes, at the session of the twenty-first assembly an act was passed authorizing an issue of Territorial bonds in the sum of $35,000 to cover the expenses of representa tion at the St. Louis Exposition in 1903; an act exempting from taxation for ten years all railroads, the construction of which should be begun within one year; the repeal of an act of the twentieth assembly requiring the payment of a poll tax before registration for voting; an act authorizing the appointment of water storage commissioners; an act providing for the construction of a reform school for vicious youth; an act making a tax levy for the Territorial prison at Yuma and passed over the veto of the governor; and an act providing for the dedication of the capitol building.

State Officers-Governor, M. O. Murphy; secretary, Isaac T. Stoddard; treasurer,

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T. W. Pemberton; auditor, G. W. Vickers; attorney-general, C. A. Ainsworth; superintendent of education, R. L. Long-all Republicans. Supreme Court: chief justice, Webster Street; associate justices, Richard E. Sloan, Fletcher M. Doan, George R. Davis-all Republicans.

ARKANSAS, a south central State of the United States, has an area of 53,045 square miles. The capital is Little Rock. Arkansas was organized as a Territory March 2, 1819, and admitted as a State June 15, 1836. The population in 1900 was 1,311,564, while in June, 1901, as estimated by the government actuary, it was 1,331,000. The populations of the largest cities in 1900 were: Little Rock, 38,307; Fort Smith, 11,587; Pine Bluff, 11,496; and Hot Springs, 9,973.

Industries. As in many other sections of the country that are predominantly agricultural, Arkansas has shown a steady growth in manufacturing and mechanical industries during the last half century. Since 1850 the population has increased from 209,897 to 1,311,564, or 524.9 per cent.; while the average number of wage-earners in industrial pursuits has increased from 842 to 26,501, or 3,047.4 per cent. In 1900, according to the census reports, there was invested in 4,794 industrial establishments reporting, a capital of $35,960,640, exclusive of capital stock. In the same year the gross value of manufactured products was $44,883,783, and the net or true value of the products, exclusive of products re-used in the process of manufacture, was $28,481,699. The leading industry of the State is the manufacture of lumber and timber. The value of these products in 1900 was $23,959,983, or 53.4 per cent. of the total value of the manufactured products of the State in that year. This industry, which showed an increase during the decade of 167.9 per cent., is dependent upon the extensive forests in Arkansas, estimated in 1898 to cover 25,600,000 acres, or more than three-fourths of the total area of the State. In the south of the State the wood is largely pine; in the eastern alluvial districts there are extensive cyprus swamps; and in the north there are great bodies of fine oak, walnut, hickory, and ash. Related to this industry is that of planing-mill products-sash, doors, blinds, etc.-whose value in 1900 was $2,266,522. Flour and grist milling ranks second in importance among the industries of the State, having products in 1900 valued at $3,708,709. The manufacture of cotton-seed oil and cake, from cotton material formerly thrown away, produced values amounting to $2,874,864 in the year. The number of cotton-ginning establishments increased from 137 in 1890 to 1,150 in 1900, or 739.4 per cent. But these figures do not include private plantation ginneries or ginneries connected with saw, grist, or cotton-seed oil machinery. Both cotton-ginning and cotton-seed oil manufacture are dependent upon the large cotton production of the State, amounting in 1899 to 719,453 bales, or 7.5 per cent. of the total production of the country. Railroad construction and repair shops produced in 1900 products valued at $2,095,447, and publishing products valued at $839,787. Little Rock, the largest manufacturing city in the State, produced industrial products valued at 10.3 per cent. of the total products of the State, and paid 15.9 per cent. of all industrial wages of the State.

Legislation. Among acts passed by the Arkansas legislature in 1901 were the following: Congress was applied to under Article V. of the Constitution to propose an amendment authorizing the election of senators of the United States by direct vote. The Arkansas representatives in Congress were requested to endeavor to have federal legislation passed for the improvement of the Ouachita River so as to make it navigable at all seasons from Arkadelphia down; also to use all reasonable means to obtain an appropriation to open navigation on the St. Francis River in townships 17, 18, and 19 north, range 7, 8, and 9 east, the river being already navigable below these places and also for 100 miles above. Banks were prohibited from receiving deposits when insolvent, and the penalty for violation of this act was made a felony punishable by from three to five years' imprisonment. Foreign corporations which had not appointed an agent upon whom process might be served might be sued by service upon the auditor of the State. Cities of over 2,500 inhabitants were authorized to establish and maintain public libraries. The pension law for exConfederate soldiers was made more liberal. For this purpose the pension tax was increased from 4 to 3/4 of a mill on all taxable property; the pension to widows of Confederate soldiers was raised from $25 to $100 per annum, provided they did not own more than $400 worth of property, and the pension given by existing law of $100 to soldiers of the Confederate army who had been totally incapacitated from wounds received in service was extended to those who had since the war become incapacitated from any cause. Moreover to Confederate soldiers who were partially dis abled from any cause a maximum of $75 per annum was to be awarded. A collateral inheritance tax of 5 per cent. was imposed upon all property, real and personal, which was bequeathed to any one except a mother, father, husband, wife, lineal descendant, adopted child, or lineal descendant of an adopted child. A rather curious law regarding dentistry provided that in future any one desiring to practice that profession must present a certificate of graduation from an authorized dental school, or must pass an examination showing that he was "reasonably well qualified" for his profes

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sion. But no time limit of study or other specifications of what constituted "reasonable qualifications" were prescribed. By existing law, all executions in the State are private, but this law was modified so that executions for rape are to be public, it being believed that this publicity would act as a deterrent to negro crime. An act which caused a considerable sensation in college fraternity circles throughout the country was one prohibiting secret fraternities in the University of Arkansas. Under this law it was enacted that after September 1, 1901, no student who was a member of a secret fraternity should receive any class honors or compete for any prize or honor offered by the University, unless such student filed with the president of the University a renunciation of his society and an agreement to have nothing further to do with it during his attendance at the University; and no teacher was thereafter to be employed at the University unless he also filed his renunciation of the secret college fraternity to which he belonged.

Liquor Laws. Owing to the difficulty experienced in Arkansas in preventing the sale of liquor in districts where it had been made unlawful, several acts were passed intended to make the violation of the law more difficult. It was made unlawful for any persons selling liquor where the sale was lawful to solicit orders in places where the sale was unlawful. Congress was petitioned to pass such legislation as would prevent the issuance of a United States revenue license for the manufacture or sale of alcoholic liquors in the prohibited districts; it being well known that where many persons would not hesitate to violate the State laws, very few would run the risk of running athwart the federal power. A bill similar to that of Texas, passed in 1900, designating the place where liquor is delivered as the place of the sale of liquor, and in addition, making carriers the legal agents of liquor dealers, was vetoed by the governor on the ground that the measure violated the interstate commerce law, and would cause a revulsion of feeling against the existing liquor legislation.

Labor Laws.-An act for the protection of laborers made it unlawful for a corporation to pay its laborers in any form of scrip or token of indebtedness that was not redeemable in lawful money at the regular pay day; directed the courts to construe all scrip issued by companies as promises to pay lawful money; made it unlawful for any company to coerce its employees to trade at a "company store"; and directed that if a firm or corporation charged for merchandise at its store more than a reasonable rate, or the current market rate, the employee might recover damages to double the extent that he was injured. But mining concerns employing less than 20 men were exempted from this law, and mining corporations were further favored by an amendment to the law of 1899, providing that all coal mined should be paid for by weight and should be weighed before it was screened, which amendment directed that this law should not have effect if the miners should contract or agree with their employers otherwise.

Trust Laws. In the campaign of 1900, the passage of more stringent anti-trust laws was one of the issues of the election, and this issue was made especially prominent because Mr. Jefferson Davis, when attorney-general, had endeavored under the provisions of the existing trust law to suppress insurance companies which maintained agreements as to premium rates. Checked in this by the Supreme Court of the State, Mr. Davis ran for governor on the platform of more stringent laws, and in his inaugural message recommended that corporations which were members of a pool, wherever formed, should be prohibited from transacting any business in the State, and that any contract with a trust should be declared void. Much surprise was expressed, therefore, when bills introduced in the legislature upon the governor's recommendations, taxing life-insurance policies and franchises and making more stringent regulations generally concerning trusts, failed of passage. A further reaction from the socialistic or populistic sentiment of the State a few years earlier was seen in the repeal of the law of 1897, which created a State board authorized to locate, establish, and operate railroads and telegraphs in the name of the State. And this reaction was further instanced in an act authorizing the formation, under the laws of manufacturing and other business corporations, of street railway companies to build and operate private street railways throughout the State.

Other Legislation.-The powers of municipal corporations were enlarged so that they might construct, acquire, and operate municipal lighting plants. The franchises and all other railroad property which might be acquired by lease by another railroad company was made subject to the lessee maintaining the property in good condition and affording reasonably prompt traveling facilities to the public. Another act regarding railroads provided that all passenger trains on the St. Louis, Iron Mountain and Southern Railway Company, excepting trains No. 55 and 56, known as the "Cannon Ball," should be required to stop at Corning, in Clay County. exception made by the law was probably due to recent decisions of the United States Supreme Court in the case of Illinois and other States holding that through

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