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sioner, J. D. Barton. Supreme Court of Appeals-Chief justice in 1901, Henry Brannon; chief justice in 1902, M. H. Dent; associate justices, H. C. McWhorter, George Paffenbarger, and M. H. Dent (in 1901), and Henry Brannon (1902)—all Republicans except M. H. Dent.

Congressional Representatives (57th Congress). In the House: Blackburn B. Dovener, from Wheeling; Alston G. Dayton, from Philippi; Joseph H. Gaines, from Charleston, and James A. Hughes, from Huntington-all Republicans. In the Senate: Nathan B. Scott (until 1905), from Wheeling, and Stephen B. Elkins (until 1907), from Elkins-both Republicans.

WHEAT. The wheat crop of the United States in 1901 was very large. According to the estimates of the American Agriculturist given below it exceeded even the great crop of 1898. The acreage and the yield in bushels are by that authority estimated as follows:

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For winter wheat the season was exceptionally good, except in Texas and Michigan, and in limited areas in the Ohio Valley, where the ravages of the Hessian fly were severe. High temperature and hot winds in July reduced the yield of spring wheat. The price of spring wheat No. 1 in Chicago in 1901 ranged from 63% cents per bushel in July to 792 cents in December. The world's wheat crop for 1901 is estimated at about 2,700,000,000 bushels, or over 100,000,000 bushels more than in 1900. Official estimates for some of the countries of Europe are as follows (in bushels) Russian empire, 427,780,266; France, 304,210,000; Italy, 147,560,400; Great Britain, 54,110,803; Germany, 91,817,031; Roumania, 72,386,435. The exports of wheat and wheat flour in 1900 and 1901, as estimated for the United States by Mr. F. H. Hitchcock, chief of section of foreign markets, United States Department of Agriculture, are as follows:

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WHIPPLE, HENRY BENJAMIN, Protestant Episcopal bishop of Minnesota, died at Faribault, Minn., September 16, 1901. He was born at Adams, N. Y., February 15, 1822. He studied theology and became a priest in 1850. His first charge was at Rome, N. Y. (1849), from which he was sent to the Church of the Holy Communion at Chicago in 1857, and two years later he was consecrated first bishop of Minnesota. In 1860 he assisted in organizing the Bishop Seabury Mission, from which developed the Cathedral of Our Merciful Saviour, the Seabury Divinity School, Shattuck School, and St. Mary's Hall, which have made Faribault one of the centres of educational work in the Northwest. Bishop Whipple's greatest work was among the Indians, and he earned by his strict honesty of dealing the title of "Straight Tongue" among the northwestern tribes. To the cause of negro education in the South Bishop Whipple gave his active support, serving for many years as a trustee of the Peabody Educational Fund. The degree of LL.D. was conferred upon him by Cambridge University and that of D.D. by Oxford. He wrote: Sermons and Addresses; Lights and Shadows of a Long Episcopate, and much on Indian affairs.

WHIST. The principal interest in whist in 1901 was in the rapid spread of bridge whist as a social pastime. A journal devoted to the game and entitled Whist is published in Milwaukee. Mr. Ernest B. Cooper, of Shelbyville, Tenn., continues as the corresponding secretary of the American Whist League.

WHITE, STEPHEN MALLORY, ex-senator from California, died at Los Angeles, February 21, 1901. He was born in San Francisco, January 19, 1853, and graduated at Santa Clara College, in his native State, in 1871. He was admitted to the bar in 1874 and became active in State politics, being district attorney (1882-86), senator and president pro tempore of the senate (1886-90), and during 1888-90 acting lieutenant-governor. In 1893 he became a United States Senator, and served one term. Senator White, with his large legal experience and skill in debate, became prominent in all measures of national legislation.

WHITMAN, WILLIAM EDWARD SEAVER, American journalist, died at Augusta, Me., September 28, 1901. He was born at South Boston, Mass., December 25, 1832. After studying law he went into newspaper work, and, writing under the pen name of "Toby Candor," was employed for twenty-five years on the Boston Journal. In 1869-70 he was editor and proprietor of the Daily Times and weekly American Sentinel, of Bath, Me. He wrote: The Ship Carpenter's Family, a novel; Maine in the War for the Union; a history of Narrow Gauge Railroads; and Wealth and Industry of Maine.

WIGGER, Right Rev. WINAND MICHAEL, Roman Catholic bishop of Newark, N. J., died at Orange, N. J., January 6, 1901. He was born in New York City, December 9, 1841, and in 1861 graduated at the College of St. Francis Xavier there. After two years spent at the Theological Seminary of Seton Hall College, in New Jersey, he completed his theological studies at the College of Brignole Sale, Genoa. He was ordained to the priesthood at Genoa in 1865 and returned to the United States in the same year. He was connected with the Cathedral at Newark until 1869, and thereafter was rector of various parishes in New Jersey until 1881, when he was chosen to succeed Archbishop Corrigan as bishop of Newark, an important diocese, comprising the entire northern half of the State.

WILDMAN, Rounseville, United States consul-general at Hong Kong, died at San Francisco, February 22, 1901. He was born at Batavia, N. Y., March 19, 1864, and graduated at Syracuse University. He was engaged in reportorial work in New York, Chicago, and Kansas City, and later became editor of the Idaho Statesman. In 1889 he was appointed consul at Singapore by President Harrison, and in 1893 was transferred to Barmen, Germany, but was recalled in the same year by President Cleveland. He then became commissioner at the Columbian Exposition for the

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Straits Settlements and Borneo. For three years (1894-97) he was eaitor and proprietor of the Overland Monthly, resigning his editorship in the latter year to become consul at Hong Kong, and in 1898 he was raised to the rank of consulgeneral. While consul at Singapore Mr. Wildman was a special commissioner of the Smithsonian Institution for the Straits Settlements and Siam, and for similar services for the British government he was chosen a member of the Royal Asiatic Society. During the Spanish-American War (1898), the Filipino insurrection in 1899 and 1900, and in the outbreaks in China in 1900, he skillfully met difficult questions, and was of great service to American interests in Hong Kong. While on his way home on leave, he, with his wife and family, was drowned in San Francisco harbor in the sinking of the steamer Rio de Janeiro.

WILLES, Sir GEORGE OMMANEY, British admiral, died in London, February 18, 1901. He was born at Hythe, Hants, in June, 1823. He entered the navy in 1837, served in the Crimean War (1854-55), in China (1859-60), and in 1870-74 was naval aide-de-camp to Victoria, and chief of staff (1869-72) to the board of admiralty. He was commander-in-chief of the China station in 1881-84, and at Portsmouth in 1885-88, being in charge of the naval manoeuvres at the Victoria jubilee, 1887. In 1879 he was made vice-admiral, admiral in 1885, and was retired in 1888.

WILLIAMS, ROBERT, brigadier-general, U.S.A. (retired), died at Plainfield, N. J., August 24, 1901. He was born in Virginia, November 5, 1829, and graduated at West Point in 1852. He took part in the Civil War, fighting at the battle of Antietam as colonel of the First Massachusetts Cavalry. Serving as assistant adjutantgeneral in various departments after the war, he was made in 1892 adjutant-general of the army. He was brevetted brigadier-general in 1865, was made lieutenantcolonel in 1869, colonel in 1881, and brigadier-general in 1892, and was retired from active service in 1893.

WILLIAMS COLLEGE, Williamstown, Mass., founded 1793. During the academic year 1900-01, the faculty consisted of 36 professors and instructors, and the student body of 390, of whom 35 were graduate students. The library contains 47,300 volumes, and over 17,000 pamphlets. In its maintenance and enlargement about $4,500 are expended annually. At the present time there is an income on scholarship endowments amounting to $11,000 annually. For their new president, to succeed Dr. Franklin Carter, the trustees have chosen Rev. Henry Hopkins, D.D., son of President Mark Hopkins, who in his work at Williams left the impress of his character upon college life throughout the United States.

WILMOT, Sir HENRY, British soldier and member of Parliament, died at Bournemouth, England., April 7, 1901. He was born in Derbyshire, England, February 3, 1831, and was educated at Rugby. He entered the army and served during the Indian mutiny. He received the Victoria Cross for gallantry at Lucknow in 1858. He served as deputy judge-advocate of the Oudh Field Force (1857) and judge-advocate-general to the forces in the Chinese War (1860-61); and from 1869 to 1885 he represented South Derbyshire as a Conservative in Parliament.

WINDMILLS. An important monograph on this subject, entitled The Windmill: Its Efficiency and Economic Use, was issued in 1901 as No. 41 of the Water Supply and Irrigation Papers of the United States Geological Survey. Mr. Edward C. Murphy is the author of this monograph, which is a revision and extension of a similar study by him, printed in the same series in 1897. The present work gives a brief history of windmills, classifies them, describes those now in use, reviews previous experiments on their efficiency, and gives the results of a series of experiments by the author. Mr. Murphy believes that a good 12-foot steel windmill should give I horse-power in a wind blowing 20 miles per hour, and 1.4 horse-power in a 25-mile wind. This, he says, "is the smallest amount of power that will do any considerable amount of useful work." Most pumping mills, with their supporting towers, are too light. Mills should be placed at least 30 feet above surrounding trees and buildings, should readily be governed, and start in light wind.

WINDWARD ISLANDS, the most southerly of the West Indian Islands, form a British dependency comprising the three colonies of Grenada, St. Lucia, and St. Vincent, and the group known as the Grenadines, which is divided for administrative purposes between Grenada and St. Vincent. Barbados (q.v.), a separate colony with its own governor, and Tobago, attached to Trinidad (q.v.), form part of the Windward Islands geographically, but are not included in its colonial organization. The total area of the colony is 524 square miles, and the aggregate population (1901) 160,884. St. George, the chief town of Grenada, with a population of 5,000, is the seat of government. There is one governor for the three colonies and a common court of appeals (with Barbados), but there is no federal legislature, as in the Leeward Islands, nor is there a common tariff or treasury. The aggregate revenue of the three divisions was £172,450 in 1900, and the expenditures £171,300. In the same year the imports and exports were £613,420 and £399,820 respectively, and there

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WIRELESS TELEGRAPHY ON SHIPBOARD.-William Marconi, Instrument Room, and Wires on the Yacht Hohenzollern.

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