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which are birds. The Royal Society held its annual conversazione on May 8, and many of the exhibits were zoological. Of these we can mention only a few of the most interesting: Irving specimens of the poisonous lizard, Heloderma, from Arizona; mormyrid fishes from the Nile; the Adelia penguin, with eggs and young; and animals from the great African lakes, especially Tanganyika. In the United States the National Academy of Science held its two semi-annual meetings at which several zoological papers were read. Professor Alexander Agassiz, the well-known zoologist, was chosen president. The New York Zoological Society had a very prosperous year. The new monkey-house has been opened, and a fine lion-house is planned. The most interesting arrivals of the year are five very large giant tortoises from the Galapagos Islands, the largest weighing 310 pounds. They represent three different species. The American Microscopical Society held its twentyfourth annual meeting in Denver, Col., August 29-31. Although the attendance was small, the programme contained many papers of unusual interest. The SpencerTolles fund of $1,200 was completed, and it was voted to use the income for microscopial research. Among the zoological papers presented, the most important were The Solution of the Eel Problem, An Apparently New Hydra from Montana, and Notes on the Protozoa and Entomostraca of Colorado. The first report of the Limnological Commission of the Society was published in June, stating what ends the Commission has in view, and its plans for the future.

The Fifth International Zoological Congress.-This, the most important gathering of 1901 in which zoologists are interested, was held at Berlin, August 12-16, under the presidency of Professor K. Möbius. More than 600 delegates were present, from Canada, the United States, Mexico, Brazil, and nearly all the countries of Europe. As about 150 papers were to be presented, the congress grouped itself in seven sections, an arrangement which, although necessary, had some serious disadvantages. The chief interest of the meetings centred around the renewed struggle between the new vitalism, championed by Driesch, and mechanism, championed by Roux and Ziegler. Bütschli gave one of the principal addresses, in which he too favored the mechanical hypothesis. The final result was of course a verdict of "not proven." Other notable addresses were Poulton's on Mimicry and Natural Selection, Grassi's on The Malaria Problem, Delage's on The Theories of Fertilization, and Forel's on The Psychic Peculiarities of Ants. The papers presented to the various sections were unusually important and interesting, but it is impossible to mention here even the titles of the best. Among the exhibits, perhaps the most notable was the magnificent collection of Hexactinellid sponges from the Japanese seas, collected by Professor Iijima. The next congress will be held in Berne in 1904. The British Association for the Advancement of Science.-The British Association began its annual meeting at Glasgow, September 11, 1901, with a large attendance, including a number of scientists from abroad. The Zoological Section enjoyed the privilege of being presided over and addressed by Professor J. C. Ewart, who took for his subject The Experimental Study of Variation. It was a most valuable dissertation on the causes of variation as found in external conditions, and was based largely on the speaker's own experiments at Penycuik. Of the twenty-seven papers presented to the section, the following were of special interest: Notes on Gulls Bred in Captivity, by J. A. Thompson; Zebras and Zebra Hybrids, by J. C. Ewarts; The Youngest Known Larva of Polypterus, by J. S. Budgitt; and The Origin of the Limbs of Vertebrates, by J. G. Kerr. One of the most interesting features of the meeting was the exhibit by Professor Ewart of three of the famous Penycuik zebra hybrids.

The American Association for the Advancement of Science.-After a most prosperous year, the American Association met in Denver during August 26-31. While there is no comparison between the attendance at this meeting and that at similar meetings in Great Britain, France, and Germany, still the sessions were attended by several hundred scientific men from all parts of America. The address before the zoological section was delivered by its chairman, Professor C. B. Davenport, who took for his subject, The Zoology of the Twentieth Century. Aside from this paper, those presented before the section were not of wide interest, though several were of considerable importance to specialists. The association will meet in Pittsburg in 1902 and again at the close of December in Washington.

The American Society of Naturalists.-American Morphological Society.-The meeting of the naturalists was held during the convocation week at Chicago, and was one of the largest and best meetings yet held. Uniting thus with the naturalists of the Central States gave an exceptional interest to the programme and discussions. Over 300 scientific men registered. Nearly 250 papers were read before the naturalists and affiliated societies, of which more than 50 were presented to the morphologists. One of the most notable was the address of the president, Professor W. T. Sedgwick, on The Modern Subjection of Science and Education to Propaganda, which was mainly taken up with a discussion of the questions of anti-vivisection,

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temperance, physiology, and Christian Science. The large number of technical papers presented prolonged the meetings considerably, and crowded all of the sessions. Although there were many which were of very great interest, there were none of preeminent importance. At a general session of the naturalists there was an interesting discussion as to the relation of the naturalists to other scientific bodies, especially to the American Association for the Advancement of Science. The feeling seemed general that in some way the naturalists should become affiliated with that organization. In the end, the American Society of Naturalists and the Naturalists of the Central States perfected separate organizations, but appointed committees to confer as to some plan of union. Both societies voted to meet at Washington during convocation week, 1902, with the American Association. See ORNITHOLOGY.

INDEX OF TITLES

IN THE VOLUMES OF

The International Year Book

For 1898, 1899, 1900, and 1901.

[Page numbers are given in heavy-faced type.]

Abbey, Edwin Austin, '01, 1.
Abbott, Evelyn, '01, 1.
Abbott, Lyman, D.D., '98, 1.
Abdurrahman, '01, 1.
Aberdeen, Earl of, '98, 1.
Abrasives, '98, 1; '99, 1; '00,
1; '01, 2.
Abruzzi, '00, 1.
Abydos, '98, 1.

Abyssinia, '98, 1; '99, 1; '00,
1; '01, 2.

Académie de Médecine, '98,
4; '99, 3; '00, 2.

Académie

des Beaux-Arts,

'98, 4; '99, 3; '00, 2.
Académie des Inscriptions et
Belles-Lettres, '98, 4; '99,
3; '00, 2.

Académie des Science, '98, 4;
'99, 3; '00, 2.

Académie des Sciences, Mor-
ales et Politiques, '98, 4;
'99, 3; '00, 3.
Académie Francais,

'98, 4;

'99, 3; '00, 3; '01, 3.
Academy of Arts, '98, 4.
Academy of Lisbon, '98, 4.
Academy of Medicine, Amer-

ican, '98, 5; '99, 3; '00,
'01, 3.

Academy of Natural Science,
'98, 4.

Academy of Political and So-
cial Science, American, '98,
4; '99, 3; '00, 3; '01, 3.
Academy of Railway Sur-
geons, American, '98, 4.
Academy of Sciences, Berlin,
'98, 5.

Academy of Sciences, Lisbon,
'99, 3; '00, 3.

Academy of Sciences, Mu-
nich, '98, 5; '99, 3; '00, 3.
Academy of Sciences, Na-
tional, '98, 4.

Academy of Sciences, Vien-

na, '98, 5.

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Actors' Fund of America, '98,
7; '99, 4; '00, 3.
Actors' Society of America,
'98, 7.

Actuarial Society of America,
'98, 8; '99, 4; '00, 3.
Adams, Herbert Baxter, '01,
3.

Adams, Julius Walker, '99, 4.
Aden, '98, 8; '99, 4; '00, 3;
'01, 3.

Adis Abeba, '98, 8.
Adler, Dankmar, '00, 4.
Adonidin, '00, 4.
Adrenalin, '01, 4.
Adulteration, '99, 5; '00, 4;
'01, 4.
Advancement

of Science,
American Association for
the, '99, 5; '00, 4; '01, 4.
Advancement of Science,
British, French and South
African Associations
the, '01, 4:

for

Adventists, '98, 8; '99, 5; '00,

4.

Adventists, Seventh Day, '98,
8; '99, 5; '00, 4; '01, 5.
Adye, Sir John Miller, '00, 4.
Aerial Navigation, '98, 8; '99,
5; '00, 5; '01, 5.
Afghanistan, '98, 8; '99, 6;
'00, 6; '01, 7.
Africa, '98, 8; '99, 8; '00, 8;
'01, 7.

Africa, Botany of, '98, 13.
African Methodist Episcopal
Church, '98, 13; '01, 9.
African Methodist Episcopal
Zion Church, '98, 13; '01, 9.
African Transcontinental Tel-

egraph Line, '00, 16, '01, 9.
Africander Bond, '98, 13.
After Images, '99, 14.
Agardh, Jacob Georg, '01, 9.
Agassiz, Alexander, '01, 10.
Agassiz Association, '98, 13;
'99, 15; '00, 16.
Agnew, John Thompson, '99,
15.

Agrarian Movement, '98, 14.
Agricultural Colleges, '00, 16.
Agriculture, '98, 15; '99, 15;
'00, 16; '01, 10.
Agriculture, United
Department of, '98, 16.
Aguinaldo, Emilio, '98, 16;
'99, 18; '01, 16.

Aherne, James, '01, 16.

States

Ainos, '98, 16.
Air, '98, 16.

Air Cushions, '99, 19.
Air-Lift Pumps, '98, 16.
Air-Ship, '00, 20; '01, 16.
Alabama, '98, 16; '99, 19; '00,
20; '01, 16.

Alaska, '98, 18; '99, 21; '00,
23; '01, 20.

Alaskan Boundary Question,
'99, 22.

Alba, Duke of, '01, 22.
Albania, '01, 23.

Albatross Expedition, '99, 27;
'00, 27.

Alcohol, '98, 21; '99, 27; '00,
27; '01, 23.

Aldrich, Louis, '01, 23.
Alexander, Sir Claude, '99,
28.

Alexander the Great, '98, 22.
Alexander, King of Servia,
'00, 28.

Alexandra, Queen of Great
Britain, '01, 23.
Alexandria, '98, 22.
Alexis, Paul, '01, 23.
Alfonso XIII., King of Spain,
'98, 22.

Alfred the Great Millennial,
'01, 23.

Alfred, Prince, '99, 28.
Alfred, Prince Alfred Ernest
Albert, '00, 28.
Algæ, '98, 22.

Alger, Horatio, '99, 28.

Alger, Russell Alexander, '98,
22.

Algeria, '98, 23; '99, 28; '00,
28; '01, 24.

Alien Insane, '01, 25.
Allan, Andrew, '01, 25.
Allan, George William, '01,
25.

Allen, Charles Grant Blair-
findie, '99, 29.
Allen, Charles Herbert, '98,
23; '00, 29.

Allen, James Lane, '98, 23.
Alliance of the Reformed
Churches, '98, 23.
Allman, George James, '98,
23.

Alma-Tadema, Lawrence, '98,
24; '99, 29.

Alsace-Lorraine, '98, 24; '99,

29.

Althaus, Dr. Julius, '00, 29.

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Advancement

'99, 30; '00, 30.

of

Science,

American Board of Commis-
sioners for Foreign Mis-
sions, '01, 26.

American Economic Associa-
tion, '99, 30; '00, 30; '01, 27.
American Federation of La-
bor, '00, 30; '01, 27.
American Fisheries Society,
'00, 30.

American Institute of Elec-
trical Engineers, '00, 30.
American Library Associa-
tion. '00, 30; '01, 27.
American Medico-Psycholog-
ical Association, '99, 30.
American Microscopical So-
ciety, '99, 30; '00, 30.
American Missionary Asso-
ciation, '01, 27.

American Morphological So-
ciety, '99, 30; '00, 30.
American Museum, '99, 30;
'00. 30.

American

Ornithologists'

Union, '99, 30; '00, 30.
American Psychological As-
sociation, '99, 30; '00, 30.
American Society of

Restorers. '99, 30.

Bird

American Society of Natural-
ists, '99, 30; '00, 30.

Amherst College, '98, 25; '99,

30; '00. 31; '01, 27.

Amicis, Edmondo de, '98, 25.
Ammen. Daniel, '98, 25.
Ammonia (from Garbage),
'98, 25.

Ampere, New Determination
of, '98, 25.

Anæsthesia, '98. 25; '99, 30;
'00, 31; '01, 27.

Anam, or Annam. '98, 26; '99,
31; '00, 31; '01, 27.
Anarchists. '98, 26.
narchy, '01, 28.
Anatomists. Association of,
American, '99. 31; '00, 31.
Ancient Accepted Scottish
Rite Maso.3, '98, 27; '99,
31; '00, 31.
Anderson, John. '00, 31.
André, General, 90, 32.
Andree, S. A.. '98, 27.

Andrew and Philip, Brother-
hood of, '99, 31; '00, 32; '01,
30.
Andrews,

George Leonard,

'99, 31.
Angiosperms, '98, 27.

Anglican Church, '98, 27; '99,
31; '00, 32; '01. 30.

Anglin, Miss Margaret, '00,
32.

Anglo-American Alliance, '98,

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876

Annunzio, Gabriele d', '98,
28; '00, 289.
Antarctic

Exploration, '98,

28; '99, 32; '00, 33; '01, 31.
Anthrax, '98, 28; '99, 34; '01,
34.
Anthropology in America, '98,
28; '99, 34; '00, 34; '01, 401.
Anticeltina, '01, 34.
Antigua, '98, 32; '99, 39; '00,
39; '01, 34.

Anti-Imperialist League, New
England, '99, 39; '00, 40.
Antimony, '98. 32; '99, 40;
'00, 40; '01, 34.
Antiquarian Society, Ameri-
can, '98, 32.

Antiseptics. '98, 32; '99, 40.
Antitoxin, '99, 40; '01, 34.
Anti-Typhoid Inoculation, '00,
40.

Antivaccinationists, '99, 40;
'01, 34.

Antivenene, '99, 40; '00, 40.
Antwerp, International Con-
gress at, '98, 32.
Antwerp, Nations of, '98, 32.
Appalachian Mountain Club,
'98, 32; '99, 40; '00, 40.
Appleton, William Henry,

'99, 40.

Aqueducts, '98. 32.
Arabi Pasha, '01, 35.
Arab Races, '00, 41.
Arabia, '98, 32; '99, 40; '00,
41; '01. 34.

Arbitration, International, '98,
33; '99. 41; '00, 41; '01, 35.
Arbitration, Labor, '98, 34;
'99, 41; '00, 42; '01, 37.
Arbuthnot, Sir Charles George,
'99, 42.

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Foster Fitzger-

Archæological

Institute

of

America, '98, 34; '99, 42;
'00, 45.

Archæology, '98, 35; '99, 43;
'00, 45; '01, 40.
Archæology, American, '98,

42; '99, 50; '00, 53; '01, 48.
Archbishops, '98, 45.
Archer, Frederick, '01, 52.
Architects, American Insti-
tute of, '99, 54; '00, 57.
Architecture, '99, 54; '00, 57;
'01, 52.

Arc Lights, '00, 61.
Arctic Exploration. '98, 45;
'99, 56; '00, 61; '01, 55.
Arecolin, '99, 59.
Argentina, '98, 48; '99, 59;
'00, 63; '01, 59.

Argyll, Duke of, George Dou-
glas Campbell, '00, 67.
Arid Lands, '98, 51; '99, 63.
Arizona, '98, 51; '99, 63; '00,
68; '01, 61.

Asso-

Arizona Antiquarian
ciation, '99, 65.
Arkansas, '98, 53; '99, 65; '00,
69; '01, 63.

Armenia, '98, 54; '99, 66; '00,
71; '01, 65.
Armenians, '98, 54.

Armies, '98, 54; '99, 67; '00,
71; '01, 65.

Armor Plate, '00, 71.
Armour, Herman O., '01, 65.
Armour, Philip Danforth, '01,
65.

Armstrong,

67.

Alexander, '99,

Armstrong, William George,
'00, 71.

Army, '99, 67.

Army and Navy Union, '98,
54.

Army of Santiago de Cuba,
Society of the, '99, 67; '00,
72.

Arnold, Thomas, '00, 72.
Arran, Fifth Earl of, '01, 66.
Arroyo, Oscar, '01, 66.
Art, '98, 54.

Artesian Waters, '98, 54.
Artists' Society of America,
'99, 67; '00, 72.

Arts Club, National, '99, 67;
'00. 72.

Art Students' League, '98, 55;
'99, 67; '00. 72; '01, 66.
Asbestos, '98, 55; '99, 67; '00,
73; '01, 66.

Ascension, '99, 67; '00,
'01, 66.

73;

Ascroft, Robert, '99, 67.
Ashanti, '99, 67; '00, 73; '01.
66.

Ashley, William James, '01,
66.

Ashurst, John, Jr., '00, 73.
Asia, '99, 67; '00, 73; '01, 66.
Asia, Flora of, '98, 55.
Asia Minor, '00, 74.
Asiatic Association, '98, 55:
'99. 70; '00, 74.

Asiatic Society of Bengal,
'98, 55; '99, 70.

Asphaltum, '98, 55; 99, 70;
'00, 74; '01, 66.

Aspiroz, Manuel, '99, 71.
Asquith, Herbert Henry, '01,
67.

Assembly, General, '98. 55;
'99, 71; '00, 74; '01, 67.
Associate Reformed Synod of
the South, '99, 71; '00, 74;
'01, 67.

Associated Press, '00, 74; '01,
67.

Association for the Advance-
ment of Science, American,
'98, 55; '99, 5; '00. 4.
Association for the Study and
Cure of Inebriates, Ameri-
can. '98, 55.
Association of American
Agricultural Colleges and
Experiment Stations, '00,

75.

Association of American An-
atomists, '98, 56.

Association of American
Medical Colleges, '98, 56.
Association of American
Physicians, '98, 56.
Association of American
Universities, '00, 75.
Association of Assistant
Physicians of Hospitals
for the Insane, '98, 56.
Association of Genito-Urin-
American,
ary Surgeons,
'98, 56.

Association of Ideas, '01, 67.
Association of Life Insurance
Medical Directors of Amer-
ica, '98, 56.
Association of Medical Ofi-
cers of American Instit.
tions for Idiotic and Feeble-
Minded Persons, '98, 56.
Association of Military Sur-
geons of the United States.
'98. 56.

Association of Obstetricians
and Gynecologists, Ameri-
can, '98, 56.
Association of Physicians and
American,
Surgeons,

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84; '00, 88.

Augor,

'98. 68.

Christopher

Colon,

'98,

Austin Dam, '00, 88.
Australasian Association for
the Advancement of Sci-
ence, '98, 68; '00, 88.
Australia, '00, 88; '01, 80.
Australian Federation,
68; 99. 84; '00, 88.
Austria-Hungary, '98, 69; '99,
88; '00, 91; '01, 83.
Austrian Archæological In-
stitute. '98, 74.
Authors' Club. '98, 74.
Automatic Writing, '98, 74.
Automobile, '98, 74; '99, 93;
'00, 99; '01. 90.

Automobile Club of America,
'00, 99.

Automobile Fire Engines,

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Babcock, Maltbie Davenport,
'01. 92.

Babylonia, '98, 80; '00, 101;
'01, 92.

Bacchylides, '98, 80.
Bacheller, Irving, '00, 101.
Bacilli, '99, 94.

Bacillus Botulismus, '98, 81.
Bacillus Prodigiosus, '98, 81.
Bacteria, '99, 94; '00, 102;
'01. 92.

Bacteriology, '98, 81; '99, 94.
Baden, Grand Duchy of, '98,
81; '99, 94.
Baden-Powell,
Smyth, '98, 81.

Sir George

877

Baden-Powell, Robert Steph-
enson Smyth, '99, 95; '00,
102.

Bagdad Railway, '01, 92.
Bahamas, '99, 95; '00, 102;
'01, 92.

Bahr-el-Ghazal, '98, 82; '99,
95; '00, 102.

Bain, Thomas, '99, 96.
Baker, Lewis, '99, 96.
Baldwin, Evelyn Briggs, '01,
92.

Baldwin, James Mark, '01,

92.

Balize, '98, 82; '99, 96; '00,
103; '01. 93.

Balkan Peninsula, '98, 82;
'00, 103; '01, 93.

Ball, Right Hon. John
Thomas, '98, 82.

Balloons, '00, 103; '01, 93.
Ballou, Latimer Whipple,
'00, 103.

Baltimore, '98, 82.

Baluchistan, '98, 83; '99, 96;
'00, 103; '01, 93.
Balzac, Rodin's bust of, '98,
83.

Bamberger, Ludwig, '99, 96.
Bancroft, Cecil Franklin
Patch, '01, 94.

Banffy, Desiderius, '98, 83;
'99, 96.

Bangkok. '98, 83.
Bank-Banking, '98, 83; '99,
97; '00, 104; '01, 94.
Bankruptcy, '99, 102; '00,
104; '01, 94.
Banting, '01, 100.
Baptists. '98, 86;
'00, 109; '01, 100.
Baptists, German, '98, 87.
Baptist Young People's

'99, 102;

Union of America. '98, 87;
'99, 103; '00, 109; '01, 101.
Bar Association, American,
99, 103; '00, 109; '01, 102.
Baratieri, General Oreste,
'01, 102.

Barbados, '98, 87; '99, 103;
'00, 110; '01, 102.
Barber Shops, '98, 87; '99,
104; '00, 110.

Barbier, Paul Jules, '01, 102.
Barbour, John Humphrey,
'00, 110.

Baring-Gould, Sabine, '98.

88.

Barites, '99, 104; '00, 110.
Barley, '98. 88; '99, 104; '00,
111; '01, 102.

Barnard, George Grey, '99,
104.

Barnard, Henry, '00, 111.
Barnard College, '00, 112; '01,
103.

Barnado's Homes, '98, 89;
'00, 112.

Bar of the City of New
York, the Association of
the, '99, 104; '00, 112; '01,
103.
Baron de Hirsch Fund, '98,
89; '99, 104; '00, 112; '01,
103.

Barres, Maurice, '98, 89.
Barrett, James, '00, 113.
Barrett, John, '99, 105.
Barrie, James Matthew, '00,
113.

Barrios, José Marie Reyna,
'98, 89.

Barry, Charles, '00, 113.
Bartlett,

'98, 89.

Samuel Colcord,

Bartol, Cyrus Augustus, '00,
113.

Barton, Clara, '98, 90.
Barton, Edmund, '01, 104.

Index.

Barytes, '00, 113; '01, 104.
Baseball, '98, 90; '99, 105;
'00, 113; '01, 104.
Baskerville, Charles, '01, 104.
Basket Ball, '01, 105.
Basutoland, '98, 90; '99, 105;
'00, 114; '01, 105.
Batchelder, Richard Napo-
leon. '01, 105.

Batcheller System of Pneu-
matic Despatch, '98, 90.
Bates, Erastus Newton, '98,
90.

Bates, John Coalter, '00, 115.
Baths, '98. 90; '99, 105; '00,
115; '01, 105.

Batterson, James Goodwin,
'01, 105.

Batum Pipe Line, '01, 105.
Bauxite, '99, 105; '00, 115;
'01, 105.

Bavaria, '98. 90; '99, 106.

Baxter, Elisha, '99, 106.

Bayard. Thomas Francis,
'98, 91.

Bayreuth Festivals, '98, 92.
Beach, William Wither
Bramston, '01. 105.

Beaman, Charles Cotes-
worth, '00, 115.
Beamish, Henry
'01, 106.

Beard, William
'00, 115.

Hamilton,

Holbrook,

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Bechuanaland, '98, 93; '99,
106; '00, 115; '01, 106.
Becker, George Ferdinand,
'01, 106.

Becker, Karl Ludwig Fried-
rich, '00, 115.

Becque, Henri Français, '99,
106.

Becquerel Rays, '99, 106; '00,
116.

Beecher, Charles, '00, 116.
Beecher, Thomas Kinnicut,
'00, 116.

Beekman, Henry Rutgers,
'00, 116.

Beet Sugar, '98, 93; '00, 116;
'01, 106.
Behrends, Adolphus Julius
Frederick, '00, 116.
Behring, Emil Adolf, '01,
106.

Behring Sea Dispute, '98,
93; 99, 106; '00. 117.
Belgium, '98. 94; '99, 106;
'00, 117; '01, 106.

Bellamy, Edward. '98, 97.
Belize, '99, 111; '00, 121; '01,
108.

Belknap, Charles, 01. 108.
Bell, James Franklin, '00,
121.

Bell, Robert, '01. 109.
Bellerose, '99, 112.
Beloochistan, or Beluchistan,
'98, 97; '99, 112; '00, 121;
'01. 109.

Beltrami, Eugenie, '00, 121.
Benedetti, Vincent, '00, 121.
Ben Hur, '98, 98.

Bennett, Edmund H., '98, 98.
Benoit, Pierre Leopold Leon-
ard. '01, 109.

Beresford, Lord Charles, '99,
112.

Bering Sea, '00, 122.

Bermuda, '98. 98; '99, 112;
'00, 122; '01, 109.

Bernard, Sir Charles

ward, '01, 109.

Ed-

Bernhardt, Sarah, '01, 109.

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